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SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISTION (SCADA) IN

SUBTRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LEVELS IN POWER SYSTEMS

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 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISTION (SCADA) IN SUBTRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION LEVELS IN POWER SYSTEMS
K.Vinay Kumar1 , Dr.R.Balakrishna2,
1
Assistant Engineer (E), Operation and Maintenance, BESCOM, Bangalore.
2
Professor & HOD, Dept of ISE, Rajarajeswari College of Engineering Bangalore-74,Email: rayankibala@yahoo.com
Abstract :
The efficient and authentic power supply to the
consumer is the primary function of any distribution
system. In distribution systems certain measures are taken
for supervision, control, operation, measurement and
protection. These are highly onerous works that take lot of
manpower. So, the need of advanced automatic control
systems to reach the required destination is becoming
mandatory, to supersede antiquated ways that are
persisting in the present distribution system. In this paper
we emphasize mainly on the SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) systems, the most sophisticated
automatic control system, being used in distribution
automation for quality power.
The Scada Systems Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
will be installed in SUB Stations (440/220/110/66KV)
which will constantly monitor the power flow and send the
data to MCC (Master Control Centre) which will be
constantly monitored. Scada not only Supervises Power
Flow but also can be used to remotely control and operate
Sub stations electrical components such as Breakers, GOS,
Relays etc. EMS (Energy Management System) of Scada
will monitor the Energy consumption of receiving stations
and also energy delivered to interface point at Distribution
Boundary meters. Finally this is helpful in maintaining the
load control process
Keywords : Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA), Energy Management Systems(EMS),Remote
Terminal Unit(RTU),Network Managers,IES(Integrated
Extended Scada)
I. Introduction :
A SCADA network can be broken down into three
main areas:
The Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) in the
substations;
The communications network between the RTUs
and the NMS;
The Network Management System (NMS).
SCADA Components:
SCADA system has essentially five hierarchies:
• Field level instrumentation and control devices
• Marshalling terminals and RTUs [2]
• Communications system
• The master station(s)
• The commercial data processing department
computer systems.
The RTU provides an interface to the field
analog and digital sensors situated at each remote
site. The communications system provides the
pathway for communication between the master
station and the remote sites. This communication
system can be wire, fibre optic, radio, telephone line,
microwave and possibly even satellite. Specific
protocols and error detection philosophies are used
for efficient and optimum transfer of data.
The master station (or sub-masters) gather
data from the various RTUs and generally provide an
operator interface for display of information and
control of the remote sites. In large telemetry
systems, sub-master sites gather information from
remote sites and act as a relay back to the control
master station.
Remote Terminal Units(RTU’s):
The RTU connects to physical equipment.
Typically, an RTU converts the electrical signals
from the equipment to digital values such as the
open/closed status from a switch or a valve, or
measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or
current. By converting and sending these electrical
signals out to equipment the RTU can control
equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a
valve, or setting the speed of a pump. It can also
control the flow of a liquid .The gathering of direct-
wired process information and its transfer to a higher
level control system is one of the primary tasks of the
remote control application.
The RTU560[3] rack based solution
with its scalable platform and its highly advanced
communication capabilities allows ABBs RTU to
communicate to various sub RTUs, IED and control
centres at the same time.
This ensures the highest flexibility of
adaptation to the customer’s requests for different
applications: The on-board PLC function according
to IEC 61131-3 ensures that customer specific
applications can be easily integrated into our system.
The I/O compatibility to RTU232 and RTU200
allows cost-optimized upgrades of existing ABB
installations.
II. Power Scada Architecture:
In substation automation systems, the RTU
has interfaces towards protection and control
equipment, as well as metering devices and other
automation products. Local and remote monitoring
and control can easily be achieved via the integrated
Human Machine Interface of the RTU560.The IEC
61850 client and server functionality of the RTU
opens up an additional application area. It allows the
combination of traditional protocols, parallel wiring
and the IEC 61850 station bus. The hybrid solution
provides the possibility to gradually upgrade the
station to an IEC 61850 architecture.
Fig1:Typical Scada architecture involving field
device RTU and Communication servers interacting
to provide real time information of power flow in
electrical network
The scalable hardware platform of the
RTU560 fulfils the requirements of communication
gateways. The RTU uses multi-processor technology
to achieve high performance in data processing. The
RTU560 simplifies complex communication
structures through decentralized communication
gateways. Together with the flexible redundancy
concept various levels of availability can be achieved
according to the operational requirements.
RTU includes:
(a ). Multi-function Transducer : The MFT is
designed with RS485 Modbusoutput to display the
different electrical parameters including maximum
demand & min.& max. values of all electrical
parameters with time. Available in single phase &
three phase is wire (balanced & unbalanced)
configuration in a single module.
(b). DC Transducer with modbus: DC Transducer
is designed to convert 0-110 V -220 V DC input into
4-20 mA analog O/P. It also shows 0-10 V input
value on computer through modbus communication
protocol
(c). Tap Position Transducer with modbus: Tap
Position Transducer is designed to monitor Tap's by
modbus communication. 4 -20 mA analog output is
also given with respect to tap's position . The
advantage of using modbus communication is that
complete analog RTU Card can be saved.
(d). Status Indication: The status of Circuit breakers,
Isolators, Earth switches are made known through the
potentially isolated Opto-couplers.
Fig2(a): Remote Terminal Unit inside Substations to
monitor the power flow and transmit the information
through Communication link to the respective DCC.
RTU is the name given to the computer
equipment located in substations that interface between the
SCADA network (NMS and communication network) and
the substation equipment. RTUs generally consist of the
following components:
 INSAT-3A is a multipurpose satellite for
RS 232 RTU CONNECTIVITY AT SUBSTATION / GEN.STATION
PORT – providing telecommunications, television
To VSat

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

Voltage taken from
PT, Current taken PANEL
TRANSDUCER
broadcasting, meteorological and search & rescue
from CT
MAIN
TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL PT
SEC F
services. It carries twenty four transponders - twelve
CPU
BOARD
PSU
MW MVAR VOLT
110VAC R
O
operating in the normal C-band frequency, six in
CT SEC
M Extended C-band and six in Ku-band. Nine of the
1 AMPS
Panel housing MW,
Mvar, Volt, Current & TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL
S
W
twelve normal C-band transponders provide
Freq transducers
Breaker status taking from
breaker aux contact or from
I
T
expanded coverage and the remaining three have
A D C Event logger panel
N I O EVENT
C
H
India coverage beam.
RTU gathers analog and LOGGER
A G N ” status CT’s
data from
PT’s and PANEL Y All the extended C-band as well as the Ku-
L T T Transducers & Event
Breakers loggers
in the yard A
O A R and sends digital data to
communication media
R
D
band transponders has India coverage beams.
G L O
L ”
Breaker operation using
-
F
INSAT-3A was launched by European Launch
I/P I/P O/P Digital control – to tripping
circuit
D
R
R
E
I
E
Vehicle (Ariane-5G) into a Geosynchronous Transfer
I
TERMINAL
BLOCK
TERMINAL
TERMINAL
BLOCK
TERMINAL
BLOCK
V
E
L
A
L
D
Orbit (GTO) with a perigee of 200km and an apogee
BLOCK Y
R
of 35,980km.
Sept.2006 Intro to RTU & Scada 19
“DO control”

Fig 2: Typical RTU in Substations

Power Supply Unit:

o This converts the ‘main’ supply to the
RTU to the various voltages required by
the RTU;
Processor Card:
o This is the ‘brains’ of the RTU. It
performs the operations required to
manage the resources and data;
Communications Card:
o This manages the interface to the
communications system
Analogue Card;
o This interfaces to the various analogue
points in the substation, such as feeder
amps, volts etc; III. VSAT:
Control Card: VSAT is Very Small Aperture Terminal
o This manages the remote operation of which refers to the small aperture antenna and the
the substation breakers, switches etc. by Indoor Trans-receive unit (IDU) used at remote
sending out a timed pulse to the breaker locations. It is Voice communication link to all
interpose relays which in turn operate the KPTCL, ESCOMS stations, Major generating
breaker open/close mechanism; stations With Load Dispatch Centre and main
Digital Card: communication Media for KPTCL/ESCOM SCADA
This manages the equipment state indications (breaker Network.
open/closed etc.) and substation alarms (protection
operated, low battery etc.).
VSAT System consists of:
• Satellite transponder
Current and voltage being analog quantities
• Centre hub/ Master earth station
the flow is monitored and corresponding is
• Remote VSATs.
transformed to the digital equivalence using Multi
In KPTCL Vidyuth Net a VSAT featured
Functional Transducers. These output values is
communication is used which includes the following
transmitted using mod bus using various Algorithms
specifications. It uses Single Channel per Carrier (S
and protocols, correspondingly based on the status of
C P C) Algorithm[5] and Frequency Division
relays and other signals the status of electrical
Multiple Access (FDMA) technology[6],Demand
substation components such as breakers, GOS, can be
Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) for Voice.8
determined. The output signal is fed to VSAT via
KBps for Voice and 4.8 to 64KBps for Data Circuits.
RS232 port
Transponder space in Insat 3A, 17th Transponder
Communication Link:
Usage of Extended ‘C’ band with uplink Frequency
6.9350 – 6.9465 GHz, Down link at 4.710 -
4.7215GHz
Communication licensing issues:
The Licensee shall approach WPC.The services can
be started after obtaining NOCC (Network
Operations Control Centre) clearance. The Licensee
shall submit monthly operation report to Licensor,
Satellite Cell of DoT and NOCC by 7th of following
month.
Extended C-band** Licensing Issues:
a. For Star network : 1.2 m (for 55, 74, 83 and 93.5
deg. E slots)
b. For Mesh network : 2.4 m (for 55,74,83 and 93.5
deg. E slots)
** Applicable to the frequency bands 6735/4510 -
6835/4610 MHz and
6935/4710 to 6995/4770 MHz
C. HUB Antenna size
Normal C & Ext. C-band 9.0 meter or more.
Fig 3: INSAT 3C BW for communication split up in
KPTCL/ESCOM’S
SCADA Master control system:
It includes the following modules:
1. Display modeling module: Single line model
of all Generating and Receiving stations with
real time display of Analog data and Status
information’s.
2. Acquiring module (Real time data): Analog
inputs MW, Mvar, Frequency, Transformer
Tap position, Digital inputs, Breaker status,
and Isolator status.
3. Digital control module: To control Breakers
and Isolators and to control Generators also
4. Alarm module: alarm is displayed when the
set limits for analog values are violated.
When the set limits for analog values are
violated. Exs: If a line is designed to carry
100 MW, and its upper limit is set to say 100
MW, an alarm will occur whenever the load
on the line crosses 100 MW.
5. Events Module: Events are generated when
there is a change in status of a breaker or
Isolator .Events can be used to trigger a
Disturbance Data collection
Integrated Extended Scada [IES] Algorithm:
Step 1: Concatenate the output provided by each
RTU’s installed in various Sub Stations.
Step 2: FEP’s at the MCC/DCC will be used to
process the information provided to it and suitable
give the information to corresponding Load Dispatch
Centres.
Step 3: DRM (Disaster Recovery Managers) being
updated with the MCC input Data which will act as
backup Server in case of any disasters to Master
Control Centres
Step 4: Based on Event Triggering and alarm module
outputs the Load Dispatch HUB’S will take decisions
to act as and when required.
Step 5: Scada put on public network suitable security
frame work must be involved.
Additional RTU features to be implemented in IES :
The Station equipments such as Metering
core of CT & PT, for MW , MVAR, Voltage and
Frequency and Energy (3ph, 4W ), with Multi
Functional Transducer in each bay need to be
interfaced with the RTU. Indication of CB both ON
& OFF & Isolator position OFF, Master Trip relay ,
WTI, OTI, LR Switches must also be suitably
interfaced with IES Supporting RTU’S. RTUs are
having facility for remote control, EMS applications
like AGC, Voltage control , Load monitoring and
shedding, however this will be taken up with SLDC
and ESCOM depending upon requirement of grid
Scada Application and Network Manager [7].
The SCADA applications are built on a
platform utilizing a full-graphics user interface, a
real-time relational database, and a modern process
communication system among other components.
Network Manager SCADA supports a number of
algorithms to secure Authentication, Confidentiality
and Integrity of all data communication on the
internal and external networks. Additional tools for
hardening, patch management together with project
management, recovery planning and training of
employees all in conformance with Cyber Security
standards. Network Manager SCADA is designed for
growth (e.g., start with a small system with limited
functions and expand to a fully functional EMS or
DMS incorporating multiple control centres).

The Network Manager SCADA Applications provide
the follwong benefits:
Easy expansion of data and functionality,
excellent scalability
Immediate access to power system status
Fast and easy monitoring of power system
security
Direct preventive actions and restoration
even during disturbance situations
Extensive reporting and archiving
capabilities including export and restoration
of archived data.
Energy Management Systems:
Network Manager SCADA/EMS
provides a complete set of advanced
power system applications, all field-
proven under a wide variety of operating
conditions. The Transmission Network
Analysis package includes functions for
the optimal operation of the power
system with respect to security, quality
and economy.
The Transmission Network Analysis
comprises a number of modules, each of
which can be installed independent from
other modules.
The EMS applications include modelling
of the high voltage network and advanced
calculations for various activities such as
Network Monitoring, Security
Assessment, Decision Support and
Operation Enhancement. The Network
Monitoring applications provide the best
assessment of the current operating
conditions of the grid The Security
Assessment applications provide an
assessment of the network conditions
under a wide variety of contingency
situations. They include the following
functions:
Fig4: ABB’s Network Manager installed in SCADA which
is implemented at KPTCl/ESCOM’s
Dispatcher Power Flow
Security Analysis
Short Circuit Analysis
Equipment Outage Scheduler.
The Decision Support applications
provide the needed information to assist the
Operator in making the best operational
decisions. They include the following functions:
Dynamic Network Coloring
PAS Interlocking with DPF and SA
Study Data Base
Network Save Cases
The Operation Enhancement applications
provide the needed information to assist the
Operator in enhancing the network conditions.
They include the following functions:
Optimal Power Flow
Security Constrained Dispatch
Voltage Stability Analysis
Network Sensitivity
 Network Manager SCADA/DMS offers
full Graphic and web based interfaces for
Control Center Operators, Service Center and
Call Center personnel, and management. These
are deployed throughout the utility to support
various work procedures such as required for
Switch Orders, Trouble Calls, Crew Dispatch,
Outage Management, and to allow access to up-
to-the-minute operational status reports.

V. The Network Manager SCADA/DMS

Nov.2007 csiah66@yahoo.co.in 55
provides the following major benefits:

Real time monitoring and control over

Fig 5 : SCADA application Snap Shot the whole distribution network.
showing IISC 66/11 KV Substation along with Enhanced customer service through a
details of 11KV feeder energy consumption and complete outage management package
status of CB,Isolators, which is remotely including trouble call taking, fault
operated using Scada MCC. localization and restoration as well as
outage statistics and customer
IV. SCADA/DMS notification.
Efficient work order handling via the
Network Manager SCADA/DMS is used built-in work management tools.
to manage the operation of the electrical Better crew and resource management
distribution network and the field crews assigned including support for crew scheduling
to operate, maintain and repair the network. and tracking, dispatching and
Network Manager SCADA/DMS improves the assignments as well as follow-up and
utilization of the distribution network; increases reports.
productivity of the workforce; and enhances Optimal network utilization using the
information flow between operations, State Estimator functionality for optimal
engineering, management and customers. feeder reconfiguration and loss
The system maintains a complete minimization in balanced networks
connectivity model of the as-built electrical Better support for all reporting with
network. Processing inputs from SCADA/DMS retrieval of historical data archived in a
and crew reports, the system retains an accurate data warehouse
representation of the as-operated state of the
electrical network. Using other information VI. Results
inputs, such as substation loads, customer trouble
calls, relay fault data and crew location, the From the load curve we can monitor the
system can analyze the status of the network for power consumption by State Power corporations
loading (current and voltage), outages, fault and inturn various ESCOM’s.The requirement
location and dispatch crews in the most efficient and shortage/surplus gris components and be
manner. Thus Network Manager SCADA/DMS effectively identified.Interchange between
provides a more accurate picture of the electrical various States sharing national power gris is
distribution network performance than a possible via this application.
standalone SCADA system, and can allow for
faster and more reliable responses to system
disturbances.
 8000
THURSDAY 12
Control and Automation, 2002. Proceedings of the 4th
7000 51.7 World Congress on, Volume:
6000 51.3 4, 10-14 June 2002 Pages: 2786 - 2789 vol.4.
50.9
TH…

FREQ. IN Hz
5000 50.5
[4] Bernard, J.-P., Durocher, D., An expert system for
LOAD IN MW

4000 50.1 fault diagnosis integrated in existing SCADA system,

3000 49.7
2000 49.3
1000 48.9
0 48.5
TIME IN HOURS
0123456789
10111
21
31
41
51
61
71
82
92
02
122
34
2011
` Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000. IEEE,
Fig 6: Load curve obtained from SCADA
application which shows detailed scenario of
power consumption by KPTCL from the
Grid.The graph is Load(MW) v/s Time along
with the Grid frequencies.
Conclusion:
SCADA solutions often have distributed control
system (DCS) components. Use of "smart” RTUs or PLCs,
which are capable of autonomously executing simple logic
processes without involving the master computer, is
increasing. The function of SCADA systems is to enable
critical, and some less important network information, to
be viewed in (nearly) real time by control engineers at a
central location and allow the control engineers to operate
and control the network. It will be very effective in
monitoring the power flow in the GRID and in turn
maintaining grid stability.
ABB’s SCADA application is been very
efficiently used in Sub Transmission and distribution
voltages. Typically, the 11kV distribution suffers more
faults than networks of higher voltages, and also can affect
significantly more customers than the LV network faults.
For this reason, schemes have been developed to identify
the rough location of faults on the 11kV network,
automatically reconfigure the network to isolate the fault,
and restore supply to as many customers as possible,
usually within a few minutes. The schemes are managed
by running scripts on the NMS, and then using a
combination of the Primary and Secondary SCADA
systems to reconfigure the network as required.
Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 9 , Issue:
1 , Feb. 1994 Pages:548 – 554.
[5]. Qian Wang, Qingquan Qian, Design and analysis of
communication network for distributed SCADA system,
Volume: 3, 23-27 Jan. 2000 Pages: 2062 - 2065 vol.3
[6]. Wu Sitao, Qian Qingquan, Using device driver
software in SCADA systems, Power Engineering Society
Winter Meeting, 2000.
[7]. Gaushell, D.J., Block, W.R., SCADA communication
techniques and standards, Computer Applications in
Power, IEEE , Volume: 6 , Issue: 3 , July 1993 Pages:45 –
50.
[8]. Bruce, A., Lee, R., A framework for the specification
of SCADA data links, Power Systems, IEEE Transactions
on , Volume: 9 , Issue: 1 , Feb. 1994 Pages:560 – 564.
[9] Marihart, D.J., Communications technology
guidelines for EMS/SCADA systems, Power Delivery,
IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 16 , Issue: 2 , April 2001
Pages:181 - 188
Mr. Vinay Kumar, Obtained his B.E. Degree from Don Bosco
Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Karnataka. Pursuing M.Tech. in KSO
Univeristy. Working as Assistant Engineer (E), Operation and
Maintenance, BESCOM, Bangalore. His Research interests are in the
field of cloud computing, Power Elelctronics, Ad hoc Networks, Sensor
Networks and Computer Networks
Dr.R.Balakrishna, working as a Professor and
HOD, Rajarajeswari college of engineering,
Bangalore, India. He is completed his PhD
Degree from Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Anantapur, Bangalore. M.Tech. Degree from
Maharishi Dayanand University. His research
interests are in the field of wireless ad hoc
network, Sensor Network, Artificial Neural
Networks, Data Mining, Operating System and Security. He has
published over 35 National and International journals and Conferences
various papers across India and other Countries. He is the Life member of
Indian Society for Technical Education and IAENG, CSI, JEMS, MET-
PRESS.

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