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In hypothesis testing:
Define the population under study.
State the particular hypotheses that will be investigated.
Give the significance level.
Select a sample from the population.
Collect the data.
Perform the calculations required for the statistical test
and reach a conclusion
Since the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate for the
population under study is 82 beats per minute, the
hypotheses for this situation are
If the average heat loss is 78 kW, his hypotheses about heat loss
with the use of insulation are:
The null and alternative hypotheses are stated together, and the null
hypothesis contains the equals sign.
Majd Shhadi, PhD
Hypothesis Testing
97
The numerical value obtained from a statistical test is called the test
value.
In this type of statistical test, the mean is computed for the data
obtained from the sample and is compared with the population
mean.
In this case, the researcher will reject the null hypothesis when it is
really true, thus committing a type-I error.
The medication might not change the pulse rate of the subjects in the
sample, but it might cause a significant increase or decrease in the
pulse rate of the subjects in the population.
The researcher, on the basis of the data obtained from the sample,
will not reject the null hypothesis, thus committing a type II error.
Majd Shhadi, PhD
Hypothesis Testing
103
The critical value can be on the right side of the mean or on the left
side of the mean for a one-tailed test.
Hence, the critical value falls to the left of the mean. This test is
thus a left-tailed test.
When becomes very large (n > 30) the distribution curve almost
coincides with normal distribution.
Any t-value, tα has a fraction α of the total area under the curve
lying above it.
= 27
Suppose in case a), one given set of specimens are tested before
and after treatment. In this test-related situation, we have related
means.
Because of the central limit theorem the test statistic follows the
standard normal distribution.
Note:
When n1 and n2 𝑠1 and 𝑠2 can be used in
2 2
If the assumptions are made that the samples are normally and
independently drawn from respective populations that are
normally distributed and that the population variances are equal
(𝝈𝟐𝟏 = 𝝈𝟐𝟐 ), a pooled-variance t test can be used to determine
whether there is a significant difference between the means of the
two populations.
Against the alternative that the means are not the same
Where
The test statistic requires that we pool or combine the two sample
variance 𝒔𝟐𝟏 and 𝒔𝟐𝟐 to obtain 𝒔𝟐𝒑 , the best estimate of the variance
common to both populations under the assumption that the two
population variances are equal.
Two-sample t-test
Sampling from a normal distribution
Statistical hypotheses:
H 0 : 1 = 2
H1 : 1 2 Prof. Amer EL-Hamouz
Summary Statistics
146
Formulation 1 Formulation 2
“New recipe” “Original recipe”
y1 = 16.76 y1 = 17.04
S = 0.100
1
2
S = 0.061
1
2
S1 = 0.316 S1 = 0.248
n1 = 10 n1 = 10
Use the sample means to draw inferences about the population means
y1 − y2 = 16.76 − 17.04 = −0.28
Difference in sample means
Standard deviation of the difference in sample means
2
y2 =
n
This suggests a statistic:
y1 − y2
Z0 =
12 22
+
n1 n2
y1 − y2
The previous ratio becomes
2 2
S S
1
+ 2
n1 n2
However, we have the case where = = 2
1
2
2
2
S p = 0.284
y1 − y2 16.76 − 17.04
t0 = = = −2.20
1 1 1 1
Sp + 0.284 +
n1 n2 10 10
The two sample means are a little over two standard deviations apart
Is this a "large" difference?
t0 = -2.20