POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC QUESTION 1: What is the Relationship between Politics and

Administration?

Obviously, Polities Is the process which group of people makes collective decisions,
the term is usually applied to the art or science of running governmental or State Affairs
and to the behavior within civil governments.

Whereas: Administration is the management of a business, or institution or those

responsible for administering a business, institution ETC.

It can also Refer to the Government in Power, the term of office of a government
or political leader, Government Agency or the management of another person’s estate
(in the subject of law) Politics is the art and science of managing and governing the
social and economic affairs, interaction along with the rest of the people especially the
collective governing of political entity, such as nation, the administration and control of
its internal and external relationships. Politics is the activity and interaction engaged by
any given society's citizens to build and maintain a community and establishes
communal social services for all people.

Both work in the same field.

We need to understand the meaning of politics: yes it’s an activity through which
people makes, preserve and amend the general rules under which the live. As such, it is
an essentially society activity, inextricably linked, on the on hand to existence of
diversity and conflict, and on the other to a willingness to co-operate and act collectively.
Politics is better seen as a search for conflict resolution than as its achievement, as not
all conflict can be resolved in a political circle. Politics has been understood differently
by different thinkers and within different traditions. Politics has been viewed as the art of
government or as what concerns the states as the conduct and management of the
public affairs, as resolution of conflict through debate and compromise as the
production, distribution and use of resources in the course of social existence.

There is considerable debate about the realm of the political, conventionally;

politics has narrowly been seen as embracing institutions and actors operating in a
public sphere concerned with the collective organization of social existence. However,
when politics is understood in terms of power-structured relationships, it may be seen to
operate in the private sphere as well. More-so, Variety of approaches have been
adopted to the study of politics as an academic discipline: these include, political
philosophy nor the analysis of normative theory. An empirical tradition particularly
concerned with the study of institutions and structures, attempts to introduce scientific
rigor through behavioral analysis, and a variety of modern approaches including the use
of rational choice theory.
 The study of politic is scientific to the extent that it is possible to gain objective
knowledge about the political world by distinguishing it between facts and values. This
task is nevertheless hampered by the difficulty of gaining access to reliable data, by
values that are implicit in political models and theories and by biases that operate within
all students of politics. Quite accepted, models and theories are the tools of political
analysis, providing the building blocks of analytical devices. Although they help to
advance understanding, they are more rounded and coherent than the unshapely and
complex realities to describe. Ultimately, all political and social inquiry is conducted
within a particular intellectual framework or ideological paradigm.

ADMINISTRATION:

Administration consists of the performance or management of business or

political or governmental operation and thus the making or implementation of a major
decision.

Administration: could be simply defined as the universal process of organizing

common goals and objectives, furthermore, the word ADMINISTRATION: was derived
from the Middle English word: Administration In Latin word: Administratio which was
only a compounding of AD "To" and Ministratio (Give Service) or service to the people.

Administration, can be serve as the title of the general manager or company

secretary who report to a corporate Board of directors Actually, this title is archaic, but,
in many enterprises or organization, this function together with its associated finance,
personnel and management information system services, is what is intended when
term "THE ADMINISTRATION" is used.

In some organization analyses, management is viewed as a subset

administration, specifically associated with the technical and mundane elements within
an organizations operation. It stands distinct from executive or strategies work.

In other organizational analyses, administration can be refer to the

BUREACRATIC OR OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE or mundane office tasks usually
internally oriented and reactive rather than proactive.

ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1: planning:

In planning, here we decide in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it,
and who should do it, it maps the path from where the organization is to where, it wants
to be. Planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in a logical
order.
Administrators engage in both short-range and long range planning.

2: Organizing:
 This involves identifying responsibilities to be performed. grouping
responsibilities into departments or divisions, and specifying organizational
relationships. The purpose is to achieve coordinated effort among all the elements in the
organization.

3: Coordination:

Organizing must take into account delegation of authority and responsibility and
span of control within supervisory units.

4: Staffing:

This means, filling job positions with the right people at the right time. It involves
determining staffing needs writing job descriptions/recruiting and screening people to fill
the positions.

5: Directing: (Commanding)

This is leading people in a manner that achieves the goal of the organization. It
involves proper allocation of resources and providing an effective support system.
Directing, requires exceptional interpersonal skills and obviously, one of the crucial
issues in directing is to find the correct balance between emphasis on staff needs and
emphasis on economic production.

6: Controlling:

This is a function that evaluates quality in all areas and detects potential or actual
deviations from the organization performance and satisfactory results while maintaining
an orderly and problem free environment.
Controlling includes information management, measurement of performance and
institution of corrective actors.

7: Budgeting:

This is exempted from the list above incorporates most of the administrative
functions beginning with the implementation of a budget plan through the application of
budget control.

TOPIC QUESTION 2: What is the citizen participation in the process of

governance?

Nowadays, citizens increasingly demand a Governance Scheme free of

BUREAUCRATIC / ADMINISTRATIVE / CORRUPTION / PATRONAGE / NEPOTISM /
DIVERSION OF PUBLIC FUNDS AND STEALING OF PUBLIC ASSETS: instead, the
demand a governance scheme, that promotes development and equity. It is citizens are
demanding more participation in decision making process of public policies, as well as
on their implementation and follow - ups. In accordance of the key message presented
by the World Bank Institute recently on the quality of growth, it says that the civil society
supervision and involvement over the decision making and functioning of the public
sector has been a crucial counter-weight and instrument to improve governance.
Furthermore, among the most internationally demonstrable ways to assure citizen
participation can be mentioned as follows:

1: Ensuring public access to the government information

2: Requiring transparency in government to meet openly with the civil

society.

3: Publishing, Judicial, Legislative and other Decisions and keeping a

registry (Making public information unrestricted)

4: Ensuring freedom of the press by prohibiting censorship, Discouraging

use by public officials of libel for intimidating journalists, and encouraging diversity of
media ownership.

5. Involving civil society to monitor Government performance in areas such

as accountability and large-scale public procurement bidding, and finally:

6: Using new web-based tools on the internet for transparency, Disclosure of

information, public participation and dissemination of information.

Basic Aims is to design and provide civil society and public officials
representatives with a set of tools and techniques enacted to promote good governance
at the national level to serve people. Moreover, it will expose participants with
conceptual and theoretical explanations of governance and participation as well as with
a series of practical experiences.

CITIZENSHIP PARTICIPATION IN THE PROCESS OF GOVERNANCE BASIC

OBJECTIVE ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1: Recognizing the relevance of governance and the roles of government

and civil society to promote good governance.

2: understand and the empirical evidence in the relationship between

governance empowerment and poverty reduction.

3: Recognize the importance of building coalition between civil society

government in devising and implementing participatory strategies.
 4: familiarize with various forms of participation and how to promote.

5: Design, device and implement participatory anti-corruption strategies.

BASIC IMPACT TO CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE PROCESS OF

GOVERNANCE: is to show that issues of transparency and efficiency are strategic
entry points for addressing citizen participation in nation governance. These issues are
also key features in enhancing public sector credibility and legitimacy to the
actualization of organizational set goals positively.