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LG Air Conditioning Academy
Building Characteristics and

Air Conditioning System
Air Conditioning Academy
Introduction
Key words : Understand air conditioning methods for each

types of architectural process & building usage. Be familar
with regulations related to architectures.
Basic terms: Air conditioning, Air conditioning & heating load,

HVAC System, Static pressure, AHU
Building Charecteristics and A/C System Copyright 2010@LG Electronics / AC Company All Rights Reserved 1
3. Characteristics for each type of building
Process의 Map 이미지
Characteristics of
each type of building
1.1 Residential Facility 1. Residential
Classification &Characteristics of Facility Building(Collective Residential Standard)
General Residential complex

Apartment Apartment
☞ Definition &Characteristics ☞ Definition &Characteristics

① Collective Residence where many households live in the ① A combination of the Commercial Facility(generally 2~4floors)
same building with over 5 floors. & Residential Facility(generally over 5floors)
② Widely spread, including the urban area ②Generally located in the downtown area with convenient
③ There is a neighborhood facility that offers cultural/ transportation
entertainment/convenience within the apartment area. ③ There is a neighborhood facility that offers cultural/
④ Residential law is applied. entertainment/convenience within the building
④ Architectural law is applied.
1.1.1 Division of Room based on
1. Residential
their purpose of use
Kitchen/
Dining room
Living room
• Large space that plays a pivotal role in the
• Cooking and dining area within the residential space.
Residential Facility • Multi-purpose functions such as Relaxation /
• Living Dining Entertainment/Reading/Dining/house chores /

Child care/Socializing, etc.
→ By installing the dining table in the side of living
• Gaining importance in the Residence Designing.
room near the kitchen, use it as a living
room/dining room.
• Dining Kitchen
→ Installation of dining table in the kitchen, used
also as a Dining Room.
• Living-Dining Kitchen
→ Install the kitchen and the dining table in the
corner of the living room to combine all three
functions. (Living room, Kitchen and Dining
Room are all put together)
Bedroom/
Balcony Master room
• Classified as theMaster room for the
• Supplementary space of living room/
Bedroom/Kitchen located outside the married couple & bedroom for other children
unit • Space for sleep and relaxation
• Space facing the open air • Often contains a bathroom/book room if it is
• Can be used as a playground for a Master room and also used as a study
children , as a space for tanning, relaxing, space for a bedroom.
and viewing, and as a storage.
1.1.2 Load & Management Characteristics 1. Residential
Living room Characteristic of the Load

• HVAC system should operate during the evenings, which is the time for
families to gather and spend time in the living room.
• Internal heating energy is high from the electronic products& body heat
• Requires relatively high ventilation capacity
• Exterior load(sunlight & thermal conduction) through windows is large
• There is a discrepancy in the indoor temperature due to the large space
• Air conditioning & heating load increase due to the expansion of living room.
• There is a large load discrepancies for each directions and floors.
• Generally connected to the Kitchen & Dining Room
(Living-Dining Kitchen Structure)
☞ More households are expanding the living rooms to utilize the

balcony spaces as the extra spaces for the living room.
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Apply individual Air conditioning Systems, considering
different hours of operation for different rooms.
• Indoor equipments Capacity selection by considering
Electronic Products, Body heat Energy, Balcony expansions,
window side, and exterior load.
☞ Generally, to increase air freshness and sunlight exposure, • Ventilation System application &Sufficient Ventilation
living rooms are designed with all-window structure. → indoor Capacity Selection
sunlight load increases
Characteristic of the Load

Kitchen/ Dining Room
• It is an intermittent zone in which the HVAC system operates during
the dining hours.
• Internal heating energy from kitchen appliances (microwaves, etc)
is high.
• There is large latent heat load due to foodstuffs/ body movements
• If using the Kitchen hood, indoor pressure status is negative
pressure.Continuous negative pressure adds more trouble to get rid
of contaminated air.
• Consider sufficient ventilation to get rid of food smell
• Mostly connected to nearby living room Living-Dining Kitchen)
• Be wary of indoor air contamination if applying luxurious interior
☞ Generally located close to the living room and there is an increasing
design
tendency to use luxurious interior materials for the interior design (consider
the Indoor air contamination)
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Apply Individual Air conditioning System that considers
differences in driving hours of each room.
• Select Indoor equipments capacity by considering all aspects
of Kitchen tools , Body heat Energy, etc.
• Sufficient Ventilation Capacity selection to get rid of food
☞ If Kitchen Ventilation hood is used, the pressure within the kitchen is negative smell
pressure. Continuous negative pressure adds more trouble to get rid of • Interlocked with Kitchen hood and Ventilation System
contaminated air.
Characteristic of the Load

Master Room/Bedroom
• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates during the night times.
• As a relatively sealed space, indoor air contamination from architecture
and interior materials is worrisome.
• Exterior load(sunlight & thermal load) from the window sides is large.
• Minimize night-time Noise & Vibration
• Minimize the noise and vibration caused by the AC & heating equipments,
and prevent the transmission of noise from other sources.
• Heating and cooling loads increase due to the expansion of the living
room.
• If it’s a bedroom, prevent the products from being damaged by the
☞ Due to various indoor air contamination materials from the walls and children.
bedrooms, the necessity to use ventilation system that introduces
open air is emphasized.
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Apply Individual Air conditioning System that considers differences
in driving hours of each room.
• Select Indoor equipments Capacity by considering all aspects of
window-side exterior load, indoor electronic products, etc.
Indoor equipments Capacity Selection
• Ventilation Capacity Selection by considering the architecture and
interior furniture
☞ To obtain additional indoor space, balcony expansion is generally
• If it’s a duct-type, prevent the crosstalk.
applied. -> Rise of sunlight load from the window sides.
• Select ceiling-type products to prevent damage done by the children.
1.2 Definition & Classification of
Office Buildings 2. Office Building
Office facility is a facility that carries out administrative tasks for economic activities of a
General corporation and government/local organizations.
Further divided into smaller types &
Office facility
usage forms
The user and owner of the building is the

Owned-Building
same.
Semi owned- There is only one tenant and only one

Building owner of the building.
The owner and user of the building are

Leased Building different.
1.2.1 Office Facility’s Space Composition 2. Office Building
Office facility’s space is composed of Office facility, Lobby/Hall, Dining Room&Arcade.
Office facility
■ Office/ Meeting room
■ Lecture &Seminar
rooms
■ Control Room for
Computers
Lobby/Hall
■ Lobby
■ Client meeting room
Dining Room/Rented
store ■ Employee Dining
Room / Big auditorium
■ Arcade / Rented store
■ Facility Management
Room
1.2.2 Characteristics of Office facility 2. Office Building
Many of the latest office facilities are high-rise buildings or skyscrapers with curtain-wall structures. They
frequently use the OA equipments, and the exterior surfaces of the buildings hold high intensity of illumination.
Extremely high-rise
CO₂concentration
is high.
All Glass Structure
Equipment/Equipment
load is large.
Perimeter radiant
heat load is large.
Human body load is large.
Lighting load is large.

1.2.3 Design Conditions to be Considered 2. Office Building
In designing the office facility, consider the owner of the architectural structure, site & surrounding environment, plan
contents & relevant regulations etc.
1) Conditions for Use 1) Weather

• About people
• Yearly Temperature · Humidity·Wind
• About equipments direction·Wind speed· sunshine condition
• About usage hours Site & • Open air temperature in winter
• About the user environment Surrounding

Client Environment 2) Local characteristics
2) Grade, Cost of Construction
• Beaches, airports, etc.
• Set the Air conditioning • Site or local area’s characteristics
grade depending on the
building grade. 3) Infrastructure
3) Management
• Electric power, Gas etc.
• Self-Management Regulations • Energy Supply
• External- Management related to the Regional Air conditioning &

IntegratedElectric power Contents of the
• Individual Management of Heating Supply
BMS Decision Plan
the building
• Management for each

building 1) Plan Contents 2) Relevant regulations
• Value Energy Conservation & Safety factor • Long-

• Obtainment of Highly functional & refreshing environment life:, consider our planet's environmental proble
• Obtain high flexibility and credibility ms
• Economical efficiency is important (Initial cost & Running costs)
• About safety factors for fire-prevention/evacuation • About energy saving
• About quality obtainment such as indoor environment • About prevention of noise/ atmospheric contamination
and sanitation etc.
• About the safety of the structure
1.2.3 Designing condition 2. Office Building
Follow the following condition for the temperature and humidity of general office rooms
that are not for multi-purpose use.
Temperature Humidity
26℃ 50%
Office Building’s Indoor

Heating 22℃Temperature/Humidity
50% condition
Classification
Air conditioning
Air refreshness of the indoor office building
Classification Ventilation amount per area Ventilation amount

per person
General Office room 10㎥/h·㎡ 25~30 ㎥/h
Personal Office room 8㎥/h·㎡ 25~30 ㎥/h

※ Since the Meeting room has more indoor contamination due to cigarette smokes, respond by increasing
ventilation capacity.
1.2.4 Load & Management Characteristics 2. Office Building
Zoning based on load characteristics, directions, usage, driving hours etc. is

important for office facilities.
Air conditioning
Designing Point
System
Perimeter wall-side load Indoor equipments
is large. - Ceiling Cassette Type
- Built-in Duct Type
Equipment load of inner part & - Floor-fixed type
Lighting load is also large. To prevent cold draft, concurrently
run the floor fixed type & ceiling
Zoning based on load
type
characteristics( Inner Perimeter)
Zoning based on direction and Outdoor equipments

usage. - Air EHP System
- Water EHP System
Perimeter Zoning based on driving hours Ventilation

Inner Part - Electric heat exchange ventila
E.P.S-2
Office space Efficiency tion, AHU (ventilation + humidi

P.S
회의실-2
Maintenance(Ceiling-type Product) fication)
- Single zone constant air volume

UP
P.S
Appropriate CO₂ concentration
Inner Part Maintenance Control
Perimeter Open-air Air conditioning Centrifugal - Individual, 16 rooms
Chiller - 64 rooms PC control
1.2.4 Load & Management Characteristics_
Standard floors 2. Office Building
For office facility, zoning by load characteristics, directions, Usage, driving hours
etc. is important.
EHP + Electric heat exchange

Ventilation
OA • Zone-based Air conditioning &

EA
heating possible
• Room-based/zone-based
Ventilation possible
• Unit-based duct working

necessary
EHP + AHU
• Room-based/zone-based
Air conditioning & heating
possible
(duct cost increases)
EA OA • Common duct working
• open air- Air
conditioning better
Lobby/Hall 2. Office Building
The all-air-system, which is suitable for the structure with larges spaces and
high ceilings, and the air-water system is favorable.
Air conditioning
Designing Point System
Open air entry prevention

Indoor equipments, AHU
(Pressurization Necessary)
- Preventing cold draft, by using the
ducts located near the outer peri
All-glass structure; radiant meter of the building and by using
heat load is large. the floor fixed type
- AHU type + duct method application
(Air Conditioning & heating + venti-
Prevention of window-side lation + Humidification)
cold draft
Air Conditioning Units
- Air EHP System
Eruption air current’s reaching - Water EHP System
distance is important
Ventilation/Humidification
- AHU application (humidification)
Flow and balance of ventilation
air are important Control
- Individual, 16 rooms
- 64 rooms PC control
Open-air Air conditioning of
centrifugal chiller
2. Office Building
Employee Dining Room
Separate the zoning between the Kitchen and the Dining Room and maintain
the indoor space with negative pressure.
Air conditioning/
Designing Point Heat Source System
Dining Room &Kitchen zoning Indoor equipments, AHU

separation - Dining Room/Kitchen – focused
zoning.
Maintain with negative pressure - High ceiling dining room over
for the indoor dining room. 4 mtr : AHU
- Dining room under 4 mtr :
built-in duct, cassette
Air flow/balance( Dining Air Conditioning Units
Room→Kitchen) - Air EHP System
- Water EHP System
Ventilation frequency is Ventilation/Humidification
sufficiently considered - Electric heat exchange Ventila
tion or AHU (humidification
Kitchen Cooking part: Air omitted))
conditioning Installation
Control
Particular(Dining hours) hours - 64 rooms, PC control
load is large.
Rented store/Arcade 2. Office Building
For leased store, it is necessary to divide the electric power system of each
space for air conditioning.
Air conditioning/
Designing Point Heat source System
Air conditioning/ Heating
equipments Installation for each AHU
store - individual unit installation for
each store
- Consider the interior/indoor
Indoor Lighting load is large. space
- Ceiling type product better
(Cassette, duct)

internal Equipment load is large. - Air EHP System
- Water EHP System
- Electric heat exchange Ventila
Air conditioning period is long tion or AHU (humidification
omitted))
Control
No window and low sunlight load - 64 rooms, PC control
Auditorium 2. Office Building
The central AC system and the method of using individual AHU (with the use of duct),
which are suitable for large spaces with high ceilings, are preferable for the
auditoriums.
Air conditioning
Designing Point System
AHU
Large space/High-ceiling - Central Air conditioning system
Structure - The air gets supplied from the
floor and returns to the
Only the lower-level floors ceiling
are living space - Big auditorium : AHU application
- Small auditorium under 4 mt :
Air conditioning & heating concealed duct
Necessary for living area
Horizontal/Perpendicular
- Air EHP System
Temperature &Air current spread
- Water EHP System
is important
High population density
- Big auditorium :AHU (humidifi
cation)
The air gets supplied from the
- Mid/small auditorium : electric
floor and returns to the ceiling.
heat exchange ventilation . AHU
(humidifation)
Sufficient Ventilation Necessary
Control
Mushroom-type Intakes - Individual, 16 rooms
- 64 rooms, PC control
1.3 Medical Building 3. Medical Building
Classification Definition Characteristics
General Hospital • Large medical facility with various medical staffs, facility and • Drop-in patients &mid/long term
latest medical equipments • Patients are targeted.

• Can accommodate more than 100 inpatients • Composed of a number of
• When there are over 300 sickbeds, have over 9 medical specialties buildings such as hospitals/
for under 300 sickbeds, have over 7 medical specialties Funeral homes
Special Hospital
• Has the equipments and medical staffs for the specialty area
• Mostly targets in-patients
and managed by personal or small-sized organization.
• Generally composed of
• Can handle over 30 in-patients
1 floors ~ 1 building
• Has 1~2 specialized area of medical care
A doctor's office
• Primary medical institution managed by individual or • Mostly targets drop-in patients.
small-scale organization. • Generally composed of
• Generally has less than 20 beds 1~2 floors
• Has 1~2 specialized area of medical care
Nursing home • Its purpose is to accommodate
the inpatients in need of

• A medical institution with facilities to take in patients and provide
long-term care.
nursing care.
• Composed of a number of
• Can handle over 30 patients for medical treatment/support.
buildings, nursing home and
special hospitals, etc.
1.3.1 Room Classification for each use 3. Medical Building
Ward section
Ward section
• Area to handle long-term treatment of

in admitted patients
• Composed of ICU, rooms & patient
rooms, quarantine rooms, recovery
Ward rooms, etc
section
Affiliated Treatment
Affiliated Treatment
Facilities
Facilities
Affiliated
Treatment • Area shared by admitted patients &
Facilities drop-in patients
• Composed of X-ray room,
physiotherapy, testing rooms, surgery
Drop-in rooms, gynecology, etc.
section
Drop-in section
Drop-in section
• Area handling patients who commute

from home to hospital.
• Composed of the reception area,
doctor’s office (internal medicine,
surgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology ,
gynecology, dermatology, dental
health) &pharmacy, etc
Drop-in section 3. Medical Building
Drop-in section_Lobby &Hall Characteristic of the Load
• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for about

8 hours in every weekdays.
• High-ceiling/large space Structure
• All Glass Structure with large exterior load
• Heavy invading open air due to frequent entrance/exit as
well as indoor/outdoor temperature difference (Indoor Static
pressure maintenance is necessary)
• Hourly/daily/seasonal traffic discrepancy is large
• Lobby/Hall are sometimes used as waiting room.
☞ High-ceiling/all glass ☞ Hourly/daily/seasonal

windows traffic discrepancy is large
(Large hospital)
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Consider High-ceiling/large space/ /all glass windows
structure/ hourly traffic change etc., for system selection
• Consider windshield room/Pressurization-type AHU to prevent
invasion of open air
• Consider floor-fixed type indoor equipments to eliminate
exterior load.
• Air conditioning for occupying residents
☞ A log of open air due to frequent entrance/exit • For the space with high-ceiling, consider the facts like the
(small/medium hospital) height that can be reached by the air (Selection of the diffuser)
* AHU : Air Handling Unit

Drop-in section_Waiting Room Characteristic of the Load

• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for about 8 hours
in every weekdays.
• Hourly/daily/seasonal traffic discrepancy is large
• Occupants (live load) &Lighting heating load is large.
• Sufficient Ventilation is necessary to eliminate odors such as
disinfectants etc.(Consider preventing secondary contamination
within the hospital)
• System Selection based on luxurious indoor interior design
• Low noise/low vibration designing
☞ Luxurious indoor interior designs
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Sufficient Indoor equipments capacity must be
selected by considering occupants’ movements

for hours/seasons/days
☞ There are big discrepencies in occupancy depending on
• Apply sufficient Ventilation Capacity.
\ hours/seasons/days
Drop-in section_Treatment Room Characteristic of the Load
• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for about 8

hours in every weekdays.
• Heavy exterior load in winter time
(Larger load compared to waiting rooms in the inner part of
the building)
• Prevent secondary contamination within the hospital
T.B. etc. treatment room: negative pressure considered
• For Orthopedics/ Hydro-therapy, consider the state of the
patient’s outfit
☞ Optimal air conditioning is necessary for treatment method in
each treatment room
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Consider exterior load elimination system if the window
area is large
• Sufficient Ventilation capacity application (contamination
treatment room should be ventilated separately)
• Apply Higher DesigningTemperature compared to waiting room.
• Consider preventing a direct exposure of diffused air current
☞ Space for doctor’s tasks/medical examinations/Relaxation, on the patient for orthopedics and Hydro-therapy.
louver degree control&Diffuser location/specification
so consider low noise/low vibration of indoor equipments. selection
Ward section 3. Medical Building
Ward section_In-patients Room

And Recovery Room Characteristic of the Load
• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for 24 hours.

• Due to the usage of random number of people, there is a big
discrepancy on comfortableness (Stability and comfortableness
are necessary in both emotional and physical senses)
• For large rooms, minimizing the indoor Temperature discrepancy
of left-right/top-bottom should be considered.
• Based on patient’s preference/health/outfit status and the room
location, Banquet Halldriving of centrifugal chiller Air conditioning
& heating . Banquet Halldriving may be possible
☞ Indoor Temperature discrepancy &window-side cold draft

may occur for multi-patients room.
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Individual control is necessary, considering different hours of
operation for different rooms.
• Consider Sufficient Ventilation & Humidification (AHU Ventilation/
Humidification)
• Respond to the emergency situations, such as the system breakdown,
by utilizing the dual-zoning system of the AHUs and the air
-conditioning units (When necessary, apply the floor heating).
☞ Emergency response is necessary if the system goes out • Ensure that the patient is not directly exposed to the diffusion air
of order current in sleeping hours
louver degree control &Diffuser location/ Spec. Selection
Ward section 3. Medical Building
Ward section_ICU Room /

Newborn room Characteristic of the Load
• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for 24 hours.
• Sufficient Ventilation & Humidification Necessary
• Indoor Static pressure is necessary to maintain cleanness
(high cleanness area)
• Indoor heating is high due to the installation of medical
equipments with large heat emissions.
• Ensure that the patient is not directly exposed to the diffused
air current.
☞ Maintenance of sufficient Ventilation/ Humidification &Indoor
cleanness are required for ICU.
HVAC Management
Characteristics
• Sufficient Ventilation Capacity &Static pressure Maintenance
• Duct zoning separation with doctor's office/ halls etc.
Prevent the inflow of contaminated air from nearby rooms
• Maintain cleanness through Pre filter + high-performance filter
application (Multi V AHU application)
☞ Indoor static pressure for Newborn room/ICU room. (Indoor
cleanness should be maintained.) • If necessary, apply floor heating.
* ICU : Intensive Care Unit

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LG Air Conditioning Academy

Building Characteristics and

Key words : Understand air conditioning methods for each

Basic terms: Air conditioning, Air conditioning & heating load,

Process의 Map 이미지

Classification &Characteristics of Facility Building(Collective Residential Standard)

General Residential complex

☞ Definition &Characteristics ☞ Definition &Characteristics

Residential Facility • Multi-purpose functions such as Relaxation /

• Living Dining Entertainment/Reading/Dining/house chores /

Living room Characteristic of the Load

☞ More households are expanding the living rooms to utilize the

Characteristic of the Load

Characteristic of the Load

The user and owner of the building is the

Semi owned- There is only one tenant and only one

The owner and user of the building are

Office facility’s space is composed of Office facility, Lobby/Hall, Dining Room&Arcade.

■ Client meeting room

Human body load is large.

Lighting load is large.

1) Conditions for Use 1) Weather

• About the user environment Surrounding

• External- Management related to the Regional Air conditioning &

• Management for each

• Value Energy Conservation & Safety factor • Long-

Office Building’s Indoor

Air refreshness of the indoor office building

Classification Ventilation amount per area Ventilation amount

Personal Office room 8㎥/h·㎡ 25~30 ㎥/h

Zoning based on load characteristics, directions, usage, driving hours etc. is

Zoning based on direction and Outdoor equipments

Perimeter Zoning based on driving hours Ventilation

Office space Efficiency tion, AHU (ventilation + humidi

- Single zone constant air volume

EHP + Electric heat exchange

OA • Zone-based Air conditioning &

• Unit-based duct working

Open air entry prevention

Dining Room &Kitchen zoning Indoor equipments, AHU

Air Conditioning Units

Classification Definition Characteristics

latest medical equipments • Patients are targeted.

Nursing home • Its purpose is to accommodate

the inpatients in need of

• Area to handle long-term treatment of

• Area handling patients who commute

Drop-in section_Lobby &Hall Characteristic of the Load

• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for about

☞ High-ceiling/all glass ☞ Hourly/daily/seasonal

* AHU : Air Handling Unit

Drop-in section_Waiting Room Characteristic of the Load

• Sufficient Indoor equipments capacity must be

selected by considering occupants’ movements

Drop-in section_Treatment Room Characteristic of the Load

• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for about 8

Ward section_In-patients Room

• It is a zone in which the HVAC system operates for 24 hours.

☞ Indoor Temperature discrepancy &window-side cold draft

Ward section_ICU Room /

* ICU : Intensive Care Unit

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