Unit 1
Grammar
Present simple & present continuous
Present Simple
• Facts, general truths
• Routines or habits
• Permanent states
• Timetabled events in the future
• Narratives
Present perfect simple & present perfect continuous
Present Perfect Simple
Focused on something achieved or done
• Something that started in the past
and continues until now
• Something that started in the past,
but we don’t know exactly when
• Something that started in the past
and has a result in the present
• Action that has just finished
• Experiences and achievements
• Action that happened several times
in the past
• Superlatives (best, greatest…) and
expressions such as the first/ the
second time.
Present continuous
• Actions in progress at the time of
speaking
• Actions in progress around the
time of speaking but not right now
• Situations that are temporary
• Annoying habits
• What is happening in a picture
• Plans (for the future)
• Situations that are changing/
developing in the present.
Present Perfect continuous
Focused on how long something has been
happening
• Actions that started in the past and
are in progress in the present
• Actions that happened repeatedly
in the past, finished recently and
had a result in the present.
• To emphasize how long actions
have been in progress for
• Recent or unfinished action
Stative verbs
Verbs that do not require physical movement
- Emotion (hate, love, like…)
- Senses (feel, look…)
- State of mind (believe, doubt…)
- Verbs of possession (belong to, have…)
- Other: be, consist, contain, cost, include, mean
Exceptions
- Be (usual behavior), being (at the moment, not usual behavior)
- Expect (think or believe), expecting (waiting for)
- Have (own, posses), having (experience)
- Look (seem), looking (searching)
- Taste (have a particular flavor), tasting (test the flavour)
- Think (have an opinion), thinking (consider)
- See (understand), seeing (meet)
- Smell (have a particular smell), smelling (action of smelling)
- Weigh (have a particular weigh), weighing (measure the weigh)

Vocabulary
- Carry out - Under my skin - Ethnicity
- Communicate - Bottle up - Introduces
- Evaluate - Burst into - Practices
- Focus - Calm down - Tourists
- Process - Cheer up - Portrait
- React - Chicken out - Cultural
- In agony - Freak out ambassador
- Out of curiosity - Artist - Immigrant
- On the edge - Benefits - Calligraphy
- at a loss for - Cosmopolitan
words - Differences

Letter vocabulary
 UNIT 2
Grammar
Past simple & past continuous

Past Simple Past Continuous

• Something that started and
finished in the past
• Past routines and habits
• Past states
• Actions that happened one after
the other
• Actions in progress in the past at a
specific time
• Two or more actions in progress at
the same time in past
• Giving background information in a
story
• Action in progress in the past
interrupted by another action
• Temporary situations in the past

Used to/ would

Used to (+ Bare infinitive) Would ( + Bare infinitive)

• Actions we did regularly in the past • Actions we did regularly in the
but we don’t do now past.
• States that existed in the past but • We DON’T use it for states
not anymore

Present simple & Present perfect simple

Past simple Present perfect simple

Actions that happened and finished at a Actions happened in the past at an
specific time in the past unspecified time or that started in the past
and continue in the present

Vocabulary

• Civilizations • Roadways • Call for

• Customs • Call round • Call in
• Exports • Call back • Cares
• Homelands • Call off • Famous
• Influence • Call up • Immigrant
• Networks • Call out • Life
• Ports • Call on • Means
 • Raise • Reflects • Stays

Opinion/essay vocabulary

UNIT 3
Grammar
Past perfect simple & Past perfect Continuous

Past perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

• Action finished before another • Action that started in the past and
action was in progress when another
action occurred
• Action in progress in the past with
results in the present
**el pasado del pasado

Past simple & Past perfect (simple continuous)

We use past perfect to give background of the main action which is in Past simple

Vocabulary

• Attention • PR (public • Go around

• Inspiration relations) • Live up to
• Location • Privacy • Look down on
• Reputation • Publicity • Start out
• Royal • Sites • Come in for
• Accounts • Stars
• Comments • Catch on

Storytelling expressions