A project report

on

ARDUINO BASED OHMMETER

Submitted by

K. Rajesh 1800XXXXX
A. Anil 1800XXXXX
K. Kishore 1800XXXXX
D. Kumari 1800XXXXX

Sec - 10, Batch -7A

I/IV BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

Electronics and Communication engineering

(SEMESTER-II)

WORKSHOP PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS

DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGINEERING SCIENCES - II

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation

VADDESWARAM-522 502

April 2019

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGINEERING SCIENCES - II
Workshop practice for Electrical & Electronics engineers (18EE1003)

Mr.K. Rajesh -1800XXXXX, Mr. A. Anil-

This is to certify that
1800XXXXX, Mr. K. Kishore-1800XXXXX & Ms.D. Kumar-
1800XXXXX of section 10 studying I/IV B.Tech in ECE has satisfactorily
completed project Arduino Based Ohmmeter in the semester II during
the academic year 2018-2019

Signature of Course Instructor Signature

of Course Coordinator

Signature of HOD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express great pleasure for me to express my gratitude to our honourable

President Sri. Koneru Satyanarayana, for providing the opportunity and platform
with facilities in accomplishing the project based laboratory. We express the
sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. N. Venkatram for his administration towards
our academic growth.

We express sincere gratitude to our Coordinator Dr. V. Krishna Reddy and

Head of the department of BES - II Dr. S. N. PADHI for his leadership and
constant motivation provided in successful completion of our academic semester.
We record it as our privilege to deeply thank for providing us the efficient faculty
and facilities to make our ideas into reality.

We express my sincere thanks to our project supervisor Mr. XXXXXX for

his novel association of ideas, encouragement, appreciation and intellectual zeal
which motivated us to venture this project successfully.

We are pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to our lab technicians who

devoted themselves directly or indirectly to make this project success.

Last but not the least we express our deep gratitude and affection to our
parents who stood behind us in all our endeavours.

K. Rajesh 1800XXXXX
A. Anil 1800XXXXX
K. Kishore 1800XXXXX
D. Kumari 1800XXXXX

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. Abstract 5

2. Introduction 6

3. Principle or Methodology 7

4. Architecture of project 8

5. Components required 9

6. Working 10

7. Code 11

8. Output 13

9. Advantages 14

10. References 15

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ABSTRACT

Arduino ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance,

the opposition to the flow of the current. It has less complex circuitry and
considerable accuracy than conventional ohmmeters. This system aims for the
measurement of low value resistance with improved accuracy which can be
extensively utilized by resistor manufacturing industries for testing purpose and in
advanced cars with sensitive power steering and brake circuits. It can measure
values which are even in milliohms.

The arduino based project requires a resistor of known resistance, the resistance
which we want to measure.. The microcontrollers of the arduino board can be
programmed using C and C++ languages. When a code is written in arduino UNO
IDE software and connected to the board through a USB cable, the arduino will set
a voltage divider and measure the voltage between the known and unknown
resistance. Modern houses are gradually increasing the way of design by shifting to
centralized control system with remote control switches instead of conventional
switches. They are used in street lamps which control their intensity. Arduino
boards have lot of applications in the present day scenario, so we have decided to
do a small project on them.

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Introduction to arduino board

Defining Arduino: An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which

can be either used directly by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home
using the components, owing to its open source hardware feature. It is basically
used in communications and in controlling or operating many devices.

How to program an Arduino?

The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify,
upload, new, open, save, serial monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the
code, a message area which displays the feedback like showing the errors, the text
console which displays the output and a series of menus like the File, Edit, Tools
menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller.

What is an ohmmeter?
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Ohmmeter is an interesting measuring instrument that is used for measuring the
resistance between any two points in the circuit. It is of extreme importance and is
widely used in circuit analysis and debugging nowadays. As we know that the
units of resistance are ohms, so we know that where the name of this device comes

from, as it measures the ohms between any two points in the circuit.

Different Ways to Measure Resistance

The resistance determines how it will influence the circuit to which it is
connected. You need to know the resistance of your resistor—sometimes the
approximate value is fine--but sometimes you need precision. The value of a
resistor is usually indicated on the component itself, with either old-fashioned
coloured bands or printed numerals. But these are nominal values, meaning that
the actual resistance can be a certain percentage higher or lower than this
indicated value. If the tolerance of the resistor is 10%, for example, a “1000
ohm” resistor could actually be anywhere between 900 and 1100 ohms.

Know the Law

The most basic law describing the flow of electric current is Ohm’s law, which
relates voltage (V) and current (I) to resistance (R):

In other words, the voltage supplied to a circuit is equal to the current flowing
through the circuit multiplied by the total resistance of the circuit. Another way
to express this same relationship is V=IR.

This means that the current flowing through a circuit is equal to the voltage
supplied to the circuit divided by the total resistance of the circuit.

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Ohm’s law applies not only to entire circuits but also to individual components.
Thus, if you know the voltage drop across the resistor and the current flowing
through the resistor, you know the resistance.

OHMMETER USING ARDUINO:

If you have a hard time reading the colour bands on resistors , this project is
perfect. Instead of struggling every time you need to find the resistance of a
resistor, just build an ohmmeter and measure all of your resistors. The circuit is
sufficiently accurate and uses minimum number of external components
possible.

Architecture of the project

The entire project can be divided into three basic blocks;

1) Resistance/Diode/Continuity Sensor Unit

2) Processor Unit

3) Display Unit

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Procedure:
Components Required:
In this project we have used the arduino and ohmmeter along with the jumping
wires and the resistors and details list of the hard ware components are

 Arduino board and arduino cable

 Resistors

 Jumper wires

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  Bread board

Working

One end of the resistor pair is connected to 5V and the other end is hooked up with
ground. The 5volts that the arduino provides gets divided up between the 2
resistors depending on the value of the 2 resistors. The resistors which holds the
greater resistance gets more of the voltage according to ohms law formula V=IR.
The voltage that falls across a component is directly proportional to the amount of
resistance it contains. Using this principle we can setup a mathematical model to
determine the resistance based on the voltage division.
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Circuitry is simple, all you need is a resistor of known resistance, the resistor you
want to measure , and the arduino .We will set up a voltage divider and measure
the voltage between the known resistor and the unknown resistor.

Code:
int analogPin= 0;

int raw= 0;

int Vin= 5;

float Vout= 0;

float R1= known resistance;

float R2= 0;

float buffer= 0;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);
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}

void loop()

raw= analogRead(analogPin);

if(raw)

buffer= raw * Vin;

Vout= (buffer)/1024.0;

buffer= (Vin/Vout) -1;

R2= R1 * buffer;

Serial.print("Vout: ");

Serial.println(Vout);

Serial.print("R2: ");

Serial.println(R2);

delay(1000);

We create a variable analog and assign it to 0.This is because the voltage value we
are going to read is connected to the analog pin is A0. This voltage represents the
voltage value falls across the resistor value we are measuring. Next we create a
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variable name raw, which we will use to read in the analog voltage value. This
later is our code get assigned to the analogue read () function.

Output: Screenshot

Advantages:

1. The cost effective : The cost effectiveness is one of the primary aim as the
ohmmeter available in the market for lower value measurement are costly than the
ohmmeter used for the measurement of high value resistance . Due to its high cost
the bulk purchasing of such ohmmeter becomes an expensive task. Therefore the
industries manufacturing the resistor of low value require cost effectiveness of
ohmmeter. The above system achieves this requirement effectively.

2. Improvised accuracy: The resistors with low value in milliohms are used in
advanced cars with sensitive power steering and break circuits. Now a days these
advancements have become the major cause for the severe accidents . Therefore
the components used in such circuits must have accurate and precise value for
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smooth working of such circuits. Ultimately this refers to the accurate testing of
the resistors used. Improvised accuracy is thus the second primary aim of the
ohmmeter.

3. Reduced hardware complexity: Hardware complexity is one of the reasons for

the high cost of the ohmmeter. The use of arduino Uno is to reduce the
motherboard present in the conventional ohmmeter in arduino based ohmmeter.
The arduino acts as the central board. Since arduino are readily available in market
it leads to the reduction in the complexity of the design. The automated range
selection is also the objective in order to speedup the testing process. This will also
reduce the faults in range selection in manually operated conventional ohmmeter .

Conclusions:
In this project we came to know the working of Arduino, its hardware / software
features and its applications as to where it is currently being used. We have also
learnt how to write sketches for Arduino in its own IDE (software). Developing
new ideas with Arduino is endless. The possibilities of using an Arduino to learn
and develop new ideas are infinite. Though it does have its own limitations, it is a
great tool that can be used in learning.

References

[1] ARDUINO.CC, “Arduino – Introduction”, 2015 [Online] Available:

http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction. [Accessed: 25- Feb - 2015].

[2] Arduino.cc, 'Arduino - Products', 2015. [Online]. Available:

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Products. [Accessed: 25- Feb- 2015].

[3] ArduPilot Mega, 'ArduPilot Mega', 2015. [Online]. Available:

http://www.ardupilot.co.uk/. [Accessed: 23- Nov- 2015].

[4] Wikipedia, 'ArduSat', 2015. [Online]. Available:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArduSat. [Accessed: 23- FEB- 2015].
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