Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to

direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which
electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy
that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans and electric
lamps into a wall socket. A common source of DC power is a battery cell in a flashlight. The
abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they
modify current or voltage.[1][2]

History
The first alternator to produce alternating current was a dynamo electric generator based on
Michael Faraday's principles constructed by the French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in
1832.[4] Pixii later added a commutator to his device to produce the (then) more commonly
used direct current. The earliest recorded practical application of alternating current is by
Guillaume Duchenne, inventor and developer of electrotherapy. In 1855, he announced that AC
was superior to direct current for electrotherapeutic triggering of muscle contractions.[5]
Alternating current technology was developed further by the Hungarian Ganz Works company
(1870s), and in the 1880s: Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, Lucien Gaulard, and Galileo Ferraris.

In 1876, Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented a lighting system where sets of induction
coils were installed along a high voltage AC line. Instead of changing voltage, the primary
windings transferred power to the secondary windings which were connected to one or several
'electric candles' (arc lamps) of his own design,[6][7] used to keep the failure of one lamp from
disabling the entire circuit.[6] In 1878, the Ganz factory, Budapest, Hungary, began
manufacturing equipment for electric lighting and, by 1883, had installed over fifty systems in
Austria-Hungary. Their AC systems used arc and incandescent lamps, generators, and other
equipment.[8]

Transformers
Alternating current systems can use transformers to change voltage from low to high level and
back, allowing generation and consumption at low voltages but transmission, possibly over
great distances, at high voltage, with savings in the cost of conductors and energy losses. A
bipolar open-core power transformer developed by Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs was
demonstrated in London in 1881, and attracted the interest of Westinghouse. They also
exhibited the invention in Turin in 1884. However these early induction coils with open magnetic
circuits are inefficient at transferring power to loads. Until about 1880, the paradigm for AC
power transmission from a high voltage supply to a low voltage load was a series circuit.
Open-core transformers with a ratio near 1:1 were connected with their primaries in series to
allow use of a high voltage for transmission while presenting a low voltage to the lamps. The
inherent flaw in this method was that turning off a single lamp (or other electric device) affected
the voltage supplied to all others on the same circuit. Many adjustable transformer designs were
introduced to compensate for this problematic characteristic of the series circuit, including those
employing methods of adjusting the core or bypassing the magnetic flux around part of a coil.[9]
The direct current systems did not have these drawbacks, giving it significant advantages over
early AC systems.

Pioneers

The Hungarian "ZBD" Team (Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri), inventors of the first
high efficiency, closed-core shunt connection transformer

The prototype of the ZBD transformer on display at the Széchenyi István Memorial Exhibition,
Nagycenk in Hungary
In the autumn of 1884, Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri (ZBD), three engineers
associated with the Ganz factory, determined that open-core devices were impractical, as they
were incapable of reliably regulating voltage.[10] In their joint 1885 patent applications for novel
transformers (later called ZBD transformers), they described two designs with closed magnetic
circuits where copper windings were either wound around a ring core of iron wires or else
surrounded by a core of iron wires.[9] In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and
secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the confines of the iron core, with no
intentional path through air (see toroidal cores). The new transformers were 3.4 times more
efficient than the open-core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs.[11] The Ganz factory in 1884
shipped the world's first five high-efficiency AC transformers.[12] This first unit had been
manufactured to the following specifications: 1,400 W, 40 Hz, 120:72 V, 11.6:19.4 A, ratio
1.67:1, one-phase, shell form.[12]

The ZBD patents included two other major interrelated innovations: one concerning the use of
parallel connected, instead of series connected, utilization loads, the other concerning the ability
to have high turns ratio transformers such that the supply network voltage could be much higher
(initially 1400 V to 2000 V) than the voltage of utilization loads (100 V initially preferred).[13][14]
When employed in parallel connected electric distribution systems, closed-core transformers
finally made it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in
homes, businesses and public spaces.[15][16] The other essential milestone was the
introduction of 'voltage source, voltage intensive' (VSVI) systems'[17] by the invention of
constant voltage generators in 1885.[18] Ottó Bláthy also invented the first AC electricity
meter.[19][20][21][22]

The AC power systems was developed and adopted rapidly after 1886 due to its ability to
distribute electricity efficiently over long distances, overcoming the limitations of the direct
current system. In 1886, the ZBD engineers designed the world's first power station that used
AC generators to power a parallel-connected common electrical network, the steam-powered
Rome-Cerchi power plant.[23] The reliability of the AC technology received impetus after the
Ganz Works electrified a large European metropolis: Rome in 1886.[23]

Westinghouse Early AC System 1887

(US patent 373035)
In the UK, Sebastian de Ferranti, who had been developing AC generators and transformers in
London since 1882, redesigned the AC system at the Grosvenor Gallery power station in 1886
for the London Electric Supply Corporation (LESCo) including alternators of his own design and
transformer designs similar to Gaulard and Gibbs.[24] In 1890 he designed their power station
at Deptford[25] and converted the Grosvenor Gallery station across the Thames into an
electrical substation, showing the way to integrate older plants into a universal AC supply
system.[26]

In the US William Stanley, Jr. designed one of the first practical devices to transfer AC power
efficiently between isolated circuits. Using pairs of coils wound on a common iron core, his
design, called an induction coil, was an early (1885) transformer. Stanley also worked on
engineering and adapting European designs such as the Gaulard and Gibbs transformer for US
entrepreneur George Westinghouse who started building AC systems in 1886. The spread of
Westinghouse and other AC systems triggered a push back in late 1887 by Edison (a proponent
of direct current) who attempted to discredit alternating current as too dangerous in a public
campaign called the "War of Currents". In 1888 alternating current systems gained further
viability with introduction of a functional AC motor, something these systems had lacked up till
then. The design, an induction motor, was independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and
Nikola Tesla (with Tesla's design being licensed by Westinghouse in the US). This design was
further developed into the modern practical three-phase form by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and
Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown.[27]

The Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant (spring of 1891) and the original Niagara Falls Adams
Power Plant (August 25, 1895) were among the first hydroelectric alternating current power
plants. The first long distance transmission of single-phase electricity was from a hydroelectric
generating plant in Oregon at Willamette Falls which in 1890 sent power fourteen miles
downriver to downtown Portland for street lighting.[28] In 1891, a second transmission system
was installed in Telluride Colorado.[29] The San Antonio Canyon Generator was the third
commercial single-phase hydroelectric AC power plant in the United States to provide
long-distance electricity. It was completed on December 31, 1892 by Almarian William Decker to
provide power to the city of Pomona, California which was 14 miles away. In 1893 he next
designed the first commercial three-phase power plant in the United States using alternating
current–the hydroelectric Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant near Redlands, California.
Decker's design incorporated 10 kV three-phase transmission and established the standards for
the complete system of generation, transmission and motors used today. The Jaruga
Hydroelectric Power Plant in Croatia was set in operation on 28 August 1895. The two
generators (42 Hz, 550 kW each) and the transformers were produced and installed by the
Hungarian company Ganz. The transmission line from the power plant to the City of Šibenik was
11.5 kilometers (7.1 mi) long on wooden towers, and the municipal distribution grid 3000 V/110
V included six transforming stations. Alternating current circuit theory developed rapidly in the
latter part of the 19th and early 20th century. Notable contributors to the theoretical basis of
alternating current calculations include Charles Steinmetz, Oliver Heaviside, and many
others.[30][31] Calculations in unbalanced three-phase systems were simplified by the
symmetrical components methods discussed by Charles Legeyt Fortescue in 1918.

The usual waveform of alternating current in most electric power circuits is a sine wave, whose
positive half-period corresponds with positive direction of the current and vice versa. In certain
applications, different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves. Audio and radio
signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current. These types of
alternating current carry information such as sound (audio) or images (video) sometimes carried
by modulation of an AC carrier signal. These currents typically alternate at higher frequencies
than those used in power transmission.

Alternating current is of vital importance in electronics for one simple reason: The electric
current you can access by plugging a circuit into a wall outlet happens to be alternating current.

Electric current that flows continuously in a single direction is called a direct current, or DC. In a
direct current circuit, current is caused by electrons that all line up and move in one direction.

Within a wire carrying direct current, electrons hop from atom to atom while moving in a single
direction. Thus, a given electron that starts its trek at one end of the wire will eventually end up
at the other end of the wire.

In alternating current, the electrons don’t move in only one direction. Instead, they hop from
atom to atom in one direction for a while, and then turn around and hop from atom to atom in
the opposite direction. Every so often, the electrons change direction. In alternating current, the
electrons don’t move steadily forward. Instead, they just move back and forth.

When the electrons in alternating current switch direction, the direction of current and the
voltage of the circuit reverses itself. In public power distribution systems in the United States,
(including household current), the voltage reverses itself 60 times per second. In some
countries, the voltage reverses itself 50 times per second.

The rate at which alternating current reverses direction is called its frequency, expressed in
hertz. Thus, standard household current in the United States is 60 Hz.

In an alternating current circuit, the voltage, and therefore the current, is always changing.
However, the voltage doesn’t instantly reverse polarity. Instead, the voltage steadily increases
from zero until it reaches a maximum voltage, which is called the peak voltage.

Then, the voltage begins to decrease again back to zero. The voltage then reverses polarity and
drops below zero, again heading for the peak voltage but negative polarity. When it reaches the
peak negative voltage, it begins climbing back again until it gets to zero. Then the cycle repeats.
The swinging change of voltage is important because of the basic relationship between
magnetic fields and electric currents. When a conductor (such as a wire) moves through a
magnetic field, the magnetic field induces a current in the wire. But if the conductor is stationary
relative to the magnetic field, no current is induced.

Physical movement is not necessary to create this effect. If the conductor stays in a fixed
position but then intensity of the magnetic field increases or decreases (that is, if the magnetic
field expands or contracts), a current is induced in the conductor the same as if the magnetic
field were fixed and the conductor was physically moving across the field.

Because the voltage in an alternating current is always either increasing or decreasing as the
polarity swings from positive to negative and back again, the magnetic field that surrounds the
current is always either collapsing or expanding. So, if you place a conductor within this
expanding and collapsing magnetic field, alternating current will be induced in the conductor.

It seems like magic! With alternating current, it is possible for current in one wire to induce
current in an adjacent wire, even though there is no physical contact between the wires.

The bottom line is this: Alternating current can be used to create a changing magnetic field, and
changing magnetic fields can be used to create alternating current. This relationship between
alternating current and magnetic fields makes three important devices possible:

Alternator: A device that generates alternating current from a source of rotating motion, such as
a turbine powered by flowing water or steam or a windmill. Alternators work by using the rotating
motion to spin a magnet that’s placed within a coil of wire. As the magnet rotates, its magnetic
field moves, which induces an alternating current in the coiled wire.

Motor: The opposite of an alternator. It converts alternating current to rotating motion. In its
simplest form, a motor is simply an alternator that’s connected backward. A magnet is mounted
on a shaft that can rotate; the magnet is placed within the turns of a coil of wire.

When alternating current is applied to the coil, the rising and falling magnetic field created by the
current causes the magnet to spin, which turns the shaft.
Both Alternating Current and Direct Current describes the two types of current flow in a circuit.
In direct current, the electric charge or current flows in one direction. In alternating current, the
electric charge changes direction periodically. The voltage in AC circuits also sometimes
reverses because the current changes direction. Most of the digital electronics that you build by
using DC. However, it is easy to understand some AC concepts. Most houses are wired for AC,
so if your idea to connect your Tardis melody box project to an outlet, you will need to convert
AC to DC. AC also has some useful properties, such as being able to convert the voltage levels
with a single component like as a transformer, which is why initially we have to chosen AC
means to transmit electricity over long distances.
What is Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating current means the flow of charge that changes direction periodically. As a result, the
voltage level also reverses along with the current. AC is used to supply power to houses,
buildings, office, etc.
Generating AC

AC can be produced by using a device is called as an alternator. This device is a special type of
electrical generator designed to produce alternating current.
Generating Alternating Current
Generating AC

A loop of wire is rotated inside of a magnetic field, which induces a current along the wire. The
rotation of the wire comes from different resources like a steam turbine, a wind turbine, flowing
water, and so on. Because the wire turns and enters a different magnetic polarity periodically,
the voltage and current alternates on the wire. Here is a small animation showing this principle:

To generate AC in a set of water pipes, we connect a mechanical characteristics of a piston that

moves water in the pipes back and forth (our “alternating” current).
Waveforms

AC can come in a number of waveforms, as long as the current and voltage are alternating. If
we hook up an oscilloscope to a circuit with AC and plot its voltage, over a long time we might
see a number of different waveforms. The sine wave is the most common type of AC. The AC in
most homes and offices has an oscillating voltage that produces a sine wave.
Sine Wave
Sine Wave

Other forms of AC include the square wave and the triangle wave. Square waves are often used
in digital and switching electronics and also test their operation.
Square Wave
Square Wave

Triangle waves are useful for testing linear electronics like amplifiers.
Triangle Wave
Triangle Wave
Describing a Sine Wave
We often need to describe an AC waveform in mathematical terms. For this example, we will
use the common sine wave. There are three parts of a sine wave: frequency, amplitude, and
phase.

Looking at just voltage, we can describe a mathematical equation of sine wave:

V (t) = Vp sin (2πft + Ø )

V(t) is our voltage as a function of time, which means that our voltage changes as time changes.

VP is the amplitude. This describes the maximum voltage that our sine wave can reach in either
direction, means that our voltage can be +VP volts, -VP volts.

The sin () function indicates that our voltage will be in the form of a periodic sine wave, which is
a smooth oscillation around 0V.

2π is a constant that converts the frequency from cycles or in hertz to angular frequency
(radians per second).

f indicates the frequency of the sine wave. This is given in the form of hertz or units per second.

t is our dependent variable: time (measured in seconds). As time varies, our waveform varies.

φ describes the phase of the sine wave. Phase is a measure of how shifted the waveform is with
respect to time. It is often given as a number between 0 and 360 and measured in degrees.
Because of the periodic nature of the sine wave, if the waveform is shifted by 360° it becomes
the same waveform again, as if it was shifted by 0°. For simplicity, we sill assume that phase is
0° for the rest of this tutorial.

We can turn to our trusty outlet for a good example of how an AC waveform works. In the United
States, the power provided to our homes is AC with about 170V zero-to-peak (amplitude) and
60Hz (frequency). We can plug these numbers into our formula to get the equation

V (t) = 170 sin (2π60t )

Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply

Electrical energy is distributed as alternating current because AC voltage may be increased or
decreased with a transformer. This allows the power to be transmitted through power lines
efficiently at high voltage, which reduces the energy lost as heat due to resistance of the wire,
and transformed to a lower, safer, voltage for use. Use of a higher voltage leads to significantly
more efficient transmission of power. The power losses ( P w {\displaystyle P_{\rm {w}}}
{\displaystyle P_{\rm {w}}}) in the wire are a product of the square of the current (I) and the
resistance (R) of the wire, described by the formula:

P w = I 2 R . {\displaystyle P_{\rm {w}}=I^{2}R\,.} {\displaystyle P_{\rm {w}}=I^{2}R\,.}

This means that when transmitting a fixed power on a given wire, if the current is halved (i.e. the
voltage is doubled), the power loss due to the wire's resistance will be reduced to one quarter.

The power transmitted is equal to the product of the current and the voltage (assuming no
phase difference); that is,

P t = I V . {\displaystyle P_{\rm {t}}=IV\,.} {\displaystyle P_{\rm {t}}=IV\,.}

Consequently, power transmitted at a higher voltage requires less loss-producing current than
for the same power at a lower voltage. Power is often transmitted at hundreds of kilovolts, and
transformed to 100 V – 240 V for domestic use.
High voltage transmission lines deliver power from electric generation plants over long
distances using alternating current. These lines are located in eastern Utah.

High voltages have disadvantages, such as the increased insulation required, and generally
increased difficulty in their safe handling. In a power plant, energy is generated at a convenient
voltage for the design of a generator, and then stepped up to a high voltage for transmission.
Near the loads, the transmission voltage is stepped down to the voltages used by equipment.
Consumer voltages vary somewhat depending on the country and size of load, but generally
motors and lighting are built to use up to a few hundred volts between phases. The voltage
delivered to equipment such as lighting and motor loads is standardized, with an allowable
range of voltage over which equipment is expected to operate. Standard power utilization
voltages and percentage tolerance vary in the different mains power systems found in the world.
High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems have become more
viable as technology has provided efficient means of changing the voltage of DC power.
Transmission with high voltage direct current was not feasible in the early days of electric power
transmission, as there was then no economically viable way to step down the voltage of DC for
end user applications such as lighting incandescent bulbs.

Three-phase electrical generation is very common. The simplest way is to use three separate
coils in the generator stator, physically offset by an angle of 120° (one-third of a complete 360°
phase) to each other. Three current waveforms are produced that are equal in magnitude and
120° out of phase to each other. If coils are added opposite to these (60° spacing), they
generate the same phases with reverse polarity and so can be simply wired together. In
practice, higher "pole orders" are commonly used. For example, a 12-pole machine would have
36 coils (10° spacing). The advantage is that lower rotational speeds can be used to generate
the same frequency. For example, a 2-pole machine running at 3600 rpm and a 12-pole
machine running at 600 rpm produce the same frequency; the lower speed is preferable for
larger machines. If the load on a three-phase system is balanced equally among the phases, no
current flows through the neutral point. Even in the worst-case unbalanced (linear) load, the
neutral current will not exceed the highest of the phase currents. Non-linear loads (e.g. the
switch-mode power supplies widely used) may require an oversized neutral bus and neutral
conductor in the upstream distribution panel to handle harmonics. Harmonics can cause neutral
conductor current levels to exceed that of one or all phase conductors.

For three-phase at utilization voltages a four-wire system is often used. When stepping down
three-phase, a transformer with a Delta (3-wire) primary and a Star (4-wire, center-earthed)
secondary is often used so there is no need for a neutral on the supply side. For smaller
customers (just how small varies by country and age of the installation) only a single phase and
neutral, or two phases and neutral, are taken to the property. For larger installations all three
phases and neutral are taken to the main distribution panel. From the three-phase main panel,
both single and three-phase circuits may lead off. Three-wire single-phase systems, with a
single center-tapped transformer giving two live conductors, is a common distribution scheme
for residential and small commercial buildings in North America. This arrangement is sometimes
incorrectly referred to as "two phase". A similar method is used for a different reason on
construction sites in the UK. Small power tools and lighting are supposed to be supplied by a
local center-tapped transformer with a voltage of 55 V between each power conductor and
earth. This significantly reduces the risk of electric shock in the event that one of the live
conductors becomes exposed through an equipment fault whilst still allowing a reasonable
voltage of 110 V between the two conductors for running the tools.

A third wire, called the bond (or earth) wire, is often connected between non-current-carrying
metal enclosures and earth ground. This conductor provides protection from electric shock due
to accidental contact of circuit conductors with the metal chassis of portable appliances and
tools. Bonding all non-current-carrying metal parts into one complete system ensures there is
always a low electrical impedance path to ground sufficient to carry any fault current for as long
as it takes for the system to clear the fault. This low impedance path allows the maximum
amount of fault current, causing the overcurrent protection device (breakers, fuses) to trip or
burn out as quickly as possible, bringing the electrical system to a safe state. All bond wires are
bonded to ground at the main service panel, as is the neutral/identified conductor if present.

The devices that require alternating voltage is endless. if you think about all the different things
that you can plug into an AC outlet and operate, the list is probably quite endless. Your text
starts with a little discussion about 60Hz power distribution. This is referred to as industrial
power, in fact, at the college here we have an emphasis in industrial power in our electrical
engineering technology degree. Our students are inclined towards that subject area.

Water, coal or nuclear power are used to generate 60Hz AC. Usually generated at several
thousand volts and transported across the country. Outside your home, it is dropped down to
220 and then to about 110. Now the actual values fluctuate 100 to 130. We typically say
120volts. This value is the RMS value. The peak value is 170 and the peak-to-peak would be
340 and remember when we looked at 120 if we divided that by 0.707, that's where we would
get this peak value. Remember when we look at AC, this is the peak and from here to here
would be the peak-to-peak. That's where we would get that. If we looked at an oscilloscope, at
120volts, that's what we would see.

Sound Waves
Sound waves are made of sinusoidal pressure changes in the air. The frequency range for
audible sound is from 15-20Hz to about 20kHz. Down here is where you, some of us can hear
that low, some feel that, rather than hear it. This is very high, this would be the very high
frequency. Sound waves travel through the air at approximately 1130 feet per second or roughly
1 millisecond per foot. Above 20kHz, we begin to lose the ability to hear that sound.

Ultrasonic Waves
That brings us to ultrasonic waves, which start up with about 25kHz. Ultrasound waves are
above the range of human hearing and have many applications including burglar alarms, range
finders etc. Range about 25kHz to hundreds of kHz. There's just a multitude of applications for
ultrasound. Many medical applications us ultrasound, for imaging equipment, without the danger
of x-rays. many of our students, they go into the BioMed emphasis and they find employment in
hospitals and some of the things that they repair are ultrasound equipment. Ultra or Oral
Hygienist in dentistry also use ultrasound to clean teeth.

Lots of applications for ultrasound waves.

Radio Waves
These are typically much higher frequency, radio or electromagnetic waves are used in a wide
array of electronic devices. Typical applications for radio waves include, this is going to be
radio/television broadcasts, and that would be over the air. As transmissions, but also I n this
frequency range you see the cable also. Radar, uses radio waves, microwave communications,
satellite communications, all of these are using RF. radio waves travel at this, 300*106 meters
per second or 186,000 miles per second. The RF frequency range is from, technically, goes
from down around 20Hz to hundreds of GHz.

However, most of the applications you see in RF are going to be in the MHz and GHz range.

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a global specification that defines a wireless technology internet to take the place of
cables associated with computer systems and networks. Devices associated with Bluetooth
have low-cost transmitters and receivers that operate over short distances. Keep in mind this is
over very short distances, Bluetooth applications operate in the 2.4GHz to 2.4835GHz range.
This is the range of Bluetooth. The range of these devices can be as short as 10 centimeters
and it can be up to 100 meters.

Actually, there are three classes of Bluetooth devices. Your text doesn't get into it and most of
the devices are going to be up to 10 meters or about 30 feet. Some of the applications that you
see for Bluetooth are for example a wireless mouse can use Bluetooth, so you don't have to
have the cable connecting your mouse to your computer. It will just connect wirelessly using
Bluetooth. You'll notice it will be transmitting, it will be a relatively short range, so it doesn't...
One of the values of Bluetooth is it transfers at such a short range that it doesn't interfere with
other systems. Also maybe a keyboard to the computer could be wirelessly connected using
Bluetooth.

One of the applications that we're seeing now is with wireless phones that actually have a
Bluetooth connection. This is the wireless actually uses RF but with the part that we're talking
about here is the, for example when you're driving your car and you want to talk on your
wireless phone. Often times, they'll let's say this is you and you have a headset on, connected
to your ear. Then you have something here connected to it so you can talk. Traditional wireless
phones, you would have a cord that would run over here and connect to this. Then you would
touch the buttons on your phone then have your conversation.

But with Bluetooth-enabled wireless phones, you wouldn't have this cable, no need for this
cable. You could have that headset and your phone would connect to the headset via the
Bluetooth connection so you wouldn't need to have this cable and walking around with it.
Anyway, Bluetooth applications are becoming very popular and we'll probably be seeing a lot
more of them.

Wireless Internet Links

Wireless Internet Links are designed to free users from the constraints of traditional telephone
and network lines. Communications via a wireless network can be as much as 350 times faster
than standard in-home connections. This is a quote from your textbook, and I'm just thinking,
this must be compared to a very slow home connection. Because my experience with wireless
Internet is, it doesn't, usually if you have a wired connection via either cable or T1, T3 or fiber or
any of those, they'll be vastly faster than the wireless internet connection. Mind you, the wireless
internet connections are usually faster than a dialogue modem, but I just think that this 350
times faster is a little bit stretching it.

But we'll see. As time progresses maybe it'll get better. Wireless internet can also be an integral
part of Bluetooth devices and systems. This concludes our discussion of, or at least our
introduction to alternating current. We've been looking at some of the applications that you can
do with alternating voltages. We looked at wireless internet, we looked at Bluetooth, radio
waves, ultrasound waves and sound waves. Then we also looked at the generation of AC for
power distribution.