Effects of Slots on Resonant

Frequencies of Microstrip
Patch Antenna
Presented by : Ripa Parikh
Paper ID - 698
 OUTLINE

• What is Microstrip Patch Antenna

• Advantages and Disadvantages of MSA
• Slot Antennas
• Objective
• Simulated Antennas
• Results
• Conclusion
• Future Work
• References
 WHAT IS A MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

A microstrip antenna in its

simplest form consists of a
radiating patch on one side of a
dielectric substrate and a ground
plane on another side[1].
 VARIOUS SHAPES OF MSA
• Rectangular
• Square
• Circular
• Triangular
• Sectoral,
• Annular Ring.[1]
 ADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
• They are lightweight and have a small volume.
• They can be made conformal to the host surface.
• They are easily mass produced on a PCB, hence low fabrication cost.
• They are easier to integrate with other components on the same
substrate.
• They allow both linear and circular polarization.
• They can be made compact for use in personal mobile communication.
• They allow dual and triple frequency operations.[1]
 DISADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP
ANTENNAS

• Narrow band width

• Lower gain
• Low power handling capability [1].
WAYS TO OVERCOME MSA DISADVANTAGES
• Thicker substrate to achieve broad bandwidth.
• Slots or notches incorporated.
• Using suspended substrates.
• Using two-feed ports.
• Stacked Patches
• Planar multi-resonator configurations.
• Defected Ground Structure.
 OBJECTIVE
• Latest wireless devices need antennas to work within a desired
frequency range and fit within a small place.
• Hence to fulfill multiple design goals, modern antenna designers
implement slots on their patch antennas.
• The slot parameters that affect the resonating frequencies are its
position, its length and its width.
• The objective of this research is to provide a guideline on where a
slot could be placed or what could be its dimensions to achieve the
desired results.
 BENEFITS OF SLOTS

• Multi-band characteristics
• Compact size
• High bandwidth
• Ease in fabrication
• Enhance MSA performance
 SLOT ANTENNAS

• Typically consist of a metal surface like a flat plate of the

Microstrip Patch Antenna with one or more slots cut out.
• slots maybe holes cut out within the patch or notches cut
out at the edge of the patch.
• slots can be of any shape, like rectangular, circular, spiral
etc.
 SLOT ANTENNAS
• A French physician and mathematician, Jacques
Babinet, formulated a principle which states that
the elongated slot on a patch antenna behaves
like a resonant radiator [10].
• This proposed principle relates the radiated fields
of a slot antenna to that of the field of a dipole
antenna.
EXAMPLES OF SLOTS IMPLEMENTATION

[4] [5] [7]

EXAMPLES OF SLOTS IMPLEMENTATION

[8] [9] [11]

 DESIGNED MSA SPECIFICATIONS

• SUBSTRATE THICKNESS h = 1.6 mm

• LENGTH OF THE PATCH L = 21 mm
• WIDTH OF THE PATCH W = 21 mm
• WIDTH OF EACH SLOT w = 1 mm
• SUBSTRATE TYPE – FR4
• Dielectric constant 4.2
• Loss tangent 0.02
 MSA DESIGN

• Slot 1, S1 – l x w = 1 mm x 19 mm
• Slot 2, S2 – l x w = 19 mm x 1 mm
• Slot 3, S3 – l x w = 1 mm x 9 mm
• Slot 4, S4 – l x w = 1 mm x 9 mm
• Slot 5, S5 – l x w = 9 mm x 1 mm
• Slot 6, S6 – l x w = 9 mm x 1 mm
 ANALYSIS

• The above shape is chosen due to its combination of slots.

• Six rectangular slots are etched to form “swastika” shape.
• Two rectangular slots in the center forming a “PLUS” in the center.
• Rest four smaller rectangular slots are arranged around this central PLUS.
• All six are of different lengths/ widths and positions.
• Enables us to understand the effect of these slots on resonating frequencies
BASIC RMSA

f1 = 4.8 GHz
S11 = -11.2 dB f3 = 7.59 GHz
S11 = -16.53

f2 = 6.55 GHz
S11 = -29.72
 CASE 2 – CENTRAL HORIZONTAL SLOT
A horizontal slot introduced in the patch antenna, enhances
performance in terms of return loss.

f3 = 7.6 GHz
S11 = -13.5 dB

f2 = 6.59 GHz
S11 = -35.37 dB
 CASE 3 – CENTRAL VERTICAL SLOT
A vertical slot introduced in the patch antenna, introduces
multiband characteristics, additional mode 3.33 GHz observed.

f1 = 4.8 GHz
S11 = -10 dB
f3 = 7.70 GHz
S11 = -15.57 dB
f4 = 3.33 GHz f2 = 6.63 GHz
S11 = -29.97 dB S11 = -25.56 dB
 CASE 4 – PLUS SLOT
A “PLUS” slot introduced in the patch antenna, enhances performance in
terms of return loss.

f3 = 7.7 GHz
S11 = -13 dB
f2 = 6.65 GHz
S11 = -25.20 dB
 CASE 5
A smaller vertical slot introduced in the patch antenna, increases the
bandwidth of frequency band for 7.36 GHz. f2 is slightly reduced.

f1 = 4.84 GHz
S11 = -11.67 dB f3 = 7.36 GHz
f2 = 6.19 GHz S11 = -17.39 dB
S11 = -11.67 dB
 CASE 6
f2 is slightly reduced.

f1 = 4.87 GHz
S11 = -12.36 dB
f3 = 7.64 GHz
S11 = -14.53 dB
f2 = 6.20 GHz
S11 = -28.70 dB
 CASE 7
Two smaller vertical slots introduced in the patch antenna, increases
the bandwidth of frequency band for 6.54 GHz.

f1 = 4.87 GHz
S11 = -12.05 dB
f4 = 6.07 GHz f3 = 7.57 GHz
S11 = -15.67 dB S11 = -26.87 dB

f2 = 6.54 GHz
S11 = -35.54 dB
 CASE 8
A Swastika slot introduced in the patch antenna, enhances performance in
terms of return loss. The other frequency modes are eliminated.

f3 = 7.57 GHz
S11 = -10 dB
f2 = 6.72 GHz
S11 = -23.75 dB
COMPARISON OF RESONANT FREQUENCIES
Comparison of all 8 cases in terms of resonating frequencies
9

6
Frequency (GHz)

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cases

f1 f2 f3 new
 CONCLUSIONS
• Antennas with slots perform better than the normal patch
antennas.
• As slot is introduced in the patch, the surface current path
changes, resulting in a change in the resonant frequency.
• Position of the slot plays an important role in terms of Bandwidth
improvement and Performance Enhancement.
• Introduction of slots results in minor to moderate changes in the
resonant frequency.
 FUTURE WORK
• This research work aims at forming ‘Guidelines for Slot Antenna
Design’. This paper is the first phase of the project. The effect of
slot position on the resonating frequencies is analyzed here.
• Second phase of research is to study the effects of varying length
and width of the slot in a MSA.
• Third phase would be to design a Wi-Fi Antenna by introducing
slots using the Guidelines. Once the antenna designer has the
requirement for which a Microstrip patch antenna has to be
designed, one or more slots could be introduced on the metal
patch by referring to the Guidelines.
 REFERENCES
1. G. Kumar, K.P. Ray, Broadband microstrip antennas, USA:Artech House Inc., 2003.
2. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
3. Y. F. Cao, S.W. Cheung, T. I. Yuk, “A Multiband Slot Antenna for GPS/WiMAX/WLAN Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propogation, vol. 63, pp 952 – 958, Dec 2015.
4. B. P. Kumawat, S. Meena, S Yadav, “Square Shape Slotted Multiband microstrip patch antenna using defect structure”, pp 1 – 4, 2017.
5. A. Dadich, J.K. Deegwal, M. M. Sharma, “Study and Design of multiband antenna with V and U slot on patch for wireless application”, pp 1 –
2, 2017.
6. M. Samsuzzaman, M. A. Rahman, M. Z. Mahmud, M. Tarikul Islam, M. T. Islam, “Compact Dual S Shaped Slotted Multiband Patch Antenna”,
3rd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology, pp 1 – 5, 2017.
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Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies, pp 805 – 808, 2016.
8. A. Srivastava, S. Chandra, A. Kumar, P. Kumar, “Design of PLUS-slot microstrip patch antenna for Bluetooth and WiMAX”, 2nd IEEE
International Conference on recent trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology, pp 2154 – 2156, 2017.
 REFERENCES

9. M. Bowmik, B. B. Chowdhary, R. De, “Circular Patch Antenna with modified Swastika shaped slot for multiband
applications”, 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks, pp 525 – 528, 2016.
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Informatics, pp 76 – 81, 2015.
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