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    PyTorch Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach
    PyTorch Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach
    PyTorch Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach
    Ebook217 pages1 hour

    PyTorch Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach

    By Pradeepta Mishra

    ()

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    About this ebook

    Get up to speed with the deep learning concepts of Pytorch using a problem-solution approach. Starting with an introduction to PyTorch, you'll get familiarized with tensors, a type of data structure used to calculate arithmetic operations and also learn how they operate. You will then take a look at probability distributions using PyTorch and get acquainted with its concepts. Further you will dive into transformations and graph computations with PyTorch. Along the way you will take a look at common issues faced with neural network implementation and tensor differentiation, and get the best solutions for them. 
    Moving on to algorithms; you will learn how PyTorch works with supervised and unsupervised algorithms. You will see how convolutional neural networks, deep neural networks, and recurrent neural networks work using PyTorch. In conclusion you will get acquainted with natural language processing and text processing using PyTorch.
    What You Will Learn
    • Master tensor operations for dynamic graph-based calculations using PyTorch
    • Create PyTorch transformations and graph computations for neural networks
    • Carry out supervised and unsupervised learning using PyTorch 
    • Work with deep learning algorithms such as CNN and RNN
    • Build LSTM models in PyTorch 
    • Use PyTorch for text processing 
    Who This Book Is For
    Readers wanting to dive straight into programming PyTorch.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherApress
    Release dateJan 28, 2019
    ISBN9781484242582
    PyTorch Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach

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      Book preview

      PyTorch Recipes - Pradeepta Mishra

      © Pradeepta Mishra 2019

      Pradeepta MishraPyTorch Recipeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4258-2_1

      1. Introduction to PyTorch, Tensors, and Tensor Operations

      Pradeepta Mishra¹ 

      (1)

      Bangalore, Karnataka, India

      PyTorch has been evolving as a larger framework for writing dynamic models. Because of that, it is very popular among data scientists and data engineers deploying large-scale deep learning frameworks. This book provides a structure for the experts in terms of handling activities while working on a practical data science problem. As evident from applications that we use in our day-to-day lives, there are layers of intelligence embedded with the product features. Those features are enabled to provide a better experience and better services to the user.

      The world is moving toward artificial intelligence. There are two main components of it: deep learning and machine learning. Without deep learning and machine learning, it is impossible to visualize artificial intelligence.

      PyTorch is the most optimized high-performance tensor library for computation of deep learning tasks on GPUs (graphics processing units) and CPUs (central processing units). The main purpose of PyTorch is to enhance the performance of algorithms in large-scale computing environments. PyTorch is a library based on Python and the Torch tool provided by Facebook’s Artificial Intelligence Research group, which performs scientific computing.

      NumPy-based operations on a GPU are not efficient enough to process heavy computations. Static deep learning libraries are a bottleneck for bringing flexibility to computations and speed. From a practitioner’s point of view, PyTorch tensors are very similar to the N-dimensional arrays of a NumPy library based on Python. The PyTorch library provides bridge options for moving a NumPy array to a tensor array, and vice versa, in order to make the library flexible across different computing environments.

      The use cases where it is most frequently used include natural language processing, image processing, computer vision, social media data analysis, and sensor data processing. Although PyTorch provides a large collection of libraries and modules for computation, three modules are very prominent.

      Autograd. This module provides functionality for automatic differentiation of tensors. A recorder class in the program remembers the operations and retrieves those operations with a trigger called backward to compute the gradients. This is immensely helpful in the implementation of neural network models.

      Optim. This module provides optimization techniques that can be used to minimize the error function for a specific model. Currently, PyTorch supports various advanced optimization methods, which includes Adam, stochastic gradient descent (SGD), and more.

      NN. NN stands for neural network model. Manually defining the functions, layers, and further computations using complete tensor operations is very difficult to remember and execute. We need functions that automate the layers, activation functions, loss functions, and optimization functions and provides a layer defined by the user so that manual intervention can be reduced. The NN module has a set of built-in functions that automates the manual process of running a tensor operation.

      Industries in which artificial intelligence is applied include banking, financial services, insurance, health care, manufacturing, retail, clinical trials, and drug testing. Artificial intelligence involves classifying objects, recognizing the objects to detecting fraud, and so forth. Every learning system requires three things: input data, processing, and an output layer. Figure 1-1 explains the relationship between these three topics. If the performance of any learning system improves over time by learning from new examples or data, it is called a machine learning system. When a machine learning system becomes too difficult to reflect reality, it requires a deep learning system.

      In a deep learning system, more than one layer of a learning algorithm is deployed. In machine learning, we think of supervised, unsupervised, semisupervised, and reinforcement learning systems. A supervised machine-learning algorithm is one where the data is labeled with classes or tagged with outcomes. We show the machine the input data with corresponding tags or labels. The machine identifies the relationship with a function. Please note that this function connects the input to the labels or tags.

      In unsupervised learning, we show the machine only the input data and ask the machine to group the inputs based on association, similarities or dissimilarities, and so forth.

      In semisupervised learning, we show the machine input features and labeled data or tags; however we ask the machine to predict the untagged outcomes or labels.

      In reinforcement learning, we introduce a reward and penalty mechanism, where every correct action is rewarded and every incorrect action is

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