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A. Basic Scheme
The configuration of a conventional power distribution
system is radial because of its simplicity. However, as men-
tioned above, the upgrading of primary feeders is needed
because there are numerous problems for a radial structure to
accommodate many REGs. In Korea, primary feeders have
at least three normally opened tie switches. By closing the
Fig. 4. Flowchart of loop path selection algorithm for loss minimization.
opened tie switches, the radial distribution configuration can
be upgraded to a loop structure without installing additional
electric power lines. Fig. 3 shows the upgrading scheme of an Step 2) Carry out power flow analysis for 24 h.
ADPS, which includes a loop feeder structure as an example. Step 3) Calculate accumulated switch voltage (ASV) for all
If tie switch GA4 is closed, feeder1 and feeder2 form a loop tie switches according to (2).
structure. In this case, other tie switches should be opened to
avoid a mesh structure. Although additional electric power (2)
lines do not need to be installed, the protection devices should
be upgraded to operate the power distribution system in a
loop structure. Therefore, the optimum tie switches should be where
selected to maximize the profits of ADPS upgrading for the
Tie switch number.
loop structure.
Hours.
B. Loop Configuration Selection Algorithm for Loss
Open voltage of switch n at hour h.
Minimization
Step 4) If all ASV calculations for tie switches are com-
Load imbalance between feeders increases loss in the power pleted, calculate the total ASV according to (3) for
distribution system. In a radial structure, network reconfigura- each case.
tion is used for load imbalance alleviation, loss minimization
and others [11]. However, in a loop structure, a loop path con- (3)
necting a heavily loaded feeder and a lightly loaded feeder can
alleviate the load imbalance to minimize loss. Step 5) Select the case with the maximum total ASV for loss
The voltage drop in a heavily loaded feeder is larger than that minimization.
in lightly loaded feeders. Therefore, by considering the voltage
across the opened tie switch, we can infer which side of the
IV. CASE STUDY
tie switch is the heavily loaded feeder. If the voltage across an
opened tie switch is high, loop operation using the tie switch In this section, we compared the conventional radial structure
is more effective for loss minimization. Therefore, we present and the APDS loop structure to explore the advantages of the
a loop path selection algorithm using the voltage across open APDS from the perspective of loss reduction and voltage profile.
tie switches. The loop path selection algorithm considers a 24 h The conventional Korean power distribution system adopting
load profile because the output is for representing stable rather the DAS, which is shown in Fig. 5, is used as the test distribu-
than temporary states. A flowchart of the loop path selection tion system model [12]. In the test model, there are four feeders
algorithm for loss minimization is shown in Fig. 4. and six normally opened tie switches. There are three available
The loop path selection algorithm is as follows. cases for upgrading the primary feeder from a radial to a loop
Step 1) Generate tie switch cases for loop configuration. configuration. All test cases are summarized in Table II. Case 1
356 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
TABLE II
TEST CASES FOR CASE STUDY
Fig. 8. ASV for each tie switch. Fig. 10. Maximum and minimum voltages with REGs of case 1 and case 3.
APPENDIX
The line impedance and load profiles of the test power dis-
tribution system used in the case study are listed in Tables IV
and V, respectively. All per units are based on 22.9 kV and 100
MVA. All power factors are 0.9.
Fig. 9. Maximum and minimum voltage profiles for case 1 and case 3.
TABLE IV
Maximum and minimum voltage profiles for cases 1 and 3 are LINE IMPEDANCE
compared in Fig. 9. The difference between the maximum and
minimum voltages for case 3 is narrower than that for case 1
(radial). Therefore, voltage regulation is easier in case 3.
The voltage regulation of power distribution systems in
which many REGs are interconnected may fail. Therefore, we
compared the robustness of voltage regulation between cases
1 and 3. The REGs were interconnected at line sections F2–5,
F3–6, and F4–14, respectively. Subsequently, we changed the
generation capacity from 1 to 10 MW. The maximum and
minimum voltages in the test power distribution system are
shown in Fig. 10. In case 1, undervoltage occurred because
the LDC method failed as a result of the 24 MW generated by
the REGs. In contrast, in case 3, the power distribution system
could accommodate the 30 MW generated by the REGs within
a permissible voltage range.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we analyzed the advantages of an APDS loop
structure from the perspective of loss reduction and voltage reg-
ulation. In addition, we presented a loop path selection algo-
rithm for loss minimization. The results of case studies using
the test power distribution system are summarized as follows:
1) Appropriate upgrading of primary feeders from a radial to
a loop configuration reduces loss in the power distribution
system
358 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
TABLE V [7] T. C. Yu, Principles and Design of Low Voltage Systems. Singapore:
AVERAGE LOAD AT END OF LINE SECTION Byte Power Publ., 1996, pp. 13–14.
[8] W. T. Huang, T. H. Chen, G. C. Pu, Y. F. Hsu, and T. Y. Guo, “As-
sessment of upgrading existing primary feeders from radial to nor-
mally closed loop arrangement,” in Proc. 2002 IEEE Power Eng. Soc.
Transm. Distrib. Conf., pp. 2123–2128.
[9] T. H. Chen, W. T. Huang, J. C. Gu, G. C. Pu, Y. F. Hsu, and T. Y. Guo,
“Feasibility study of upgrading primary feeders from radial and open-
loop to normally closed-loop arrangement,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1308–1316, 2004.
[10] N.-G. James, Robert Wilson, Control and Automation of Electrical
Power Distribution Systems. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC, 2006.
[11] S. M. Cho, H. S. Shin, J. H. Park, and J. C. Kim, “Distribution system
reconfiguration considering customer and DG reliability cost,” J. Elect.
Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 4, Jul. 2012.
[12] H. T. Lee, “A study on the reliability analysis of loop power distribu-
tion systems with microgrid structure,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept Electr.
Eng., Soongsil Univ., Seoul, Korea, 2009.
Jae-Chul Kim (M’84) received the B.S. degree from Soongsil University,
Korea, in 1979, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Seoul National University,
Korea, in 1983 and 1987, respectively.
He has been a professor of Electrical Engineering at Soongsil University since
1988. His research interests include power system reliability, smart distribution
systems, and smart grids.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Elec-
tric Power Systems, IEEE Std. 1547-2003. Sung-Min Cho (S’08–M’13) received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in elec-
[2] Korea Electric Power Co., A Guide to the Distributed Generation In- trical engineering from Soongsil University, Korea, in 2003, 2008 and 2012, re-
terconnection to Distribution System 2005. spectively.
[3] J.-H. Choi and J.-C. Kim, “Advanced voltage regulation method of Currently, he is a Postdoctoral Researcher with Soongsil University. His re-
power distribution systems interconnected with dispersed storage and search interests include power system reliability, smart distribution systems, and
generation systems (Revised),” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. distributed generation interconnection.
2, pp. 329–334, Apr. 2001.
[4] T. A. Short, Electric Power Distribution Handbook. Boca Raton, FL,
USA: CRC, 2004.
[5] T. Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System. New York, NY, USA: Hee-Sang Shin received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering
McGraw-Hill, 1986. from Soongsil University, Korea, in 2007 and 2009, respectively. Currently, he
[6] B. Pagel, “Energizing international drive,” Transm. Distrib. World, pp. is working toward the Ph.D. degree at Soongsil University Graduate School.
18–34, Apr. 2000. His research interests include smart distribution systems, and electric railways.