Analysis internal stresses in frames due to temperature difference... Ubani Obinna U.

(2015)

EXAMPLE ON THE ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL STRESSES IN

FRAMES DUE TO TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE USING FORCE
METHOD

Ubani Obinna Uzodimma

Department of Civil Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University
PMB 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
E-mail: ubani456@gmail.com
Example 1.1

A portal frame is fixed at the column base A, and hinged at the far end of the beam C as
shown below in Figure 1.1. The column of the frame has a cross-section of 30cm x 30cm
while the beam has a depth of 60cm and width of 30cm. The temperature inside the frame (t1)
is 50°C while the temperature outside (t2) is 21°C. Draw the bending moment, shearing force,
and axial force diagram for the temperature difference action on the frame (E = 2.17 × 107
KN/m2, = 11 × 10-6 /°C).

Figure 1.1

Solution
1.1.1 Geometric properties and temperature data;
. × .
Moment of inertia of column IC = = = 6.75 × 10-4 m4
. × .
Moment of inertia of beam IB = = = 5.4 × 10-4 m4

We desire to work in terms of IC such that = 0.125

Hence flexural rigidity of the column, EIc = (2.17 × 107) × (6.75 × 10-4) = 14647.5 KNm2
The deformation of a structure at a point due to temperature difference is given by;
∆
= ∫Ḿ + ∫Ń ------------ (1)

Where;
= coefficient of linear expansion of the material
h = depth of the member
∆t = change in temperature
= average temperature for the member

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 Analysis internal stresses in frames due to temperature difference... Ubani Obinna U. (2015)

∫Ḿ = Area of the bending moment diagram for the member

∫Ń = Area of the axial force diagram for the member

For the frame above;

∆t = t2 – t1 = 50 - 21 = 29°C; = = 35.5°C
∆ ∆
For member AB, = = 96.667; For member BC, = = 48.333
. .

1.1.2 Basic system

The next step in the analysis is to reduce the structure to a basic system, which is a system that must
be statically determinate and stable. The frame is statically indeterminate to the second order, which
means that are we are going to remove two redundant supports.
Degree of static indeterminacy is given by;

RD = (3m + r) – 3n – s --------------------------- (2)

So that RD = (3×2) + 5 – (3×3) – 0 = 2
By choice, I am deciding to remove the two reactive forces at support C of the frame to obtain the
basic system as shown in Figure 1.2 below;

Figure 2.2: Adopted basic system

1.1.2.1 Analysis of case 1; X1 = 1.0, X2 = 0

The simple static analysis of the structure loaded with case 1 loading is as shown below in terms of
the internal stresses diagram.

Figure 3.3: Internal stresses for case 1 (unit load)

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 Analysis internal stresses in frames due to temperature difference... Ubani Obinna U. (2015)

1.1.2.2 Analysis of case 2; X1 = 0, X2 = 1.0

The simple static analysis of the structure loaded with case 1 loading is as shown below in terms of
the internal stresses diagram

Figure 4.4: Internal stresses for case 2 (unit load)

The appropriate canonical equation for this structure is therefore;

δ11X1 + δ12X2 + Δ1t = 0

δ21X1 + δ22X2 + Δ2t = 0

1.1.3 Computation of the influence coefficients

Influence coefficients are based on Mohr’s integral such that δi = ∫ ds. When we wish to
handle this by using the graphical method (making use bending moment diagrams), we directly
employ Vereschagin’s rule which simply states that when we are combining two diagrams of which
one must be of a linear form (due to the unit load) and the other of any other form, the equivalent of
Mohr’s integral is given by the area of the principal combiner multiplied by the ordinate which its
centroid makes with the linear diagram. The rule can also work vice versa. This process has been
adopted in this work.

δi = ∫ ds

δ11 (Deformation at point 1 due to unit load at point 1)

This is obtained by the bending moment of case 1 combining with itself. This is shown below.

δ11 = (5 × 5× 4) + × 5 × 5 × 5 × 0.125 = 105.208

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 Analysis internal stresses in frames due to temperature difference... Ubani Obinna U. (2015)

δ21 = δ12 (Deformation at point 2 due to unit load at point 1 which is equal to deformation at
point 1 due to unit load at point 2 based on Maxwell’s theorem and Betti’s law)

This is obtained by the bending moment diagram of case 1 combining with bending moment diagram
of case 2. This is shown below.

δ21 = × 5 × 4 × 4 = 40

δ22 (Deformation at point 2 due to unit load at point 2)

This is obtained by the bending moment diagram of case 2 combining with itself. This is shown
below.

δ11 = × 4 × 4 × 4 = 21.333

Influence coefficients due to temperature difference

Case 1 (Take a good look at the bending moment and axial force diagrams)
∆
Δ1t/EIC = ∫Ḿ + ∫Ń

Considering the first term of the equation for members AB and BC = [(11 × 10-6× 96.667 × 5 × 4) +
(11 × 10-6× 48.333× × 5 × 4)] = 0.02791

Considering the second term of the equation for member AB = (11 × 10-6× 35.5 × 1 × 4) = 0.001562

∆
Hence, Δ1t = ∫Ḿ + ∫Ń = 0.02791+0.001562 = 0.029473EIC

Δ1t = 0.029473 × 14647.5 = 431.691

Case 2 (Take a good look at the bending moment and axial force diagrams)
∆
Δ2t/EIC = ∫Ḿ + ∫Ń

Considering the first term of the equation for members AB = (11 × 10-6× 96.667× × 4 × 4) =
0.0085067

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 Analysis internal stresses in frames due to temperature difference... Ubani Obinna U. (2015)

Considering the second term of the equation for member BC = (11 × 10-6× 35.5 × −1 × 5) =
−0.0019525
∆
Hence, Δ1t = ∫Ḿ + ∫Ń = 0.0085067− 0.0019525 = 0.0065542EIC

Δ1t = 0.0065542 × 14647.5 = 96.0026

The appropriate canonical equation now becomes;

105.208X1 + 40X2 = −431.691

40X1 + 21.333X2 = −96.0026

On solving the simultaneous equations; X1 = -8.332 KN; X2 = 11.122 KN

The final value of the internal stresses is given by the equations below;

Mdef = M1X1 + M2X2

Qdef = Q1X1 + Q2X2

Ndef = N1X1 + N2X2

Final Moment (Mdef)

MA = (-8.332 × 5) + (11.122 ×4) = 2.828 KNm

MB = (-8.332 ×5) = -41.660 KNm

MC = hinged support = 0

Final Shear Force Qdef

QA - QBB = (11.122 × -1) = -11.122 KN

QBR -QCL = (-8.332 × 1) = -8.332 KNm

Final Axial Force Ndef

NA - NBB = (-8.332 × 1) = -8.332 KN

NBR -NCL = (11.122 × −1) = -11.122 KNm

Figure 5.5: Final internal stresses diagram for the structure

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