Contents

Energy Management General

System EMS Functions
Power Flow Calculation
Energy Management Functions
by Other Functions
Anil Sinha, Consultant/ Advisor
(anilsinha@live.in)

© Anil Sinha

Notice
 Some of the diagrams and the text have
been taken from the World-wide-web, purely
for illustrative purposes. These remain the
copyright/ property of their respective owners

GENERAL

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EMS Energy Management System
Process Supervision Stages
Energy • Instrumentation & Monitoring
• Automation
Management • Supervisory Control
•
System Process Rationalisation/
Optimisation
• Enterprise-wide Integration

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Rationalisation/ Optimisation Why EMS?

The data available in SCADA System is easily available for add-on functions
Functions/ Aids optimum operation of the Power System
Software • Commercial Considerations Efficiently manages Loads and Schedules
Programs • Optimised operation
to aid the • Increased Reliability & Safety Provides early warning and aids early recovery

• Regulatory/ legal requirements

efficient • Supplement operator’s decision
Helps reduce down-time

operation making Improves Power quality

of the • Extend Life-cycle Allows planning for the future growth

• …..
Power Assists Safety of Men and Machines

System Cost Optimisation and Protection of Investment

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EMS: Some Examples SCADA System Schematic
Load Management/ Energy Management

Availability Based Tariff/ Unscheduled Interchange D1 Dn

Control
Abnormality Monitoring/ Management Room

Load-flow Studies/ Planning

D2 D6
Interface to other systems
• Energy/ Plant/ Grid management, IT systems
• Enterprise-level Systems D5
D3
Automation, Scheduling D4
• Voltage Management/ Power-factor Management
• Energy Audit/ Energy Accounting/ Billing

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EMS & SCADA Architecture

POWER SYSTEM (GRID/ PLANT/ NETWORK)
(Multiple
Locations/
TRANSDUCERS/ SENSORS/ CONTACTS/ ETC. Nos.)
OPTION-1 OPTION-2

PROGRAMMABLE REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)

LOGIC
CONTROLLERS (May be integrated with the SCADA Servers)

(PLC) FRONTEND PROCESSOR

External Links
EMS FUNCTIONS
SCADA SERVERS (Redundant Configuration) (Distributed Servers) OTHER
SERVERS FOR
ADD-ON FNs
………..
Human-Machine INTERFACE 1 HMI 2 (More HMIs)
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Energy Management Functions Power System Management
Load-Frequency Control
Power Factor Energy Storage
• Match Generation to Load & Load to Generation FACTS
correction Management
Availability based Tariff • Influence the • Regulate • Store power
transmission reactive power during lean
• Schedule Generation vs Demand
parameters to bring PF period, to use
Unscheduled Interchange such as closer to unity at peak
impedance,
• Meet demand under abnormal conditions voltage, and
phase
Load Shedding • Static VAR
• Meet shortage of power availability compensation,
etc.
Synchronisation

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Energy Management Functions Energy Management Functions

State Estimation
• Supplement monitored data Load Generation Spinning
• Identify faulty instrumentation
Energy Audit
Forecasting Scheduling reserves
Power system modeling/ Short circuit Analysis/ Contingency • Time-of- • Forecast & • Keep • Analyse
Planning day/ Availability machine T&C
• Check the operations under fault conditions Weather- based ready for losses, in
• Do a ‘What-if’ analysis based/ • Enable expected an effort to
Historic) advance load reduce it
Predictive failure analysis actions and
reduce
mismatch
Transmission Optimisation
• T&D losses/ cost

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Other Important Functions
Multi-Tariff billing/ Time-of-Day Metering

Maintenance Management
• Improve the availability of assets

Fault location; fault isolation; Service restoration

Asset Management
• Organising resources & Cost control POWER FLOW CALCULATION
Operator Training/ simulation

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Power/ Load Flow Study Power/ Load Flow Study

This is an application of Numerical Focus is on various form of power (i.e. Active,
Analysis to a power system Reactive, Apparent)

It is an analysis in normal steady state

operation
It can be the basis to calculate Optimal
Power Flow: lowest cost per kW
It may be the basis for the design of
future expansion of the Power System
The power system is treated as a single line
diagram, with nodes, ,loops and branches
The output is to obtain the complete voltage
angle and magnitude for each bus in the power
system for specified load and generation

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Power/ Load Flow Calculation
To start, one identifies the known and
unknown variables
Load/ Generator/ Slack busses are
identified
Power balance equations are written for
active and reactive power for each bus
Newton-Raphson/ Gauss-Seidel
methods may be used to solve
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Load Frequency Control
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
FUNCTIONS
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Newton-Raphson Method
A popular method to solve the power balance
equations is the Newton-Raphson method
• Reduce the Grid to Nodes and Branches
• Assume initial values for each unknown at
each node
• Solve the power balance equation using the
known values and get a new estimate for the
unknown
• Repeat the solution with the new estimates
• Iterate till difference is acceptably small
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The original strategy of balancing generation and
load
Based of monitoring of frequency deviation away
from the nominal value (50 Hz)
Lower frequency  Reduced generation 
signal to increase generation or reduce load
Over frequency  Excess generation  Reduce
generation
Strategy works well for small to medium Grids
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ABT/ UI ABT Functions
Strategy to match Load to Generation in large
Grids
• Daily Schedules and
Balancing is deliberate and pre-decided, and in
steps of equal intervals (e.g., 15 minutes) ‘Availability tracking
• ABT Schedule Updation
Based
Short-term balancing is left to the very large Grid • Real Time Display
capacity Tariff’ • Alarms/ Events
Software • ABT Reports
It requires all participants to cooperate and
operate as per agreed plan System • Trends and short-term
estimation
The unforeseen is handled through the UI

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Unscheduled Interchange Load Shedding

The starting point is the frequency deviation
away from nominal value
If shortage is noticed, the partners are
encouraged to generate more than the
schedule, with higher compensation
To balance: generation is increased to match the load
When no further generation capacity is available, then
the total load may be reduced by way of ‘Load
Shedding’
This strategy enables the Grid frequency to remain
within the tolerance limits

The over-drawers are penalised This may be the only strategy available, in case of a
sudden major Grid disturbance

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Load Shedding: The types
Fast Load Shedding on Loss of Power
Resources
Load Shedding on Frequency Drop
Slow Load Shedding on Overload
Slow Load Shedding for Peak Shaving
Manual Load Shedding
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Synchronisation
Automatic Synchronisation after restart
Automatic Synchronisation initiated by
operator
Semi Automatic Synchronisation
Manual Synchronisation
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Load Shedding: Keywords
Fast
Exact
Flexible
Co-ordinated
Deterministic
Security and Reliability
Accurate Event Logging
Operator Guidance
Independent Back-up System
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FACTS
FACTS is defined by the IEEE as
"a power electronic based system
and other static equipment that
provide control of one or more AC
transmission system parameters to
enhance controllability and
increase power transfer capability."
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FACTS PF Correction
Shunt Capacitive Compensation The reactive power does not provide useful energy, but
causes copper losses
• To improve Power Factor
The consumer expects to receive only active power, for
maximum efficiency of his equipment
Shunt Inductive Compensation
• Normally used when charging the Transmission Hence, it is preferred to supply power at unity PF
Line
Capacitor banks are switched in or out, to shift the PF to
Series Compensation unity

• works as a controllable voltage source

The switching may be manual/ Automatic
• Used to compensate the Line inductance

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Power Storage State Estimation

To make maximum use of Intermittent sources of power,
e.g., Renewables Application of Power Flow calculation

To Shift the peak demand Start with the known value of every parameter

To save excess power for lean periods Iterate to estimate values not available in the data set

Additionally flag parameters not converging to their

Many storage technologies are in market identified/ known values

They differ in Storage capacity, charge-efficient operation, The method may be used to estimate system unknowns
and commercial viability which could not be measured

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Power System Modeling/ Short-
circuit Analysis
Use the Power Flow calculation to assess
multiple alternate scenario to:
• Study the effect of a system disturbance, so
as to suggest a solution
• Study the effect of possible network faults on
the remaining grid, to arrive at an acceptable
fault-proof design
• Recommend design of a high reliability
network
• Train the network operator in Grid Operations
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Contingency Planning
The abnormal results from the modeling are
flagged
For every case a countering plan is prepared
and checked by the same route
The plan which passes scrutiny is one
contingency plan for the abnormality causing
event
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Contingency Planning
The basis is the Power System Model
Various contingencies are created in the model
and result is observed
• Circuit Fault/ Short circuit
• Equipment down or mal-operation
• Unforeseen Over-/ Under-loads
• Protection malfunction
• Line overload
• Combination events
• …..
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Predictive Failure Analysis
Use Power Flow calculation and
residual life assessment to identify:
• Network subsets with reduced reliability
• Elements likely to fail in the near future, or
needing early attention
• Locations needing attention, with the aim to
initiate preventive steps or emergency
restoration
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Transmission Optimisation Minimum Loss
Assign the minimum & maximum generation value to
Given the availability of multiple power each plant
sources (including stored energy), with
varying cost structures, and the availability The Load at every node is as given (actual load), even
of alternate paths in the network, it is if ‘nill’
imperative to select an optimum set of
power sources and the optimum set of Power Flow calculation is applied to calculate the total
transmission paths, so as to: set of line losses

• Reduce the overall loss in transmission to a minimum Generation at each plant is adjusted as per given
• Achieve the lowest possible cost of power for a given criteria (within max & min, perhaps MoU) till a set with
load configuration the least possible loss is identified

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Minimum Cost Load Forecasting

Similar to the ‘minimum loss’ calculation, Since a large part of electrical power is generated by
means, which are not instantaneous, such as Coal-
every generator is assigned a cost based power plants, advance planning is imperative
curve, similar to the machine curve to make power available when needed

The cost of each incremental unit Predicting the requirement of power over a time
period is a necessity
generated is available from the curve

The calculation is to optimise on the cost A Load Forecasting function does this function
of the transmission losses, rather than
on the loss itself
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Load Forecasting Load Forecasting
The function extrapolates from the actual Available algorithm may utilise for extrapolation data
consumption already recorded, as modified of
by some additional parameters • Past 3-7 days
• Past 1-2 months
The accuracy of this function is reasonably • Past few years
good over a short period of the next few
hours Some Supplementary data may come from:

• Weather Reports
With longer forecast periods, the reliability • Special Events, e.g., Public Holidays, etc.
does come down, but may still provide useful
data, depending on the algorithm in use Sophistication level of the algorithm varies

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Generation Scheduling Spinning Reserve

The generator day is split in to 96 intervals of 15 minutes each
A generation value (schedule!) is assigned to each interval and
the function commands the unit to move as per the given
schedule
To increase reliability of the power system, provided extra
generation capacity is available, a considered set of one or
more units is kept in mechanical readiness to be switched in
instantly, eliminating the time to pick up momentum/ speed
The reliability is at the cost of some fuel and wear & tear

The input schedule may be sourced from:

The requisite decision may result usually from a legal/
• Load Forecast regulatory compulsion
• Transmission Optimisation
• Availability Based Tariff
• Other sources

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OTHER FUNCTIONS
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Energy Audit
Each substation is a node with power coming into the
bus and going out via the feeders
At every substation, each incoming/ outgoing feeder is
metered
The sum total of energy received over all the feeders at
one substation has to be ‘zero’
On each line, power flowing in at one end has to be
equal to the power flowing out the other end and the
line losses
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Energy Audit
An energy audit is an inspection,
survey and analysis of energy
flows in Transmission/ Distribution
network so as to discover loss of
revenue power, due to:
• Technical/ Copper Losses in various
equipment and devices, including the lines
• ‘Commercial’ losses, generally power theft
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Energy Audit
Some parts of the technical losses can be
measured, e.g., Transformer copper loss
Line losses, etc. may be calculated
Commercial losses = Power flowing in –
Power flowing out – Technical losses
The remaining part is to find the physical
location of the commercial loss/ theft
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Multi-Tariff Billing/ ToD Metering Maintenance Management
Consumer Billing is an important revenue generation
activity There are multiple maintenance strategies
• Time since commissioning
Multi-tariff Billing/ Time-of-Day Metering is a tool to • Total operating time
manage demand
• Number of operations
• Preventive
The day is divided into high-demand & low-demand • Predictive
periods, with differing cost of power consumed • Condition-based
• ….
Along with consumption value, the time of
consumption is also required for calculating the bill Each equipment may use a different strategy

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Fault Location, Isolation, Service

Maintenance Management Restoration
Data is collected on each equipment s per the Practically, this refers to line faults and requires
assigned strategy the use of a Fault Locator Unit

The function comes out with directives/
recommendations leading to maintenance activity
The function may need to interface with:
• Scheduling function; to allow the equipment to be safely
removed from operation, with possible replacement
• Asset Management; to assign resources
The Unit may be Online or Offline type
The Fault Locator injects a high frequency signal
at one end-substation along the line (or cable)
• Part of the signal is reflected from the fault site
• The time-to-return, signal attenuation and a change in
phase angle are analysed, to predict the distance to fault
and its nature

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Fault Location, Isolation, Service
Restoration
The information is used to isolate the faulty line
and/ or to bypass the faulty zone, else to
activate an alternate feeder, if available
The same information is also used to place the
physical location of the fault and to device a
strategy to eliminate or overcome the fault
If available, a Geographic Information System
may aid in accurately identifying the fault
location and the assets needed
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Asset Management
When needed, a query placed will
immediately provide
• Assets available
• Location
• Time-lines
• Limitations/ alternates
• Required calibrations/ retooling
• ….
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Asset Management
This is a function keeping track of all possible
resources of importance to the organisation
• Spare parts & Consumables
• Tools & Tackle
• Instruments, probes
• Temporary structures/ components
• Communication & IT equipment, Transport
• Trained/ Expert Manpower
• ….
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Operator Training/ Simulation
Power System operators are not born, they are
created
A new person needs to be given the right theoretical
and practical inputs
• The first comes though classroom training
• The later requires Hands-on experience
Since it would be too dangerous for the fresher to be
allowed to operate the real online power system,
Simulation is a viable and practical alternate
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Operator Training/ Simulation
The trainee is given a workstation which is visibly
the same as the operator’s console
• However, the allowed functionality is limited
• The full set of monitoring functions work
• The command function is disabled
To give a feel of the real system, a built-in simulation
function interacts with the trainee, to play out
different scenarios and to test his reaction
• The simulation is controlled by a trainer
Related Systems
Customer Relations Management (CRM) system
Staff Deployment System
Work Order Management System
Material Management System (MMS)
Engineering & planning systems
Communications Network Management Systems
Automated Meter Reading System
Data warehouse/ Data Mining

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Thank you

Anil Sinha, Consultant/ Advisor

(anilsinha@live.in)

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