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‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣١

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 231  ‫א‬

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
        ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫?א‬  ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 231  ‫א‬
 

 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬

 
 
  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
،‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
….. ‫א‬  J
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 231  ‫א‬
 

 K ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬E5V0F‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10F‫א‬
10
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ErepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Eerror propagationF

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، K

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 231  ‫א‬
 

، 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬،  
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬ J
 ‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫ א‬ J

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬L   
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  : ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 231  ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 


  ‫א‬
  
 
 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W
   J
  J
 K‫א‬  J
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 231  ‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  E ‫א‬F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Introduction to Digital Communication
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ESourceF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1 J1‫א‬‫א‬FKEDestinationF‫א‬EChannelF

Source Channel Destination
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬: 1 - 1 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ehalf duplexF‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬Efull duplexF‫א‬Z
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EAnalog to Digital conversion A/DF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
EsamplingF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEquantizationF‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
Digital F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eto Analog conversion D/A
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ebinary dataF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KECoders and DecodersF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EcodewordsF
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 J1‫א‬
 

‫ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻧﻘﻞ رﻗﻤﻲ‬2 - 1 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫א‬،Esource codingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬Echannel codingF
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E1V0VF10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ELF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ETime Division Multiplexing TDMF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،EFrequency Division Multiplexing FDMF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 Elarge bandwidthF -
EsynchronisationF‫א‬ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬3–1
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WEformattingF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EquantizationF‫א‬EsamplingF
 ،EAnalog/Digital Conversion: A/D or ADCF‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EModulationFW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ESource EncodingF ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EChannel EncodingF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EMultiplexingF‫א‬L‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDemultiplexingF‫א‬L‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LESpreadingF‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EData RateFE‫א‬F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 EMbpsF  ‫א‬
 0.064 DS0
‫א‬ 1.544 DS1
6.312 DS2
‫א‬ 44.736 DS3
 ‫א‬ 274.176 DS4
 2.048 CEPT1
‫א‬‫א‬ 8.448 CEPT2
34.368 CEPT3
139.26 CEPT4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFourier TransformF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4 J1
 W
+∞
∫ g (t ) e
− j 2 π ft
G( f ) = dt
−∞
 ‫א‬t
 ‫א‬f 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬g(t) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬G(f) 
Direct Fourier F‫א‬‫א‬
 WEInverse Fourier TransformF‫א‬KETransform

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
+∞
∫
j 2πft
  g (t ) = G ( f ) e df
−∞
 ‫א‬t
 ‫א‬f 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬g(t) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬G(f) 
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EpropertiesF
 E‫א‬F‫א‬h(t)g(t)
 h(t)g(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H(f)G(f)
 ‫א‬ba 

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻮرﻳﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬

Fourier transform Signal Property
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ‬
Linearity:
‫إزاﺣﺔ زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬
− j 2πft 0
G( f )e g(t‐t0) Shift in time
domain
‫إزاﺣﺔ ﺗﺮددﻳﺔ‬
j 2πf 0 t
G(f‐f0) g (t )e Shift in
frequency
domain

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ‬

Time scaling
‫اﺷﺘﻘﺎق‬
(j2πf)n G(f)
derivation
‫ﺗﻼﻓﻴﻒ‬
g (t ) * h (t )
Convolution
‫اﻟﺠﺬاء‬
G( f ) * H ( f )
Product

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻮرﻳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬/‫اﻟﺪاﻟّﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬

Fourier Transform Function / value property
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
δ(f) 1
Constant
‫داﻟﺔ دﻟﺘﺎ‬

Delta function
j 2πf 0 t
δ(f‐f0) e ‫أس ﻣﺮآّﺐ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
Complex exponent
‫داﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻤﺎم‬

(ejat + e −jat) / 2. Cosine function
‫داﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺐ‬
1/jπf
Sign function
‫داﻟﺔ درﺟﻴﺔ‬
1/j2πf + ½ δ(f)
Unit step.
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﺎت‬
Impulse train
+∞ 2 +∞ 2 ‫ﻣﺒﺮهﻨﺔ ﺑﺎرﺳﻔﺎل‬
∫ G( f ) df ∫ g (t ) dt
−∞ −∞
Parseval’s Theorem

‫ﻓﻮرﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷهﻢ اﻟﺪوال اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺮاهﺎ ﻓﻲ‬‫א‬‫א‬
Step function u(t): u(t)
.‫اﻟﻔﺼﻮل اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

0 t

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
Ex=fTFsinc(x)rect(t/T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Rectangular function rect(t/T):
rect(t/
1

‐T/2 0 +T/2 t

function sinc(x): sinc(x) = sine (x)/x

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

tri(t/T)
Triangular function tri(t/T):

‐T 0 +T t

Sin2(fT) (Fourier transform of the triangular function)

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 :EK‫א‬baθ‫א‬) ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ‬

 
 

 
 
 
 
ejθ = cos(θ) + j ∙ sin(θ).

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
cos(θ) = ( ejθ + e−jθ) / 2
sin(θ) = (ejθ − e−jθ) / 2j
polar F‫א‬‫א‬Erectangular formF‫א‬‫א‬
zKEcomplex numbersF‫א‬‫א‬Eform
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
Z = a + jb W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a = r cos(θ)
b = r sin(θ).

2 2
r = a + b
a -1
θ = tan b
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z = r cos(θ) + jr sin(θ).
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
z = r ej θ
z = 1+j :‫א‬‫א‬W1 J1‫م‬

r = √( 12 +12) = √2 = 1.414
θ = tan‐1 (1/1) = tan‐1 (1) = π/4
=> z = 1.414 ejπ/4

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٢
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Pulse Modulation
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 5W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ESamplingF‫א‬1 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬1 J1 J2
 ESampling Theorem or Shannon TheoremF
،2fmfs fm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(base band signal)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E1 J2Ffs ≥ 2fm
 ‫א‬‫א‬fsW
 ‫א‬‫א‬fm 
 Ts‫א‬
 E2 J2FTsZ1/fs
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (1
1/2fm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(aliasing error)‫א‬
Nyquist F‫א‬‫א‬2fm‫א‬
،Efrequency
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
fs min= fN = 2fm
(3-2) TN = 1 / 2fm
 ENyquist frequencyF fN W
 K‫א‬TN
‫א‬P(t)V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1 J2‫א‬‫א‬KEsampled signalFVs(t)‫א‬‫א‬
E3-2) Vs(t) = V(t) * P(t)
 
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
(‫א‬‫א‬) (‫א‬)
V(t) V(f)

‐ fm 0 fm f
(a/)
(a)

P(t) = a0+ ∑an cos 2π nfs t P(f)

2fs 3fs
‐ fs

Ts 2Ts …… t (b/)
(b)
VS(t) = V(t) P(t) VS(f) = a0V(f) + ∑an V(f – nfs)
= V(t) a0 + ∑an V(t) cos(2π nfst)

‐fm fm fs‐fm fs+fm 2fs
3fs
(c) (c/)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1‐2‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Ea’F‫א‬‫א‬EaF
 ‫א‬Eb’F‫א‬EbF
 ‫א‬Ec’F‫א‬EcF
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 sample‫א‬‫א‬F (gating)‫א‬
‫א‬ KE‫א‬ hold ‫א‬
 K1‐2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
–fmfm‫א‬V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(f) (1
 
 K
 
 
V(f)
 
 
 
‐fm 0 +fm f
 
 
 
 
2fm ‫א‬‫א‬W2 J2‫א‬
 
 P(t) (2
P(t) = a0+ ∑ an cos 2π n fs t
 (4-2)  
 ‫א‬ (3
VS(t) = S(t) P(t)  
 (5-2) = a0V(t) + ∑an V(t) cos(2π nfst)
 
 cos(2π nfst)V(t)‫א‬ (4
 
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬5–2‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬nfs‫א‬‫א‬،cos(2π nfst)‫א‬
 (6-2) VS(f) = a0V(f) + ∑an V(f – nfs)
 
 E1–2‫א‬‫א‬FW
‫א‬FEaF1 J2‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Ea’F1 J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a0Ebase band signal oranalog signal ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬a0V(t)
K5‐2
 
fs ≥ 2fm،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1
،   ‫א‬ (2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 α 0 V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3
 ‫א‬
V(f)F‫א‬fs‫א‬Ts‫א‬ •
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬fs‫א‬Ts‫א‬، •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(f)F
‫א‬fs ═2fm‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

EAliasingF‫א‬2 J1 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،3 J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
fs <
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
،K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KEAliasing errorsF‫א‬

 
Vs(f)
Vs(f)
‐fm fs‐fm fs
fs+fm f
a)
Vs(f)
‐fm fs‐fm fs
fs+fm f
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﺮارات اﻟﻄﻴﻒ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬

b)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3–2‫א‬
EbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs(f) ‫א‬EaF‫א‬3–2‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
Elow pass filter LPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1
‫א‬Eanti‐aliasing filterF‫א‬‫א‬
K2fm‫א‬
 
Ecut off frequency fcut offF‫א‬ ‫א‬ (2
fmax‫א‬‫א‬
(7-2) fcut off ≤ fmax
 
‫א‬ ، N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 tp
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fs •
 E8 J2F N = fs tp = tp / Ts 
 
 ETypes of samplingF‫א‬W3 J1 J2
 
 K‫א‬
 
 EIdeal samplingFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 J3 J1 J2

 ‫א‬‫א‬KEunit weighted pulsesF‫א‬‫א‬
  K4–2‫א‬‫א‬KEPAMF‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
V (t) V(f)
t
-fm fm f
(a) (a’)
+∞
1
Ρδ (t ) = ∑ δ (t − nTs ) P( f ) =
T
∑ δ ( f − nfs)
n = −∞
f
Ts t -fs 0 fs 2fs
(b) (b’)
Vs(t) = V(t) Pδ(t) 1

Vs ( f ) =
T
∑V ( f − nfs)
t
-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm …….
(c ) (c’)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4 J2‫א‬
 
Eb F‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EconvolutionF‫א‬‫א‬KEc F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eb’ F‫א‬‫א‬Ea’F‫א‬
 KEc’ F
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ENatural samplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J1 J2

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬5 J2‫א‬K‫א‬

Vs(t)
gate
stable One
clock Shot
 ‫א‬‫א‬W5 J2‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬Estable oscillatorF (1
 ‫א‬‫א‬EmultivibratorF‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ (2
‫א‬
cutoff FELPFF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (3
 K‫א‬‫א‬EfmFEfrequency fcut

 
 Eflat‐top samplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J3 J1 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE6 J2‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
sample F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE7 J2‫א‬‫א‬FKEand hold circuit
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
V(f)
V(t)
t
-fm fm
(a) (a’)
P(t)
τ
X X
(b’)
(b)
Vs(t)=P(t) * V(t)
+3fs
-fs -fm fm fs
(c) (c’)
 ‫א‬W6 J2‫א‬
 Eb’F‫א‬EbFEa’F‫א‬‫א‬EaF
Ec’F‫א‬EcF
 
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7 J2‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬ (1
‫א‬ (2
K‫א‬‫א‬، (3
‫א‬C‫א‬EsampleF‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (4
KEholdF
‫א‬‫א‬K8 J2‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8 J2‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬2 J2
Ebase bandF‫א‬‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬ (1
‫א‬‫א‬FKfs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E4 J2
‫א‬ sin c( x) = sin x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2
x
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3
=
K1  
B T
τ
 E9 J2F 
 ‫א‬τ
cut off F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1‫א‬
 K‫א‬5K0‫א‬10K1KEfrequency fcut off
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 WPAM‫א‬‫א‬
PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
TDM‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 1 J2
fs = ‫א‬  V(t)
 Kτ = 40μs،5KHz
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
KK1 = 1.0K1 = 0.5‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬ 25 KHz ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 
 2 J2
 K8KHz0‫א‬V(t)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 
 
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 

 3 J2
‫א‬1 J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(t)
 K6KHz‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
 K‫א‬
 
 
 4 J2
K4 kHz dc،‫א‬V(t)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪50‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 
5 J2
KE10000 HzF‫א‬10000‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K4KHzEguard band‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 6 J2
 K٪25fm fs‐ fm ،fm‫א‬،fs=9KHz
 
 7 J2
0.25ms 500 Hz‫א‬
 K‫א‬18KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 8 J2
K2 KHz1 KHz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬0.1ms
 K35KHz
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
 (TDM of PAM signals)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEsequentiallyF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬W9 J2‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
،TsE>‫א‬F‫א‬ (1
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3
،E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (4
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J3 J2

 ‫א‬‫א‬ (1)
V1(t)‫א‬  9 J2‫א‬‫א‬
 KV2(t)
 
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W10 J2‫א‬
 
‫א‬21‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KETsF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
signal ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E>‫א‬FKsignal #4#1
‫א‬‫א‬EcommutatorF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬EdecommutatorF
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
11  J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 

‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﺎﻣﻊ وﻣﻔﻜﻚ‬ :11-2 ‫ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3)
‫א‬Esampling theoremF‫א‬
(fN = 2fm).
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (4)
‫א‬
7‫א‬7 11 J2‫א‬ (5)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ= Ts/7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (6)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K12 J2

- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬7W12 J2‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
τ
K1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Tframe
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
fs = fN= 2fm •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
0.5
N‫א‬ B = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
τ
Ts
k = W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k ‫א‬W13 J2‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
fm‫א‬،k EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F

1 1
(10-2) fs = 2fm, Ts = ,
2fm Tframe =
2fm

‫א‬‫א‬k E
F
‫א‬
Tframe
(11-2) τ = k
 
 E
F
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5k
(12-2) B = = = =
τ Tframe Ts/k Ts
k

0.5k
1/2fm - ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
= = 0.5 k (2fm) = k X fm
1
BT = k fm for the ration B = τ
(13-2) BT = 2k fm.
 = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
fs = 2fm J
 E14 J2FBT = L X fm
 W
L = number of spaces + sync + data pulses
 
 fs > 2fm

Fs
E15 J2FBT = L x 2
 
 W9 J2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAM‫א‬7
 K‫א‬‫א‬،BW = 1 kHz
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAM‫א‬7W10 J2‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،12 J2‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬714 J2‫א‬
Fs = 1.25 fN
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J3 J2
 (Multiplexing of dissimilar channels)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
sub and super F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcommutation
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

Efixed rateF‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K16 kHz،15.5 kHz8 kHz
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 80 kHz‫א‬ J
 40 kHz‫א‬ J
 10 kHz18 J
 1250 Hz‫א‬8 J
 625 Hz16 J
 K14 J2‫א‬‫א‬16‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬32‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W15 J2‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K625 ‫א‬ E
‫א‬10000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 kHz18‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬440 kHz‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬440 kHz‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬880 kHz‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬440 kHz‫א‬  J

- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
،‫א‬10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ،‫א‬1250 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K16625 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
‫א‬1250 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K0.1 ms‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬1250
،‫א‬625‫א‬625 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.2 ms‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 W11 J2
2 τ‫א‬‫א‬6PAM/TDM 
‫א‬Kτ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kτ
 KE>‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KkHz
  
K‫א‬‫א‬616 J2‫א‬
Kfs = 1.5 fN‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W12 J2
 Kfs = 2fN11 J2‫א‬
 
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬4 J2
 (Pulse Analog Modulation)
W1 J4 J2
‫א‬ :‫א‬‫א‬
EpositionF‫א‬Eduration or widthF‫א‬‫א‬EamplitudeF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)‫א‬ •
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬
Pulse height = V α Vs
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VsW
 K‫א‬Vα
 (Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬
 
Pulse width = τα Vs
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VsW
 K‫א‬ τα 
 (Pulse Position Modulation: PPM)‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 

Pulse position = td Vs
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VsW
 K‫א‬ td 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16 J2‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬17 J2‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬  o
 
 ‫א‬2 J4 J2
 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)‫א‬1 J2 J4 J2
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ •
 
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬2 J2 J4 J2

 (Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)
 (Pulse Duration Modulation: PDM)
‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ •
،‫א‬،‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬18 J2‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬18 J2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
 STs(t)=1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،STs(t)=2 (2
،STs(t)=1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3
19 J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 19 J2‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3 J2 J4 J2
 (Pulse Position Modulation: PPM)
‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬21 J2‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 J2‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
S1(t)‫א‬‫א‬PAM K1
S2(t)‫א‬Eramp generatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 S3(t) S2(t) S1(t) K3
S3(t) = S2(t) + S1(t)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  S3(t)‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 Vcc ‫א‬‫א‬(comparator)‫א‬Esaw toothF‫א‬‫א‬ K5
. S4(t) PWM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0 S3(t) > Vref 
ES5(t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdifferentiatorF K6
KS6(t)PPM
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 J2‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬21 J2‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬5 J2
 (Demodulation of PAM and PWM and PPM)
 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J5 J2
 ،ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ (1
 
 K‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬22 J2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،EinstantaneousF‫א‬ (2
Eshaped transfer characteristicsF‫א‬ 
،EequalizerF‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬23 J2‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬3
K PAM  PAM ‫א‬‫א‬  E
 ‫א‬‫א‬2 J5 J2
EintegratorF‫א‬‫א‬ PAM ‫ إﻟﻰ‬PWM ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬   Esample pointF ‫א‬    EintegrationF ‫א‬  •
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬24 J2‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬PAM‫א‬ E

 ‫א‬‫א‬3 J5 J2
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،PWM‫א‬‫א‬PPM ‫א‬ •
KPAM ‫ إﻟﻰ‬PWM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 24 J1‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KPAMPPMPWM‫א‬24 J2‫א‬
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‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Pulse Code modulation
 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 8W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1–3
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1–3‫א‬
 
 ‫א؟‬–‫א‬1 J1 J3
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3
،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1–3‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J3
Band F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1
cut frequency F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Epass filter
 Efm
،fs≥fN fs‫א‬ .2
‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬ .3
Code F‫א‬ESampleFEEncoderF
KE8FEWord
F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬– .4
 ،‫א‬‫א‬Equantization levels
E‫א‬FE10 J0F‫א‬‫א‬ .5
،Equantization intervalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬n2n2‫א‬ •
  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E28F256‫א‬n=8
K2550
 0‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬– .6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 255F‫א‬
 ،ECode WordF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J3
N،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬M
،‫א‬‫א‬
(1 J3)……….M = 2N
 
WN‫א‬ M‫א‬‫א‬ (1
(2‐3)…….N = Log2M = 3.32 Log10M
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 W1–3
M=256Enormalized PCMF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 N = log256= log28=8 bit 

 W2–3
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬64K6
 128 = 27 = 2NEN=7F‫א‬
 K100 
 

 1–3
 N=100 N‫א‬
 
 2–3
      8       ‫א‬
 K3
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W2 J3‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2
KELow Pass Filter LPFF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬4 J1 J3
‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬ (1
PAM F‫א‬‫א‬EAnalog signalF‫א‬
 KEsignal
Kfm‫א‬‫א‬ (2
  fN=2fm
 fs=fN=2fm‫א‬
 Rb = Nfs = 2Nfm‫א‬
 BT = Rb = 2NfmW‫א‬

W3 J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 fm=4 KHZ, n=8
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬5 J1 J3
‫א‬‫א‬ .7
ED/A converterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
quantization F‫א‬
 2–3‫א‬،Einterval
W‫א‬ (1
+V‐V‫א‬‫א‬ •
  V
‫א‬V2 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N •
2V
(2‐5) ……… ∆ = volts
2N

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ •
∆ 2v V
volts = /2 = n 
2 2n 2
‫א‬‫א‬ •
(6 J3)……………NQ= V2/22N watts
‫א‬L‫א‬ •
∴S( N) =
SQ ⎛V2
= V 2 ÷ ⎜⎜ 2 N
⎞
⎟⎟ = 2 2 N
Q NQ ⎝2 ⎠
(7 J3)……………..∴ S N ( ) Q
= 2 2 N
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

EcharacteristicFENon linear amplifierF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬3–3‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 

  E‫א‬
 
 
 E
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬3 J3‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
‫א‬‫א‬EcompressorF‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬FEexpanderF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬EcompanderFL‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 KECOMpressor/exPANDERF
 

 ‫א‬6 J1 J3
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (1
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (3
‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 
 W4 J3
 ‫א‬K
‫א‬E‫א‬F
10‫א‬EF
‫א‬EF
‫א‬L‫א‬EF
PS/QN J
N=10 bitSNR= 22N J
40dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J1 J3
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
⎛ Vi ⎞
ln⎜⎜1 + µ ⎟⎟
⎝ Vimax ⎠
(3‐8)……… V0 = V0 max ln(1 + µ ) for Vi ≥ 0
 
 ‫א‬Vi
‫א‬V0
 ‫א‬‫א‬Vimax
‫א‬‫א‬V0max
 E255F Ecompression parameterF‫א‬µ
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4–3‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3
W‫א‬
Vi max ⎡ ⎥⎤
⎡ Vr ⎤
⎢
V = ⎢(1 + µ ) ⎣ V0 max ⎦
⎥ forVr ≥ 0
(3‐9)……….. ie µ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vie

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (4
KEcodec: coder/decoder
 
 WA law (Europe) codec‘‫א‬–‫א‬‘

⎛ 1 + lg Ax ⎞
V0 = V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sign 1/A < X <1…….(3‐10)
⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠

⎛ Ax ⎞
V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 0 < X < 1/A…..(3‐11)
⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠
A = 87.6
 

 W5 J3‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Vimax =8V, V0max = 5V, µ=255
 8v4v2v‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 J1 J3
 M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1
M‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ (2
M‫א‬ (3
 98
 
 ٪5K12‫א‬  J
٪50‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬2–3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Enormalized valuesF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
actual I/P analog voltage
normalizes I/P analog voltage =
full - scale voltage of A/D converter

Vi
X (t) = , where Vfs = 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ....
V fs

 ،‫א‬L‫א‬
 
⎡actual out put ⎤ ⎡normalized value⎤ ⎡full scale voltage ⎤
⎢analog voltage⎥ = ⎢of digital word ⎥ × ⎢of D/A converter⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Vo = X (t ) × V fs
 
 K‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0K0‫א‬‫א‬Eunipolar encodingF‫א‬‫א‬
0K1
‫א‬‫א‬Ebipolar encodingF‫א‬‫א‬
KH0K1 J0K1
4‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K160
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 

   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
7/8=0.875 15/16=0.9375 15 1111
6/8=0.75 14/16=0.875 14 1110
5/8=0.625 13/16=0.8125 13 1101
4/8=0.5 12/16=0.75 12 1100
3/8=0.375 11/16=0.6875 11 1011
2/8=0.25 10/16=0.625 10 1010
1/8=0.125 9/16=0.5625 9 1001
0 8/16=0.5 8 1000
‐1/8=‐0.125 7/16=0.4375 7 0111
‐2/8=‐0.25 6/16=0.375 6 0110
‐3/8=‐0.375 5/16=0.3125 5 0101
‐4/8=‐0.5 4/16=0.25 4 0100
‐5/8=‐0.625 3/16=0.1875 3 0011
‐6/8=‐0.75 2/16=0.125 2 0010
‐7/8=‐0.875 1/16=0.0625 1 0001
‐8/8=‐1 0 0 0000

 ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 J3‫א‬
 K4‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1–2–3
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (1
 ∴ the range of the normalized signal X (t ) is 0 ≤ X < 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 1 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 J3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴ N = 2 4 = 16 4 (2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1
W‫א‬‫א‬E0K1‫א‬‫א‬F0K10K0

 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EXnF
0
16
=0 0 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0 0000 1111‫א‬‫א‬
8
= 0.5 1 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0 = 8 1000 0K1‫א‬
16 LSB....MSB
 ‫א‬
15
= 0.9375 1 × 2 3 + 1 × 2 2 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 2 0 = 15 1111
16

W‫א‬‫א‬ (3
 
1
E13 J3FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Xu =
2N

‫א‬‫א‬ (4
V fs
 E14–3FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Vu = ∆ × u Vfs =
2N
 W ‫א‬Vfs

W‫א‬1 (5
 
1
 E15 J3FKKKKKKKKKK Xu (max) = 1 - ∆ × u = 1 -
2N
 W
 0K1‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
1000F‫א‬MSB=0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 E4
‫א‬ (6
 5 J3‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬

 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J
 E1/16‫א‬1.47/162/16‫א‬1.67/16

 F‫א‬‫א‬E J
 E1/16‫א‬1.67/16
 4‫א‬‫א‬ 5 J3‫א‬
 
 4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5 J3‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬ (7
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬–‫א‬  
∆×u 1 1
∴ Eu = = N = N +1 = 2 −( N +1)
 E16 J3FKKKKKKKKK 2 2 ×2 2
Where : Eu = the peak unipolar normalized error.
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
V fs
E17 J3FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK lu = Eu Vfs = n +1
= 2 − ( n +1) . Vfs
2
 
 W6 J3
‫א‬‫א‬6  L
‫א‬200‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
  ∆ × u ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ∆Vu ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 Xu(max) EF
 Vu(max) EF
 EuEF
  lu EF
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2–2–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1
− 1 ≤ X < 1  +1 ‐1‫א‬‫( א‬2
‫א‬‫א‬1624،4 (3
. 1‐3

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 EXbF
 Xb −8 0000
= −1
‫א‬ 8
.
 K  K  K
 K  K  K
K K K
0 1000

 K  K  K
 K  K  K
K K K
7 1111
= 0.875
8
 4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W1 J3‫א‬
 

E1 LSB ‫א‬F ( ∆X b ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (4
1
E17 J3F ∆X b = n −1
= 2 − n +1
2

 ∆Vb ‫א‬‫א‬ (5
V fs
E18 J3F ∆Vb = ∆X b V fs = N −1
= 2 − N +1V fs 
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E19 J3F X b (max) = 1 − ∆X b = 1 − 2 − N +1
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 E1 J3‫א‬‫א‬FW
 8 •
M
E20 J3F = 2 N −1
2
8 •
M
E21 J3F − 1 = 2 N −1 − 1
2

MSB‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ MSB‫א‬‫א‬EF2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ 1 010 → 2 0001 → − 7 ⎫⎪
⎢ 8 ⎫8 8 8
 E22 J3F complement aries
⎢ 0 010 → − 6 ⎬⎭ 8 
1001 → 1 ⎪
⎬ 8
⎣ MSB 8 8 ⎭

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J3‫א‬ (7
‫א‬ (8
 ∆Ε b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
∆X b
23 J3 ∆Ε b = = 2 − N 
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 24 J3 l b = Eb V fs = 2 − N V fs
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3–3
PCM/TDM
E‫א‬F‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFK‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 KEPAM/TDMF‫א‬‫א‬
KW‫א‬E2
  KfN‫א‬ •
 Fs = fn = 2 fm •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬9 J3‫א‬E3

Eframe timeF‫א‬ •
E 21 J3F
Tf = TN = 1
2 fm

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9 J3‫א‬

Eword timeF‫א‬ •

E21 J3F Tω= Tf = 1 
K 2K fm

 Ebit durationF‫א‬ •
Tω 1
E22 J3F 
τ = =

 W‫א‬‫א‬ (4
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق א‬:‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EUS – 24 Channel SystemF24
 KE32 channel SystemF32
 
 EUS – 24 Channel SystemFWE‫א‬F241 J2 J3 J3
‫א‬ ‫א‬KECode WordsF24‫א‬E1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K241‫א‬‫א‬ •
E241F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E0F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 KKKKKKKKK 20 21 22 23 24
   8E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24
‫א‬
E1F
 193Z‫א‬1H192Z8х24W‫א‬
 
K‫א‬0‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1
125μs ‫א‬ •
8000
K0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEFrame Alignment Word: FAWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،24‫א‬‫א‬ •
TI FAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12
100011011100
 ESuperframeF‫א‬EF12 •
 
 W24‫א‬
24‫א‬ETI MultiplexerF‫א‬ .1
 E125μsF‫א‬E8F‫א‬PCM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3
8‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬W،
K24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .4
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TI FAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12‫א‬ .5
K

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
W24‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬24‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K192
،‫א‬8000‫א‬‫א‬K193
 
 K‫א‬1544000‫א‬193x8000

 
 24W10 J2‫א‬
 
 W32‫א‬‫א‬
EBandwidth = Bit rate ‫א‬Z‫א‬F
125μs‫א‬fs=8kHz ‫א‬ •
193Z8C24H1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
125µs
T b = ≈ 0.647668 µs
193

W‫א‬ •
1 193
  Rb = = = 1.544 Mbit / s
Tb 125µs

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬544K1 •
1 1
BT = = = 1.544 MHz
T B
0.64766
 
 24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11 J3‫א‬
 
 E32 Channel SystemFWE‫א‬‫א‬F322 J2 J3 J3
‫א‬ ‫א‬ECode WordsF 32‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K310‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E16F‫א‬E0F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬E3117151F‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 0 1 1 2 3 4 KKKKKKKKK 13 14 15 16 17  KKKKKKKKK 29 30 31
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15
‫א‬ 8E
  ‫א‬ E
 F
 8
 193Z‫א‬1H192Z8х24W‫א‬
K‫א‬160‫א‬30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1
125μs ‫א‬ •
8000

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K160‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESynchronization and signalingF
 W32‫א‬
‫א‬PCM30‫א‬‫א‬ .1
 E125μsF‫א‬E8F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3
8‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،18‫א‬817‫א‬816‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬
K32‫א‬31‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .4
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W24‫א‬‫א‬
EBandwidth = Bit rate ‫א‬Z‫א‬F
125μs‫א‬fs=8kHz ‫א‬ •
256Z8C32‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
125µs
T b = ≈ 0.488µs
256

W‫א‬ •
1 256
  Rb = = = 2 Mbit / s
Tb 125µs
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬544K1 •
1 1
BT = = = 2 MHz
T B
0.488

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  231  ‫א‬
 
 
 W32‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬32‫א‬W12 J3‫א‬
 
 32‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬32L30‫א‬13 J3‫א‬
 
 
32‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W13 J3‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digital Transmission
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 9W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ٧٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Digital Transmission
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 J4
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W1 J1 J4
 
‫א‬EData،F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
،EchannelF‫א‬EdestinationF‫א‬EsourceF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬
Source ‫اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬ Channel Destination
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬: 1 - 4 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٧٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ،EnoiseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Echannel coding‫א‬F‫א‬
KEerror correctionFEerror detectionF‫א‬‫א‬EdecodingF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K2–4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬
Source Coder Channel Decoder Destination  
 
 
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻊ‬: 2 - 4 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W2 J1 J4
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Ebit per second: bpsF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٧٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J1 J4
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬3 J1 J4‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J1 J4
 
ASCII: American Standard Code F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Efor Information Interchange
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EcharacterF7‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KEparity bitF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4 J1 J4
 
‫א‬‫א‬2–4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٧٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
EEncoding / encryptionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKK
 
 ‫א‬2–4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J4
 W‫א‬dc‫א‬‫א‬ (1
1 E+V‐VF‫א‬‫א‬ •
00V
‐V1 +V‫א‬ •
E0F
 
‫א‬‫א‬dc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ Wduty cycle‫א‬ (2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NRZ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RZ •

- ٧٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬W‫א‬ (3
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBPRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬ (5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
‫א‬،BPRBPNRZUPRZUPNRZ‫א‬ •
‫א‬،BPRZ‐AMI
 BPRZ‐AMI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ (6
 ،+V/2،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
• ‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ELine Coding FormatsF‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J4
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ENRZF‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ٨٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 ERZF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EBiphase or Manchester CodeF‫א‬ J
 EDelay Modulation or Miller CodeF‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ENRZF‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J2 J4
 K‫א‬
 (Non Return to Zero Level: NRZ‐L)‫א‬‫א‬ (1
‫א‬‫א‬EHIGHF‫א‬W1 •
‫א‬‫א‬ELOWF‫א‬W0 •

 W
 EDCF  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬
 
 
 
1000110100 NRZ‐L 

- ٨١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
(Non Return to Zero Mark: NRZ‐M)‫א‬‫א‬ (2
Edifferential Coding ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 •
 ،‫א‬‫א‬  J
،‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0 •
K
 W
   J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 
1000110100 NRZ‐M   

 (Non Return to Zero Space: NRZ‐S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0 •
 ،‫א‬‫א‬  J
،‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W
   J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
- ٨٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 


 
1000110100 NRZ‐S   

 ERZF‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J2 J4
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 (Unipolar Return to Zero: UPRZ)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0 •
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
KNRZ  J
 
  1000110100 UPR‐Z 

 

- ٨٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 (Bipolar Return to Zero: BPRZ)
 (Polar Return to Zero: PRZ)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 •
 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0 •
 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
E‐V0V +VF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
1000110100 PRZ or BPRZ   

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 (Return to Zero‐Alternate Mark Inversion: RZ‐AMI)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 •
 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ELOWF‫א‬W0 •
- ٨٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 W
0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W
  J
KNRZ  J
 
 
1000110100 RZ‐AMI 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J2 J4
 Biphase‐ Level or Manchester code

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
Biphase‐ Level (BI Φ –L) or Manchester II code
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬W0 •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W
  J
KNRZ  J
- ٨٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 
1000110100 Biphase‐L   
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 Biphase‐ Mark (BI Φ –M) or Manchester I code
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬W0 •

 W
  J
KNRZ  J
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 1000110100 Biphase ‐ M 

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 Biphase‐ Space (BI Φ –S) code
- ٨٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W1 •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0 •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W
‫א‬  J
KNRZ  J
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 
1000110100  Biphase‐S   
 
 W‫א‬4 J2 J2 J4
 Delay modulation (DM) or miller code
‫א‬W1 •
‫א‬، 0‫א‬W0 •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KNRZ  J
- ٨٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 
 
1000110100 DM   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1000110100W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7 J4‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬1000110100W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
- ٨٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 

E‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬8 J4‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ DC  ‫א‬
‫א‬
  +V/2 3fb/2 UPNRZ
  3O 3fP/2 BPNRZ
  +V/4 fb UPPZ
 ‫א‬ 3O V fb BPRZ
3  3O V 3fb/2 BPRZ‐AMI
- ٨٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 11  NRZ – L
 00
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 NRZ –M
 ‫א‬‫א‬0
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 NRZ –S
 ‫א‬‫א‬0
 101 UPRZ
 00
 101 BPRZPRZ
 100
 
 1 BRZ – AMI 
 10‫א‬
 10‫א‬‫א‬
 00
 101  BIΦ‐L
 010
 01101  BIΦ – M
 ‫א‬‫א‬0
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 BIΦ – S
 01100
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 DM
 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬
 
 EASCII CodeF
Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char
32 20 (space) 64 40 @ 96 60 `
33 21 ! 65 41 A 97 61 a
34 22 " 66 42 B 98 62 b
35 23 # 67 43 C 99 63 c
36 24 $ 68 44 D 100 64 d
37 25 % 69 45 E 101 65 e
38 26 & 70 46 F 102 66 f
39 27 ' 71 47 G 103 67 g
40 28 ( 72 48 H 104 68 h
41 29 ) 73 49 I 105 69 i
42 2a * 74 4a J 106 6a j
43 2b + 75 4b K 107 6b k
44 2c , 76 4c L 108 6c l
45 2d ‐ 77 4d M 109 6d m
46 2e . 78 4e N 110 6e n
47 2f / 79 4f O 111 6f o
48 30 0 80 50 P 112 70 p
49 31 1 81 51 Q 113 71 q
50 32 2 82 52 R 114 72 r
51 33 3 83 53 S 115 73 s
52 34 4 84 54 T 116 74 t
53 35 5 85 55 U 117 75 u
54 36 6 86 56 V 118 76 v
55 37 7 87 57 W 119 77 w
56 38 8 88 58 X 120 78 x
57 39 9 89 59 Y 121 79 y
58 3a : 90 5a Z 122 7a z
59 3b ; 91 5b [ 123 7b {
60 3c < 92 5c \ 124 7c |
61 3d = 93 5d ] 125 7d }
62 3e > 94 5e ^ 126 7e ~
63 3f ? 95 5f _ 127 7f DEL
- ٩١ -

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1٥

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Shift Keying (SK)
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
Band F ‫א‬‫א‬EDigital Modulation: DMF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،EPass Modulation: BPM
W‫א‬
 (ASK)(Amplitude shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (FSK)(Frequency shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (PSK)(Phase Shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
K‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
9W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ٩٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 (Baud rate)‫א‬(bit rate)‫א‬‫א‬1‐5
 
(ASK,FSK,PSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 
 W(Binary modulation)‫א‬‫א‬1 J1–5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bit) 
 W
Rb = Rs
   2 M=
N
  2 2 N = logM = log=1 (1‐5)
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WRb
 Ebit /sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRs
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WM
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬WN
 W(Quadrature modulation)‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J5
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rs = Rb/2
  = 4 2 2 = 2
N
M= (2‐5)
 N= log2 M = log 4 = 2
- ٩٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J1–5
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N)
Rs = Rb/N = Rb/log2 M
   2
N
M =
  N = log 2 M (3‐5)
 

 W(ASK) ‫א‬‫א‬ 2‐5
‫א‬‫א‬(Ac cos wst)‫א‬(Ac sin wct)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E0F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EASK)
(AM.DSBTC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (1‐5)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1‐5F
 
 ‫א‬(NRZ‐L)‫א‬ Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬E1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Vc (t)= Ac cos 2π fct
- ٩٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 W(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
VASK(t) = [A±Vm(t)] cos 2π fct
= [Ft±v] Cos 2π fct
= A[1±V/A] Cos 2π fct
= A[1±m] cost 2π fct
 (ASK)‫א‬‫א‬
VASK(t) = A [1±m] cos 2πfct (4‐5 ) .

 ‫א‬(m)W
(2‐5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EASKFE2‐5F‫א‬
 (Efficiency) (ASK) ‫א‬‫א‬
 m = 1‫א‬
 E2A0VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٩٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 (ASKF(ASK)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (3‐5)‫א‬
 
 (ASK)E3‐5F‫א‬
 
 EASKFEASKF
 (Envelope detector)‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬(DSB‐SC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (ON‐OFF KEYING) (OOK)‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
modulating )EunipolarF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
(signal

Vm (t) ={ +1 V logic 1
or
 { 0V logic 0
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OOK E2
 (5‐5)‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

Vook(t) =Vm (t) *Vc (t) (5‐5)
=Vm * Ac cos wct
= { Ac*cos wct for logic 1
   { 0 for logic 0
 
 ( 4‐5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (OOK ) (4‐5)‫א‬

 (OOKF(OOK)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F(Balanced Modulators)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOOKF(5‐5)‫א‬
 
 EOOK‫א‬FE5‐5F‫א‬
- ٩٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 (OOK Detection)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (coherent detection)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 (synchronous detection)‫א‬‫א‬
(reference carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(phase & frequency mismatch distortion)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6‐5F‫א‬
(synchronous detection) ‫( ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻲ‬AMDSB‐SC)
 
 EOOK‫א‬‫א‬F(6‐5)‫א‬
 (Non Coherent Detection)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 (Asynchronous detection)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(7‐5)(Envelope detector)
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE7‐5F‫א‬
 
- ٩٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬EdiodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
time constant of F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Eforward resistanceF‫א‬‫א‬Echarge
‫א‬‫א‬Ereverse biasedF‫א‬
‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬TZR*C
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
  ‫א‬
binary F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 (comparator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬restoration)
 
 EOOK BandwidthFEOOKF‫א‬
 EpcmFVm(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 (ones followed by zeros)‫א‬‫א‬
 Tm = 2Tb ‫א‬
 fm = 1/Tm =1/2Tb = Rb/2 
 
‫א‬‫א‬(Fc)‫א‬‫א‬(OOK)E2
 E‫א‬)Vm(t)
EFcFE8c‐5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFcFEFmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٩٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 EOOKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8‐5F‫א‬

ERbFEdata rateF‫א‬EFmF‫א‬‫א‬E8c‐5F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Rb=1/Tb =1/(Tm/2) =2Fm
 
EFcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 (BandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE3‐5F‫א‬
 BT= Rb = 2Fm (6‐5)

 W1‐5
(200 Kbit/sec)ENRZ‐PCMF
‫א‬‫א‬EASKF‫א‬

- ١٠٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
 Performance: ( bit error rate & symbol error rate )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 (PB) (Probability of bit error)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(BER)
(Probability of symbol error)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (PE)
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬(SER)(BER)‫א‬E3
(BASK,BFSK,BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
(1 bit)‫א‬ (symbol)
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 PB = PEBER = SERW
(QASK,QFSK,QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 PB = 1/2 PEBER = 1/2 SER(2 bit) 
 (µASK,µFSK,µPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N)‫א‬(N)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 PB = PE / N = PE / log2M
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(M)
PB = PE/ 4 WN= log2 16 = 4 M = 16 (16‐PSK) 
 
 ‫א‬KKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬(BER)‫א‬‫א‬E4
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬F E5
K
 W(Es / No)(SER)(Eb / No) (BER) E6
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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬=Eb,Es
 (W/HZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=No
 ‫א‬(BASK)‫א‬
(Performance of binary BASK)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
(Coherent detection) : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
) C / 4 N =1/2 erfc ( Eb / 2 No PB=PE= 1/2 erfc
) A 2 Tb / 8 No = 1/2 erfc( (7‐5)
(Non Coherent detection): ‫( اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻼ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬2
−( Eb / 2 No) −(C / 4 N )
−( A2Tb / 8 No)
PB = PE = e = 1/2 e = 1/2 e
(8‐5)
 EF(bit)‫א‬Eb = (E1+Eo) / 2 
 ‫א‬(9‐5)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 (OOKF(BASK)(9‐5)
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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
E1=C*Tb = A2 Tb/2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Eo = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 :
Eb = E1+E2/2= C Tb /2 = A2*Tb/4

 C1=C= A2/2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Co = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (A – Peak amplitude of the received carrier (v))EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 No = N/BT= N/Rb = KT (W/HZ)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N= KT*BT (W)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
−23
JK) 10 K =(1.38*
 
 T= ( TA+TR)
 (K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  TA:  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W(TA)
TR=T1+T2/a1 =T3/a1+a2+…………….
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
T1,T2,T3,……..
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
G1,G2,G2,….
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C/N
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 WEBERF‫א‬‫א‬EBASK)‫א‬
 
 
 EBERF‫א‬E10‐5F‫א‬
 
 W2‐5
(10MHZ) ‫א‬ (OOK)‫א‬E10 Kbit/sF
5*10(‐5) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (10 (‐2)V) ‫ א‬
(W/HZ)
(BER) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬3‐5
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FEFsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ebase bandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬FEFmF
 KEpolarF‫א‬
 W
 ∆F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFCF‫א‬
 
 WFSK
 W‫א‬EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬E1
VFSK (t) = (Ac cos { 2 π (fc + VM(t)) ∆f ) t } (9‐5)
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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 ‫(א‬FSKF ‐VFSK : ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬ ‐ A
 (HZ)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ JFc
 (HZ)(Vm (t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J∆f
 ( ± 1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JVm (t)
 Logic (1) = +1 , Logic (0) = ‐1
W‫א‬(9‐5)‫א‬E2
(a) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 π (fc + ∆f) t ] = A cos 2 π fmt .
for a logic 1 , Vm (t) = +1 (5‐10)
(b) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 π (fc ‐ ∆f) t ]= A cos 2 π fst
for a logic 0 , Vm (t) = ‐1
 W
‫א‬‫א‬(Logic 1)(Logic 0)‫א‬‫א‬E
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
Fm=Fc+∆FELogic 1F‫א‬
 Fs = Fc‐∆F ELogic 0F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Fc)‫א‬(Fm &Fs) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
(Fc ± ∆F)
: (FSK) 
‫( أو‬VCO) E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFSK)  (1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ( Voltage Controlled Oscillator)
 
 
(VCO) ‫א‬(12‐5) ‫א‬
:(VCO)‫( ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟـ‬2

- ١٠٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬EVoltageF‫א‬
 (FSK)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 EF,FsF‫א‬EVCOF‫א‬،(Vm(t) = ± 1)‫א‬E3
 
:(FSK) 

 EFSK)E13‐5F‫א‬
 W
 (sec)‫א‬‫א‬ JTm
 (HZ)(Vm (t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JFm
(Rb= 2Fm) (bit/sec)‫א‬EbitsF‫א‬ JRb
 (Mark Frequency)‫א‬ JFm
 ESpace Frequency F‫א‬‫א‬ JFs
 
 WEFSKFEBaud rateF‫א‬‫א‬ERbFEbitsF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFSKFE1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 W‫א‬‫א‬E3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Rb)Ebit rate)‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W(Baud rate or symbol rate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
(Fs)‫א‬‫א‬(Fm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(9‐5)‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bit rate =Symbol rate (Baud rate)
 Rb (bit/sec) = Rs ( Symbol/sec) = Baud rate ( baud)
 
 (FSK Bandwidth)W(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFSKF(BT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 (‐115)‫א‬‫(א‬FM)‫א‬
BT = 2 (∆f + fm) (11‐5)
(∆F =Fm‐Fs/2) W
Fm = Rb/2 (Fc) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : 

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(12-5)‫א‬ (11‐5)‫א‬ (Fm ∆F)E2

BT = 2 ∆ f + 2 fm = fm – fS + Rb (12‐5)
(FSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BT)

 EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬E14‐5F‫א‬
 
- ١٠٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

(sin x/x)‫א‬‫א‬(Pulsed sinusoidal waves)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (12‐5)‫א‬‫א‬(FSK)
 W(Rb)‫א‬ ‫א‬(Fm)‫א‬‫א‬
Rb = 2Fm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(14‐5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:3-5
E200 K bit / secF‫א‬‫א‬ENRZ‐LF‫א‬EPCMF
 K(150KHZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FSKF
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 K(Fs)‫א‬( Fm)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Logic 1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Logic 0)‫א‬‫א‬
(Pulsed RF Signal)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 (base band)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 K‫א‬(Binary restoration)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
FSK Coherent detection
 
- ١٠٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E15‐5F‫א‬
  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELogic 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Vr(t) = Acos wm(t) (13‐5)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Vc(t) = 2A cos(2) wmt = A( 1+ cos 2wmt) (14‐5)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14‐5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.2
(differential amp.)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 : (15‐5)‫א‬
Vo (t) = Gv Vd(t) = A*Gv = positive constant (15‐5)
 ELogic 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ELogic 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 W(Performance)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

⎛ Eb ⎞
BER = PB = ½ erfc ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 2 No ⎠
⎛ PcTb ⎞
= ½ erfc ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 2 No ⎠ (3‐16)
⎛ 2 ⎞
= ½ erfc ⎜⎜ A Tb ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 No ⎠
Eb = PC Tb

A2
PC =
2

PN
No =
BT
 W
 ‫א‬(EbF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EPcF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENoF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
BER = PB = ½ exp ( ) (5‐17)
‐Eb
2NO
⎛ 2
⎞
= ½ erfc ⎜⎜ A Tb ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 No ⎠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ١١٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PB)‫א‬‫א‬E16‐5F
 ‫א‬
‐Eb
PB = F ( 2NO ) =F(C/N)
(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ (16‐5) ‫א‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻠﺘﻲ‬:4-5
 (FSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬( BER)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0.4 V)‫א‬(2sec)(bit)‫א‬
 (1KHZ,2KHZ):
 (10(‐12) w/HZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (BER)‫א‬(13‐5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬4‐5
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K( ASK)‫א‬ J
 K(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Binary PSK)
ً ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PSKE1
 E‫א‬‫א‬
Quadrature  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PSKE2
 (PSK)
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 (µ‐PSK) (‫א‬ PSK)‫א‬PSKE3
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EMF‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 

N b = Log 2 M⇒M=2 Nb
(18‐5)
 W
 EF‫א‬ JNb
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ JM
 W5‐5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KM= 2 EPSKF
- ١١٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 (Binary PSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (BPSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(17‐5)
 
 
‫א‬(PCM)U (t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 KE‐90°‫א‬90°F
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(i)‫א‬(Ui )‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 W‫א‬
(19‐5 )
 W 
 (volts)‫א‬ JV
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JUi
 Ui ={+1 for logic (1)
{‐1 for logic (0)

 W (19‐5)‫א‬
‐E π / 2 F ‫א‬ logic (1) J
 HE π / 2 F ‫א‬ logic (0) J
- ١١٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬(19‐5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 

 E20‐5F 
 
 WEBPSKF‫א‬
‫א‬(BPSK)‫א‬ (1
 E01F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 (BPSK) ‫א‬(18‐5)‫א‬
- ١١٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

: ‫( اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ هﻮ‬2
Vc (t)=Vsin wct
 
 
 
(BPSK) ‫א‬ (19‐5) ‫א‬
:V BPSK(t) (3
 ‫א‬
 

 
 EVBPSKF‫א‬‫א‬E20‐5F
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 W
 
fct πFmt*sin2 πV BPSK(t) = sin 2
= 1/2[ cos 2 π (fc‐fm)‐ 1/2 cos2 π (fc+fm)t ]
 
- ١١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
B= (fc+fm) – (fc+fm)=2fm=Rb
 BT = RbW‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B= 2(∆f+fm)=2fm+2∆f
2∆f=0 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
B= 2fm = Rb

(BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬
 
EBPSK)E
 
(OOK)‫א‬‫א‬E21‐5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(OOK)‫א‬‫א‬
 

 (BPSK)(21‐5)‫א‬
 
 (BPSK)E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ui)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ (balanced modulator)‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 (BPSK)E22‐5F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬(LPF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
- ١١٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

(Performance) ‫א‬‫א‬
PB = PE = 1/2 erfc ( EB / NO )
= 1/2 erfc ( c * Tb / No )
(21‐5)

= 1/2 erfc ( v 2 Tb / 2 No )

(BER)(Eb/No  PB) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 (23 - 5)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W23‐5‫א‬

- ١١٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

(QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Quadrature phase shift keying
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (QPSK)E1
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (BPSK)  (QPSK) E2
: ‫א‬ 

VQPSK = UiVcosωct + UQVsinωct (22‐5)

W
 (I)‫א‬‫א‬(BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Q)‫א‬(BPSK) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(V QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
UQV
  2 VQPSK=V
 
 
  UIV
 VQPSK = (U V)2 + (U V)2 = 2 v 2 = V 2 (23‐3) 
i Q
 
 
W(47‐5)‫א‬(46‐5)‫א‬E3

= cosΦcoswet + sinΦsinwet = cos(ωct‐Φ )

W‫א‬
VQPSK = V 2 cos(ωct – Φ)
- ١١٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

: ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‐ Φ
Φ = tan‐1 UQ
UI
(24‐5)

(π / 4 , 3π / 4 , 5π / 4 , 7π / 4) ‫א‬‫א‬ Φ
 (UI,UQ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1‐5)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(QPSK)EΦF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K
- ١٢٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
VQPSK (eq. 72) VQPSK (eq. 74) Phasor Transmitted bite
UI UQ
v 2 cos(ωct- π
Vcosωct+vsinωct Φ=45
/4) 1 1
Φ=135
v 2 cos(ωct-3 π
-vcosωct+vsinωct -1 1
/4)
Φ=225
v 2 cos(ωct-5 π
-vcosωct-vsinωct -1 -1
/4)
v 2 cos(ωct-7 π
-vcosωct-vsinωct Φ=315 1 -1
/4)
 E1‐5F
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(PSK)(Rs)‫א‬E
  
Rb
symbols/s Rs =
N
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JRb
 ‫א‬ JN
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
M = 2N symbols
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
360 2π
 P = = rad
M M
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
C = B log2 M  
- ١٢١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JB
 
W(S/N)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ((PCM)‫א‬)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 W(BER)‫א‬ ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬(Thermal noise)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W(S/N)‫א‬‫א‬E

 (PCM)

 W
 (BER)‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W(Quantization noise)‫א‬ J
 
 
W‫א‬

S 2N 2
( /N)Q = 2 = M
 W
 K‫א‬ JM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JN
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 ASK,FSK,PSK
- ١٢٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

Eb
(PCM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
No
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛⎜ S ⎞⎟ = M2 22N
  N output =
⎝ ⎠ 1 + 4M2 PB 1 + 4 × 22N PB
 
 
 
 : 6‐5
 200fw (200x10‐15W).‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(300K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(PCM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(425K)
 W‫א‬(2Mbit/sec)EbitF
 (PSK)‫א‬E
 (ASK)‫א‬E
(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
( QPSK) ‫ آﺸﻒ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬E
- ١٢٣ -

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Source Coding (SC)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Synchronous and asynchronous transmission)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Coding Methods used in computer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬
 (Huffman Coding) J
 (Hoffman Coding) J
  (Cray Coding)‫א‬ J
 
  K‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 9W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫ات‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬1–6
‫א‬‫א‬1 J6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬1 J1 J6
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EShannon TheoremF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ESource RepresentationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EM‐ArrayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBinaryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 EDataF‫א‬‫א‬2 J6‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 1616‫א‬441000441
،‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
EData ReductionF‫א‬ •
EData CompressionF‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،Edata reduction:: remove irrelevant data (lossy, gives errors)F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،Edata compression: present data in compact (short) way (lossless)F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Eirrelevant dataF
 
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
original Relevant
Dqtq remove data Reduce data amount
irrelevance (compact Source
Description_ Code
 
 ‫א‬W3 J6‫א‬
 
(Some characteristics in Source Coding) ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬3–1–6
 
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EuniformF‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
variable F‫א‬‫א‬EnonuniformF‫א‬
ESourceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،Elength, run length
EEncoder or CoderF‫א‬EMessagesF‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬٦ J٦‫א‬
 
uniquely F ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Edecodable code
 
Enot uniquely decodable codeF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬Kx1, x2, x3, x4
 ‫א‬
 
Word Codeword
 X1 0
 X2 01
 X3 11
 X4 111
 
 W‫א‬00111111‫א‬‫א‬
 
x1, x2, x3, x4,
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 x1, x2, x4, x3,
x1, x1, x4, x4,
  x1, x1, x3, x3, x3. 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Word Codeword
 X1 0
 X2 10
 X3 110
 X4 111
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬0011010111110 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 x1, x1, x3, x2, x4, x3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ •
Source entropy •
 
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
 L = ∑l p
i =1
i i
 ‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬LW
 E expected length or average lengthF
 xili
،xi‫א‬pi
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2–6
(Synchronous transmission) :‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬‫א‬1–2–6

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EclockF‫א‬‫א‬
 EX.25F25‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬KEencoded clockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEEncoderF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETransmitterF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EReceiverF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬EDigital Phase Locked Loop: DPLLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDecoderF‫א‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺳﺎل واﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬:4-6 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬Eaccurate informationF -
 -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 
 EAsynchronous transmissionFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J6
 
‫א‬EcharacterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Eblock of charactersF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
.( 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5 J6‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
fixed time F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEand format
Estop bitsF‫א‬‫א‬Estar bitF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eparity bitF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6 J6‫א‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
frame F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEframeF‫א‬‫א‬EAlignment Words: FAW
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬Eaccurate informationF -
.( 64 kbps) ‫ א‬-
 
 W٣ J٦
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

optimal in sense of the F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eaverage codeword length
M‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬ K١
probability F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ep(x)
 ‫א‬M-1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬M-1‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
،١{٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Eprobability p(x)F
0.50 X1
0.20 X2
0.15 X3
0.05 X4
0.04 X5
0.03 X6
0.02 X7
0.01 X8
 
=٠{٠٢H٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬X7X8‫א‬  J
 ٠{٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ٠{٠٦=٠{٠٣H٠{٠٣‫א‬‫א‬X6‫א‬ 
X4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ٠{٠٩=٠{٠٤H٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬X5
 
- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W٧ J٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 X5‫א‬‫א‬7 J6‫א‬
‫א‬X5‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ X5‫א‬
 ،11101
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1Z4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
L=1x0.5 + 2x0.2 + 3x0.15 + 5x(0.05 + 0.04 +0.03) +6x(0.02 + 0.01) = 2.13 bit
 
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 EHamming CodeF4 J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hamming F‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
K ‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Edistance
 Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EParity CodesF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EControl bitsF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEData bitsF
 K 
 KEbinary linear codesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
3‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،7‫א‬‫א‬
.K7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mEm,nFW‫א‬‫א‬
E87FKEn bitsFnEm bitsF
 W‫א‬‫א‬78‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 EHamming distanceF
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEerror-correction bitsF‫א‬Enumber of data bitsF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EHamming distanceF
 K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬1100111110101110‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
Kn J
 Kn1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E2FKKKK،8،4،2،1‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2k‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEparity bitF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K7W
p1 p2 a3 p4 a5 a6 a7
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬a7a6 a5a3‫א‬‫א‬p4p2p1W 

 KEparity bitsF‫א‬‫א‬
E7،4F‫א‬F7‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E47‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
Information word decimal Code word
0000 0 0000000
0001 1 1101001
0010 2 0101010
0011 3 1000011
0100 4 1001100
0101 5 0100101
0110 6 1100110
0111 7 0001111
1000 8 1110000
1001 9 0011001
1010 10 1011010
1011 11 0110011
1100 12 0111100
1101 13 1010101
1110 14 0010110
1111 15 1111111
(4،7) ‫ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺷﻔﺮة هﻤﻴﻨﻎ‬: ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0100
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 1001100‫א‬ p4 = 1 p2 = 0p1 = 1
‫א‬1011100‫א‬
‫א‬ p4 = 1 p2 = 1p1 = 0‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1 03‫א‬3=2H1‫א‬
 K1001100‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EGray CodeF‫א‬5 J6
Ereflected binary codeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K432‫א‬
2‐bit Gray code
4bit Gray code 3bit Gray code
0000 000
0001 001
0011 011
00
0010 010
01
0110 110
11
0111 111
10
0101 101
0100 100
1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Dec Gray Binary

0 000 000
1 001 001
2 011 010
3 010 011
4 110 100
5 111 101
6 101 110
7 100 111
W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKEKarnaugh MapF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eperiodicity, cyclicityF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
EDigital ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EConstellation diagramF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 EQAMF،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEless susceptible to noiseF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEdifferent clock frequenciesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Emulti-rate samplingF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K10،
100F4‫א‬‫א‬E010‫א‬011F3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬43‫א‬KE110‫א‬
010F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬100011F
‫א‬‫א‬KE10 ‫א‬‫א‬110
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E100F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E000F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬01 ‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

Dec Gray Binary
0 000 000
1 001 001
2 011 010
3 010 011
4 110 100
5 111 101
6 101 110
7 100 111
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8–6‫א‬
5 J6‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 231 ‫א‬

 1‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1
‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
231 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
1. Martin S. Roden: ‘Analog and Digital Communication Systems’, fifth Edition ,
Discovery Press, 2003
2. Bernard Sklar: ‘Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications’, Last
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001
3. Simon Haykins, ‘Digital Communication’, John Wiley, 2001.
4. John Pearson : ‘Basic Communication Theory’, Prentice Hall, 2000
5. Proakis, ‘Digital Communication’, McGraw-Hill, 1992.

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
231 ‫א‬

‫א‬
 
 1KKKKKKKKKKKK...................................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬1
  7K..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK........................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK....KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬1 J1
  8 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK......................K..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1
 9.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..........................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬3–1
 ١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.........................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKK4 J1
 
 ١٩KKK.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK....................................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬2
 20K...KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK......KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKESamplingF‫א‬1 J2
 29KKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK................KKKKKK..........KKKK‫א‬‫א‬2 J2
31K……………………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
 41...KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.......KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬4 J2
 47KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J2
 
50KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.................................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬3
 51KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.....................KKKKKKKKK.......KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1–3
 59KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.......................KK……‫א‬‫א‬2–3
 66KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.............................KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3–3
 
 74KKKKKKK.....................................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4
 75KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..........................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬1 J4
77KKKKKKKK...............................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬2–4
 
 89KKKKKKK...............................KKKKKKKKKKKKK....KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬5
 90KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...KKKKKKKKKKK.....................KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‐5

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
231 ‫א‬

 91KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.......................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ 2‐5
 100KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.......................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬3‐5
 106KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK......................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬4‐5
 
 118KKKKKK.................................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬6
 119KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK......KKKKKKKK................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬1–6
 123KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.KKKKKKKKKK....................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2–6
 126KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.....................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW3 J6
 129KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.....................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK4 J6
 132KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK......................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬5 J6
 137KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..............................KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬: 1 - 1 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻮرﻳﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻮرﻳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬/‫اﻟﺪاﻟّﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬

‫داﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻤﺎم‬

 :EK‫א‬baθ‫א‬) ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ‬

z = 1+j :‫א‬‫א‬W1 J1‫م‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﺮارات اﻟﻄﻴﻒ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬

Vs(t) = V(t) Pδ(t) 1

 ENatural samplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J1 J2

‫א‬2 J2 J4 J2

‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬: 1 - 4 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  1000110100 UPR‐Z 

 1000110100 Biphase ‐ M 

32 20 (space) 64 40 @ 96 60 `

33 21 ! 65 41 A 97 61 a

34 22 " 66 42 B 98 62 b

35 23 # 67 43 C 99 63 c

36 24 $ 68 44 D 100 64 d

37 25 % 69 45 E 101 65 e

38 26 & 70 46 F 102 66 f

39 27 ' 71 47 G 103 67 g

40 28 ( 72 48 H 104 68 h

41 29 ) 73 49 I 105 69 i

42 2a * 74 4a J 106 6a j

43 2b + 75 4b K 107 6b k

44 2c , 76 4c L 108 6c l

45 2d ‐ 77 4d M 109 6d m

46 2e . 78 4e N 110 6e n

47 2f / 79 4f O 111 6f o

48 30 0 80 50 P 112 70 p

49 31 1 81 51 Q 113 71 q

50 32 2 82 52 R 114 72 r

51 33 3 83 53 S 115 73 s

52 34 4 84 54 T 116 74 t

53 35 5 85 55 U 117 75 u

54 36 6 86 56 V 118 76 v

55 37 7 87 57 W 119 77 w

56 38 8 88 58 X 120 78 x

57 39 9 89 59 Y 121 79 y

58 3a : 90 5a Z 122 7a z

59 3b ; 91 5b [ 123 7b {

60 3c < 92 5c \ 124 7c |

61 3d = 93 5d ] 125 7d }

62 3e > 94 5e ^ 126 7e ~

63 3f ? 95 5f _ 127 7f DEL

(Non Coherent detection): ‫( اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻼ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬2

:(VCO)‫( ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟـ‬2

(FSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BT)

(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ (16‐5) ‫א‬

x1, x2, x3, x4,

x1, x1, x4, x4,

  x1, x1, x3, x3, x3. 

‫ ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺳﺎل واﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬:4-6 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KEbinary linear codesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬a7a6 a5a3‫א‬‫א‬p4p2p1W 

Ereflected binary codeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Dec Gray Binary

Dec Gray Binary

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