TYPE:INFORMATIVE REPORTNO:TE/ETRX

A Case Study

For

Digital Communication

on

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

PROJECT SYNOPSIS

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

BY

NIKHIL AMBEKAR (Roll No.01)

PRATHMESH DONGRE (Roll No.02)

GAURAV PATEL (Roll No.06)

LOKMANYA TILAK COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
Academic Year:2018-2019

DATE-

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 INDEX
1) Introduction
1.1. Objective…………………………………………………………………………………

1.2. Why wireless communication……………………………………………………………

2) Literature Survey………………………………………………...
3) Modes of Wireless Communication
3.1 Bluetooth …………………………………………......................
3.2 NFC ………………………………….………………………….
3.3 Wi-Fi ……………………………………………………………
3.4 Li-Fi……………………………………………………………..
4) Disadvantage of WIFI
5) Application…..…………………………………...……………...
6) Conclusion…...…………………………………………...……...
7) References…...……………………………………………...……

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without

the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.Wireless
communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless
communication technologies and devices.

Wireless communication, or sometimes simply wireless, is the transfer of

information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical
conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves. With radio waves
distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers
for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and
portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of
radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer
mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast
television and cordless telephones. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless
communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies, such as
light, magnetic, or electric fields or the use of sound. The term wireless has been used twice
in communications history, with slightly different meaning.

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1.1Objective
This unit of study aims to enable you to appreciate the key ideas, design principles and
models used in modern mobile telecommunication systems and wireless networks.

1.2 Why Wireless Communication?

 CONVENIENCE

– The wireless nature of such networks allows users to access network resources from nearly
any convenient location within their primary networking environment
(a home or office). With the increasing saturation of laptop-style computers, this is particularly
relevant.

 MOBILITY

– With the emergence of public wireless networks, users can access the internet even outside
their normal work environment. Most chain coffee shops, for example, offer their customers a
wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost.

 PRODUCTIVITY

– Users connected to a wireless network can maintain a nearly constant affiliation with their
desired network as they place to place. For a business, this implies that an employee can
potentially be more productive as his or her work can be accomplished from any convenient
location.

 DEPLOYMENT

– Initial setup of an infrastructure-based wireless network requires little more than a single
access point. Wired networks, on the other hand, have the additional cost and complexity of
actual physical cables being run to numerous locations (which can even be impossible for hard-
to-reach locations within a building).

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  EXPANDABILITY

– Wireless networks can serve a suddenly-increased number of clients with the existing
equipment. In a wired network, additional clients would require additional wiring.

 COST

– Wireless networking hardware is at worst a modest increase from wired counterparts. This
potentially increased cost is almost always more than outweighed by the savings in cost and
labor associated to running physical cables.

2. Literature Survey
In the last decade, a large number of works on energy-efficient, high-quality and low-cost wireless
access services have shown up. Generally, these solutions can be divided into two classes, namely,
customer-oriented and infrastructure-oriented solutions. Customer devices, e.g., wireless sensor
nodes and mobile terminals, usually are powered by batteries. Thus, the research objective of
customer-oriented solutions mainly focuses on improving energy efficiency to prolong the battery
lifetime by various methods including energy-efficient software applications, hardware design,
and protocol improvements. Compared with customer devices, the network infrastructure
contributes to the dominant portion of the total energy consumption of the system. For example,
the BSs consume 60–80 % of the network’s energy consumption.

Therefore, it is more important to reduce energy consumption of the infrastructure in order to

improve the energy efficiency of the overall system. To sustain the wireless operations, one
promising solution is to use green energy to power the infrastructure network devices. In such a
sustainable network, the research objective and performance metric are changed from energy
efficiency to energy sustainability, i.e., to ensure harvested energy can sustain the normal network
operations.

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Jennifer Yick, Biswanath Mukherjee, Dipak Ghosal “Wireless Sensor Network Survey”. This
paper was published in 2008. This paper gives an overview of several new applications and then
reviews the literature on various aspects of WSNs. This paper classifies the problems into three
different categories: 1. internal platform and underlying operating system 2. Communication
protocol stack and 3. Network services, provisioning, and deployment. This paper reviews the
major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.

Kemal Akkaya, Mohamed Younis, “A Survey On Routing Protocols For Wireless Sensor
Networks ”, Ad Hoc Networks 3, pp. 325-349 (2005). This paper surveys recent routing protocols
for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. Data-centric,
hierarchical and location-based are three main classifications that are examined in this paper.
Network flow and QoS modeling are also discussed.

Fikret Sivrikaya and B¨ulent Yener wrote a paper about “Time Synchronization in Sensor
Networks: A Survey”. This paper reviews the time synchronization problem and the need for
synchronization in sensor networks, then presents in detail the basic synchronization methods
explicitly designed and proposed for sensor networks.

Gomez, J., A. T. Campbell, M. Naghshineh and C. Bisdikian wrote a paper about “Conserving
Transmission Power In Wireless Ad Hoc Networks” in 2001. In this paper, the detailed design of
PARO and evaluate the protocol using simulation and experimentation is presented. Through
simulation that PARO is capable of outperforming traditional broadcast-based routing protocols
(e.g., MANET routing protocols) due to its power conserving point-to-point on-demand design.
Some initial experiences from an early implementation of the protocol in an experimental wireless
test bed using off-the-shelf radio technology is also discussed.

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3, MODES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

1. Bluetooth

2. NFC

3. Wi-fi

4. Li-fi

3.1 BLUETOOTH:

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz[3]) from fixed and mobile
devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by Dutch electrical engineer Jaap
Haartsen, working for telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[4] it was originally conceived as a wireless
alternative to RS-232 data cables.

Bluetooth is managed by
the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group (SIG), which has more
than 30,000 member companies
in the areas of
telecommunication, computing,
networking, and consumer electronics.[5] The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1,
but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the
specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks.[6] A manufacturer
must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device.[7] A network
of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices.

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3.2 Wi-Fi:

Wi-Fi is technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices based on the IEEE 802.11
standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi
Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing.[2]

Devices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include desktops and laptops, video game consoles,
smartphones and tablets, smart TVs, digital audio players and modern printers. Wi-Fi compatible
devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point. Such an access point
(or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot
coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many
square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.

Different versions of Wi-Fi exist, with different ranges, radio bands and speeds. Wi-Fi most
commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5.8 gigahertz (5 cm) SHF ISM radio bands;
these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Each channel can be time-shared by multiple
networks. These wavelengths work best for line-of-sight. Many common materials absorb or
reflect them, which further restricts range, but can tend to help minimise interference between
different networks in crowded environments. At close range, some versions of Wi-Fi, running on
suitable hardware, can achieve speeds of over 1 Gbit/s.

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3.3 Li-Fi:

Li-Fi (/ˈlaɪfaɪ/; short for light fidelity) is a technology for wireless communication between
devices using light to transmit data and position. In its present state only LED lamps can be used
for the transmission of visible light.[1] The term was first introduced by Harald Haas during a
2011 TEDGlobal talk in Edinburgh.[2] In technical terms, Li-Fi is a visible light
communications system that is capable of transmitting data at high speeds over the visible light
spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

In terms of its end use the technology is similar to Wi-Fi. The key technical difference is that Wi-
Fi uses radio frequency to transmit data. Using light to transmit data allows Li-Fi to offer several
advantages like working across higher bandwidth working in areas susceptible to electromagnetic
interference (e.g. aircraft cabins, hospitals) and offering higher transmission speeds.[3] The
technology is actively being developed by several organizations across the globe.

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4. DISADVANTAGES OF WIFI:

 SECURITY

– To combat this consideration, wireless networks may choose to utilize some of the various
encryption technologies available. Some of the more commonly utilized encryption methods,
however, are known to have weaknesses that a dedicated adversary can compromise.

 RANGE

– The typical range of a common 802.11g network with standard equipment is on the order of
tens of meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a larger structure. To
obtain additional range, repeaters or additional access points will have to be purchased. Costs for
these items can add up quickly.

 RELIABILITY

– Like any radio frequency transmission, wireless networking signals are subject to a wide
variety of interference, as well as complex propagation effects that are beyond the control of the
network administrator.

 SPEED

– The speed on most wireless networks (typically 1-54 Mbps) is far slower than even the
slowest common wired networks (100Mbps up to several Gbps). However, in specialized
environments, the throughput of a wired network might be necessary.

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5. APPLICATIONS

Television and Radio Broadcasting

Radio is considered to be the first wireless service to be broadcast. It is an example of a Simplex
Communication System where the information is transmitted only in one direction and all the users
receiving the same data.

Satellite Communication

Satellite Communication System is an important type of Wireless Communication. Satellite

Communication Networks provide worldwide coverage independent to population
density.Satellite Communication Systems offer telecommunication (Satellite Phones), positioning
and navigation (GPS), broadcasting, internet, etc. Other wireless services like mobile, television
broadcasting and other radio systems are dependent of Satellite Communication Systems.

Mobile Telephone Communication System

Perhaps, the most commonly used wireless communication system is the Mobile Phone
Technology. The development of mobile cellular device changed the World like no other
technology. Today’s mobile phones are not limited to just making calls but are integrated with
numerous other features like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, and FM Radio.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS is solely a subcategory of satellite communication. GPS provides different wireless services
like navigation, positioning, location, speed etc. with the help of dedicated GPS receivers and
satellites.

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Bluetooth
Bluetooth is another important low range wireless communication system. It provides data, voice
and audio transmission with a transmission range of 10 meters. Almost all mobile phones, tablets
and laptops are equipped with Bluetooth devices. They can be connected to wireless Bluetooth
receivers, audio equipment, cameras etc.

Paging
Although it is considered an obsolete technology, paging was a major success before the wide
spread use of mobile phones. Paging provides information in the form of messages and it is a
simplex system i.e. the user can only receive the messages.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Wireless Local Area Network or WLAN (Wi-Fi) is an internet related wireless service. Using
WLAN, different devices like laptops and mobile phones can connect to an access point and access
internet.

Infrared Communication
Infrared Communication is another commonly used wireless communication in our daily lives. It
uses the infrared waves of the Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Infrared (IR) Communication is
used in remote controls of Televisions, cars, audio equipment etc.

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6. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, wireless communications globally is something that people can expect as
technology advances. Wireless communications has a lot of benefits and can make the world a
lot more efficient. It does have concerns though as with every other new advancement that is
made in today’s world. The issues with security regarding access to a person’s personal
information or the negative impact that it may seem to have on society are a few things that are
holding back the progress that wireless technology could be making. With more research and
experiments conducted, the problems associated with wireless communications can be reduced
and make it a more significant part of the world. Wireless technology will be very important in
the near future where the need for wires connecting individual devices seems to be coming to an
end.

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7. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/wireless_communication/wireless_communication_overview.ht
m

https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-wireless-communication-applications/

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/10062/wireless-communications

https://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/wireless_communication

L. X. Cai, H. Poor, Y. Liu, T. H. Luan, X. Shen, and J. W. Mark, “Dimensioning network

deployment and resource management in green mesh networks,” IEEEWireless Communications,
Z. Zheng, L. Cai, R. Zhang, and X. Shen, “RNP-SA: Joint relay placement and sub-carrier
allocation in wireless communication networks with sustainable energy,” IEEE Transactions
on Wireless Communications, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 3818–3828, Oct. 2012.
Z. Zheng, L. X. Cai, and X. S. Shen, Sustainable Wireless Networks. SpringerBrief, 2013.

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