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Abstract--- This paper instructs about Wireless A collaborative effect of multiple sensors organized in
Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) which constitute one sensor networks Can be exploited in order to reduce the
of the promising application areas of the recently developed energy consumption and to increase reliability of
wireless sensor networking techniques. WUSN is a specialized measurements complexity and design cost to be reduced.
kind of WSN that mainly focuses on the use of sensors at the
subsurface region of the soil. This region has been used to II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
bury sensors, usually targeting irrigation and environment The proposed concept of wireless underground sensor
monitoring applications, although without wireless networks are designed for the purpose of underground
communication capability; WUSNs promise to fill this gap and communication through soil for agricultural purpose. The
to provide the infrastructure for novel applications. The main models developed in this characterize not only the propagation
difference between WUSNs and the terrestrial WSNs is the of EM wave in soil, however conjointly different effects on
communication medium. This project presents advanced the communication associated with multi path effects, soil
channel models that were developed to characterize the composition, water content, and burial depth. The results
underground wireless channel considering the characteristics obtained from this systematisation reveal that underground
of the propagation of EM waves in soil and their relation with communication is severely full of frequency and soil
the frequency of these waves. properties, and additional specifically by the volumetrically
Keywords--- PIC Microcontroller, Magnetic Induction, water content (VWC) of soil. Theoretical models are essential
Wireless Sensors Network, Wireless Underground Sensors for laying out the foundations for efficient communication in
Network. this environment. The 300–900 megacycle waveband, that is
appropriate for little size antenna and sensing element is
I. INTRODUCTION investigated and also the results of field experiments
completed at 433 megacycle. Wireless Underground Sensor
C OMMUNICATION through the underground medium
has been a challenging research area for more than a
century. This type of communication proves useful for a wide
Networks (WUSNs), which consist of wireless sensors buried
underground, are a natural extension of the wireless sensor
network phenomenon and have been considered as a potential
variety of applications, e.g. soil condition monitoring and field that will enable a wide variety of novel applications that
earthquake prediction. These applications require the were not possible before. The realization of wireless
deployment of sensors below the ground surface. Hence, the underground communication and networking techniques will
sensors become part of the sensed environment and might lead to potential applications in the fields of agriculture,
deliver more precise sensing information than if they are border patrol, assisted navigation, sports field maintenance,
deployed above ground. Obviously, with increasing number of intruder detection, and infrastructure monitoring. for military,
sensors, the precision of measurements increases as well, health,, and industrial applications wireless underground
which motivates the use of a large number of nodes. However, sensor networks (WUSNs) have been proposed.
an independent operation of each sensor node leads to vast
exploitation costs, which typically cannot be supported III. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
economically.
Hardware Output
VII. RESULTS
Volumetric soil moisture content remaining at field
capacity is about 15 to 25% for sandy soils, 35 to 45%
for loam soils, and 45 to 55% for clay soils.
The humidity level in the average home is often below
30 percent, yet most house plants, even desert
dwellers such as cacti, prefer humidity levels of at
least 40 percent. Many require 60 percent or more.
Relative humidity of 50 to 60 percent is probably ideal
for both house plants and people. The optimum
temperature for root growth of spring wheat was
found to be 22°C or less
LCD Output
[4] M.J. Tiusanen, “Soil scouts: Description and performance of single hop
wireless underground sensor nodes”, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 11, No. 5,
Pp. 1610 – 1618, 2013.
[5] X. Dong, M. Vuran and S. Irmak, “Autonomous precision agriculture
through integration of wireless underground sensor networks with center
pivot irrigation systems”, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 11, No. 7, Pp. 1975–
1987, 2013.
[6] A. Forooshani, S. Bashir, D. Michelson and S. Noghanian, “A Survey of
Wireless Communications and Propagation Modeling in Underground
Mines”, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 15, No. 4, Pp.
1524–1545, 2013.
[7] Z. Sun and I. Akyildiz, “Magnetic induction communications for
wireless underground sensor networks”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
Vol. 58, No. 7, Pp. 2426–2435, 2010.
[8] S. Kisseleff, I. Akyildiz and W. Gerstacker, “Digital signal transmission
in magnetic induction based wireless underground sensor networks”,
IEEE Trans. Communications, Vol. 63 No. 6 Pp. 2300-2311, 2015.
[9] X. Tan, Z. Sun and I.F. Akyildiz, “Wireless underground sensor
networks: Mi-based communication systems for underground
applications”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 57, No.
4, 2015.
[10] H.R. Bogena, “Potential of wireless sensor networks for measuring soil
water content variability”, Vadose Zone Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, Pp.
1002–1013, 2010.
[11] I.F. Akyildiz, Z. Sun and M.C. Vuran, “Signal propagation techniques
for wireless underground communication networks”, Physical
Communication, Vol. 2, No. 3, Pp. 167– 183, 2009.
[12] A. Salam and M.C. Vuran, “Wireless underground channel diversity
reception with multiple antennas for internet of underground things”, In
Proc. IEEE ICC 2017, Paris, France, 2017.
VIII. CONCLUSION
An efficient wireless connection between the transceivers
in the challenging underground medium is achieved. Wireless
underground sensor networks (WUSNs) consist of buried
nodes, which are connected to subsurface underground
sensors, and use electromagnetic (EM) waves for underground
communications They has the potential to provide real-time,
robust, and energy efficient sensing, and communication in
these environments.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Gutierrez and J.F. Villa-Medina, “Automated irrigation system using a
wireless sensor network and GPRS module”, IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 63, No. 1, Pp. 166–176, 2014.
[2] E.P. Stuntebeck, “Wireless underground sensor networks: research
challenges”, Ad Hoc Networks Journal (Elsevier), Vol. 4, Pp. 669–686,
2006.
[3] M.C. Vuran and I.F. Akyildiz, “Channel model and analysis for wireless
underground sensor networks in soil medium”, Physical
Communication, Vol. 3, No. 4, Pp. 245–254, 2010.