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 Fabbrica della Conoscenza

XIV Forum Internazionale di Studi Vie dei

Le
Mercanti
Carmine Gambardella

WORLD HERITAGE and DEGRADATION

S m a r t D e s i g n , P l a n n i n g a n d Te c h n o l o g i e s

La Scuola di Pitagora editrice

Fabbrica della Conoscenza numero 61
Collana fondata e diretta da Carmine Gambardella
Fabbrica della Conoscenza
Collana fondata e diretta da Carmine Gambardella

Scientific Committee:

Carmine Gambardella,
President and CEO Benecon,
UNESCO Chair in Cultural Heritage,
Landscape and Territorial Governance

Federico Casalegno,
Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
USA

Massimo Giovannini,
Professor and Rector, University “Mediterranea”
of Reggio Calabria, Italy

Bernard Haumont,
Professor, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architec-
ture
Paris Val de Seine, France

Mathias Kondolf,
Professor and Chair, Landscape Architecture and
Environmental Planning, University California Ber-
keley, USA

David Listokin,
Professor, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning
and Public
Policy, Rutgers University, USA

Paola Sartorio,
Executive Director, US- Italy Fulbright Commission

Elena Shlienkova,
Professor, Director of the Project Support Center
of Regional and International Programs of the Rus-
sian Presidential Academy of National Economy
and Public Administration, Russia

Editorial Committee:

Pasquale Argenziano
Alessandra Avella
Alessandro Ciambrone
Nicola Pisacane
Manuela Piscitelli
 Carmine Gambardella

WORLD HERITAGE and DEGRADATION

Smart Design, Planning and Technologies

La scuola di Pitagora editrice

Carmine Gambardella
WORLD HERITAGE and DEGRADATION
Smart Design, Planning and Technologies
Le Vie dei Mercanti
XIV Forum Internazionale di Studi

© copyright 2016 La scuola di Pitagora s.r.l.

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Il volume è stato inserito nella collana Fabbrica della Conoscenza, fondata e diretta da Carmine Gam-
bardella, in seguito a peer review anonimo da parte di due membri del Comitato Scientifico.

The volume has been included in the series Fabbrica della Conoscenza, founded and directed by Carmine
Gambardella, after an anonymous peer-review by two members of the Scientific Committee.
Conference topics:

Heritage
Tangible and intangible dimensions
History
Culture
Collective Identity
Memory
Documentation
Management
Communication for Cultural Heritage
Architecture
Surveying
Representation
Modelling
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Sustainable Development
WORLD HERITAGE and DEGRADATION
Smart Design, Planning and Technologies
Le Vie dei Mercanti
XIV Forum Internazionale di Studi

Napoli | Capri
16 - 17 - 18 June 2016

President of the Forum

Carmine Gambardella
President and CEO Benecon,
UNESCO Chair in Cultural Heritage,
Landscape and Territorial Governance

International scientific committee

Ahmed Abu Al Haija

Professor and Head, Environmental Design, Urban and
Architectural Heritage, Faculty of Engineering,
Philadelphia University, Jordan

Ali Abughanimeh
Director of the Department of Architecture, University of Jordan

Pilar Garcia Almirall

Professor, UPC Ecole Tecnica Superior d’Arquitectura
Barcelona, Spain

Harun Batirbaygil
Professor and Head, Department of Architectural,
Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey

Cevza Candan
Professor, Istanbul Technical University

Federico Casalegno
Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Joaquín Díaz
Dean and Professor, Technische Hochschule
Mittelhessen-University of Applied Sciences,
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Yankel Fijalkow
Professor, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture
Paris Val de Seine, France

Carmine Gambardella
President and CEO Benecon,
UNESCO Chair in Cultural Heritage,
Landscape and Territorial Governance

Massimo Giovannini
Professor, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, Italy

Xavier Greffe
Professor and Director, Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne
Paris, France

Manuel Roberto Guido

Director Enhancement of Cultural Heritage, Planning
and Budget Department, Italian Ministry of Heritage and Culture

Bernard Haumont
Professor, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture
Paris Val de Seine, France

Alaattin Kanoglu
Head of Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University

Tatiana Kirova
Professor, Polytechnic of Turin

Mathias Kondolf
Professor and Chair, Landscape Architecture and
Environmental Planning, University California Berkeley, USA

Mehmet Karaca
Rector, Istanbul Technical University

David Listokin
Professor, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and
Public Policy, Rutgers University, USA

Andrea Maliqari
Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Tirana

Maria Dolores Munoz

Professor, UNECO Chair, EULA Environmental Centre,
University of Conception, Chile.
Raymond O’ Connor
President and CEO TOPCON Positioning Systems

Jorge Peña Díaz

Professor, Head of the Urban Research group (INVACURB) at
the Facultad de Arquitectura, Instituto Superior Politécnico José
Antonio Echeverría, Cuba

Giovanni Puglisi
Professore, Rettore IULM, e Presidente, Commissione Na-
zionale Italiana per l’UNESCO

Michelangelo Russo
Professor, Università Federico II di Napoli, Italy

Paola Sartorio
Ph.D., Executive Director,
The U.S.- Italy Fulbright Commission

Lucio Alberto Savoia

Ambasciatore, Segretario generale, Commissione Nazionale
Italiana per l’UNESCO

Elena Shlienkova
Professor, Director of the Project Support Center of Regional
and International Programs of the Russian Presidential
Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rus-
sia

Eusebio Leal Spengler

Professor, honorary president
of the Cuban ICOMOS Committee, Cuba.

Isabel Tort
Professor, Director of the Forum UNESCO
University and Heritage (FUUH) Programme,
Universitat Politècnica de València UPV, Spain.

Andrey V. Vasilyev
Professor, Head of Departments of Chemical Technology and
Industrial Ecology at the Samara State
Technical University, Head of Department of Enginering
Ecology and of Ecological Monitoring of Samara Scientific Cen-
ter of Russian Academy of Science.

Aygul Agir
Professor, Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical
University

Kutgun Eyupgiller
Professor, Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical
University
Scientific and Organizing Local Committee

Alessandro Ciambrone
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International Scientific Committee

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Graphics and layout

Giuseppe Giannini
Web master

Pasquale Argenziano, Alessandra Avella, Carmine Maffei,

Nicola Pisacane, Manuela Piscitelli
 Peer review Scholars has been invited to submit researches on theoretical and
methodological aspects related to Smart Design, Planning and Te-
chnologies, and show real applications and experiences carried
out on this themes.
Based on blind peer review, abstracts has been accepted, condi-
tionally accepted, or rejected.
Authors of accepted and conditionally accepted papers has been
invited to submit full papers. These has been again peer-reviewed
and selected for the oral session and publication, or only for the
publication in the conference proceedings.

Conference report 300 abstracts received from:

Albania, Benin, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, California,

Chile, China, Cipro, Cuba, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Jordan, Kosovo, Malta, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey,
New York, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia,
Spain, Tunisia, Texas, Turkey.

More than 550 authors involved.

212 papers published.
Preface The theme of the XIV Forum “Le Vie dei Mercanti” is
an international discussion on the disciplines of archi-
tecture, design and landscape through the presenta-
tion of research and operational projects on the
conservation and valorisation of World Heritage and
“smart” regeneration of degradation, with analyses and
proposals ranging from the design at all scales, to ar-
chitectural assets, the territory, infrastructures and the
landscape. Academics, along with professionals who
have a role in the governing, managing and controlling
of public agencies, institutions and the business world
are invited to submit papers related to design objects,
architecture and landscapes. This is with the aim of
conserving and recovering, valorising and regenera-
ting, managing and designing (or re-designing), for the
more general improvement of the quality of life, in an
innovative and contemporary relationship between
man and the environment, through “beauty”, while re-
specting the history, traditions, identity and principles
of sustainable development, as well as being attentive
to the needs of our and future generations. Internet of
Everything, smart design, planning and technologies,
building information modelling, in this age of globaliza-
tion, have become operational tools – that alongside
the traditional ones of the profession – for the protec-
tion and promotion of the World Heritage, are conside-
red as well as shared by the whole of Humanity, and
the regeneration of the degradation and the “Minor He-
ritage”, in all aspects, and as contemplated by the
UNESCO Conventions on tangible and intangible as-
sets and the European Landscape Convention. The
event aims to create a critical transversal dialogue,
open to cultural and “unlimited” influences, in a logic
of integration between the skills that extends, and is
not limited, to the following disciplines: anthropology,
architecture, archaeology, history art, cultural geogra-
phy, design, ethnology and folklore, economy, history,
landscape, museum management, philosophy and po-
litical science, urban history and sociology, cultural tou-
rism, planning and integrated management. The
location is exceptional. Campania, with six sites inclu-
ded in the World Heritage List, two UNESCO Man and
Biospheres, two sites on the List of Intangible Heritage,
is one of the richest regions in the world for cultural
and landscape heritage.
Carmine Gambardella
 

Thermal comfort in a historic building: the case of the Museum of

History of Valencia

Isabel TORT-AUSINA1 , Antonio MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA2 , José Luis VIVANCOS-BONO3

(1)
Applied Physics Department, School of Building Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Spain
E-mail isatort@upv.es
(2)
School of Building Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
E-mail anmarmo4@doctor.upv.es
(2)
Engineering Projects Department, School of Industrial Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de
València, Spain
E-mail jvivanco@upv.es

Abstract (Arial – 11 pt – Lower case letters - Bold – left aligned)

The objective of this paper is to analyze the thermal comfort of visitors of the Museum of History of
Valencia, a historic building originally used as a tank that provided the city with potable water. A
beautiful example of Valencian industrial architecture, the building was built in 1850 and it is
considered the first public engineering work of the XIX century in Valencia. It consists of a spacious
reservoir, rehabilitated and adapted for its new use in 2000, with a maze of two hundred fifty pillars
supporting a roof formed of eleven semicircular vaults made of bricks from local towns.
The authors undertake a literary review of research on thermal comfort and energy efficiency
assessment in historic buildings that have been modified and adapted for modern use. The paper
discusses the result of the survey performed at the Museum, which evaluate the visitors’ perceptions
of thermal comfort (temperature, humidity, etc.). Differences in gender, place of residence and age are
considered in the analysis. The results of the surveys are compared to the actual internal and external
temperature and humidity, which have been recorded over time using data loggers.
The biggest conflict is how to achieve the requisite levels of thermal comfort while simultaneously
bringing the buildings up to par with current energy efficiency standards and preserving each
building’s heritage value.

Keywords: Thermal comfort, surveys, historic buildings, energy efficiency.

1. Introduction
The energetic sustainability is a way of managing and limiting the growth of the energetic consumption
[1]. A building is therefore efficient energetically if it offers more services for the same energetic
consumption, or the same services reducing energetic expense [1]. Due to the difficulty found when
measures of energy efficiency want to be adopted that do not compromise the architectural and
patrimonial values that must be preserved, the immense majority of regulations of energy efficiency do
not contemplate historical buildings and other buildings with special uses and/or with an important
artistic or historical value [2]. Nevertheless, recently some European countries have realized that the
constructed heritage cannot be ignored. On the other hand, the conservation of the built-up heritage
faces a conflict between the new methods to improve the energy efficiency and the maintenance of
the values of the building. Likewise, the personal perception of the thermal comfort (" Mental condition
that expresses satisfaction with regard to thermal environment and it is analyzed by means of the
subjective evaluation ") must be carefully taken into account [3]. To balance energy efficiency, the
needs of conservation of the architectural heritage, and the thermal comfort of the users does not turn
out to be an easy task.
 

The main objective of the architectural renovation is to reach this needed balance and to manage to
keep the buildings restored for the future generations with the maximum preservation of the
patrimonial values. The most suitable way of maintaining the built-up heritage and keeping it away
from the disuse, is to adapt them to the current levels of energy efficiency and thermal comfort. By
doing this, not only the useful life of the historical buildings will be lengthened, but in addition it will
allow us to enjoy and to admire them, at the present and also for future generations.

2. State of the art

Early studies and publications related to energy efficiency refurbishments of historic buildings began to
emerge in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s [4–9].
For example, it has been noted that the two oil crises in 1973 and 1979, which created the necessity
for starting to seek measures for improving energy efficiency of historic buildings, likely explain the
sudden rise in research initiatives during the late the 70’s and the early 80’s. Research from this
period largely focused on reducing energy consumption in buildings by improving insulation and
building envelope performance. As a result, energy efficiency design technologies, such as passive
design, the use of solar systems, and calculation and prediction methods of energy consumption,
began to emerge as new research paths for historic buildings [5,7–9].
Research groups usually perform case studies of their own countries, where historic buildings are
easily reachable. Sometimes, however, the strong built heritage of a country, like Italy, attracts
scientists from abroad [10–24]. Italy is the country that has generated most of the energy efficiency in
historic building research [8,9,25–58]. Italy is followed by the UK [12,13,59–66], Spain [67–71] and
China [72–74]. While there has been significant research done by international collaborators, those
projects have often been led by British [17,18,21,75] and Italian [15,20,23,31,32,76,77] researchers.
This distribution may be attributable to several factors, including a country’s built heritage, the sheer
availability of buildings, and scientific developments. For examples, Italy (followed by Spain and the
UK) is one of the countries with the largest built heritage in the world [44,45]. Tourism has been and
continues to be one of Italy's fastest growing and most profitable economic sectors, with an estimated
industry revenue of €136.1 billion [78], which may explain the economic necessity for cultural
preservation. Moreover, of the 5,367,000 monuments registered in Europe, over 4,000,000 are located
in Italy. 

2.2 Literature review of research in museums, libraries and theatres.

Table 1 below outlines studies from the early 80’s that were focused on assessing the energy
conservation possibilities in museums, libraries and theatres. Most of the studies analysing museums
for energy conservation purposes were published between 1999 and 2014; however, interest in the
topic appeared as early as 1983.

Table 1.Museum, Library and Theatre buildings’ studies.

Year of Publication Origin of Researcher(s) Location of Building(s) Year of construction
2016 Italy[79] - -
2014 Italy[43] Italy 1454
2014 Switzerland[80] Switzerland 1600-1900
2014 UK[65] UK 1855
2012 Spain[67] Spain -
2011 Italy[49] Italy 1700-1900
2009 Italy[36] Italy -

2004 Belgium, Italy & Belgium 1873

Austria[15]
2003 Greece[81] - -
2001 Italy, Belgium, Austria, UK Europe 1500
& New Zealand[77]
1999 Canada[82] Canada 1878
1999 Italy[31] Italy 1582
1983 United States[7] - -

Twelve articles, focused on libraries, museums and theatres, have been published and discussed in
this section. Again, all of the buildings examined are located in Europe and most in Italy. Since these
buildings often house artworks, books and documents that require special conditions for conservation,
several studies have focused on analysing indoor air quality. In addition to the variety of the in-house
materials, the lack of homogeneous and consistent distribution of heat and vapour in space, this

 
 

causes changes in air temperature and relative humidity. For these reasons, technical standards and
regulations are essential for assessing the optimal values of the physical parameters in exhibition
spaces [36]. An interesting approach to tackle this problem has been the development of maps of
indoor microclimatic conditions (spatial distribution of relative humidity, temperature, air velocity, etc.)
[19,95] using modelling software.

3. The building of the Museum of History of Valencia

It was built in 1850 to serve as the general reservoir for drinking water for the city, and for more than
one century continued to play this role. The building, with its brickwork and great vaults, is a model of
an era that made the instrument of change to make the leap to progress engineering.

The reservoir is formed by a maze of two hundred and fifty pillars, which hold up a roof formed by
eleven arched vaults made with bricks from local provenance.
 

Fig 1. Photographs of the exterior of the Museum of history of Valencia (source: MHV).

Fig 2. Photographs of the interior of the Museum of history of Valencia (source: MHV).

In 1998, the restoration of the building and its adaptation to the Museum of History of Valencia (MHV)
(Figures 1 and 2) began. The objective of the museum has been to showcase the history of the city
from its origins to the present day, making use of municipal archaeological, artistic and cultural funds.

The Museum has a perfectly rectangular geometry and a single plant (Figure 3). The main entrance is
located on the north facade (approximately 5 ° West of North).

 
 

Fig 3. General plan of the History Museum of Valencia (source: own elaboration).

The MHV has four exterior walls, and a significant percentage of them is buried.

4. Statistical study of the thermal comfort

The information compiled in the realized surveys allows us to know and to value the opinions of the
visitors of the MHV. The number of visitors registered during the period of monitoring (August, 2015 -
February, 2016) is 8.434 persons. 413 surveys have been registered and, by means of statistics
calculations, a level of confidence of 95%, a simple error of 5%, and a recommended size of the
sample of 368 has been observed have been observed, according to simple random sampling formula
[83](knowing the population).
The studied sample is distributed exactly to 50 % between man and women, and the range of
predominant age is the one that understands the ages of 18 years and 30 years with 141 polled ones
(38%). This range is followed by the ranges of ages of between 31 up to 40 years (22 %), and 41 to 50
years (23 %), with about 85 visitors for each range. Finally, the visitors between 51 years and 60 years
do not reach the 40 (10 %), and for what concerns the ones older than 60 years, only 24 answers
have registered (7%).
Regarding the origin of the individuals, 54 % of them has answered to be local and 46 % turns out to
be from other cities in Spain, and even some of them from other countries.
With regard to the subjective opinion of the visitors of the indoor temperature of the Museum, as
shown in figure 4, the values "neutral" (30 %) and "cool" (35 %) have turned out to be the most
selected ones together with "warm" (14 %) and “cold” (13 %). The values ”very cold” (5%) and “hot”
(3%) have received 18 and 13 responses, respectively. AS the last selected option, “very hot” shows
only 1 response. These results show that the level of satisfaction with the indoor comfort is more than
acceptable, with a small tendency to point out a little bit too low temperatures.

Very cold

Cold

Cool

Neutral

Warm

Hot

Very hot
 
 
Fig.4. Visitors’ perception of the indoor temperature in the MHV 

 
 

On the other hand, the quality of the interior air of the building received very positive opinions with 165
answers of "very good " (43 %), 148 of "good" (38 %) and 49 of "neutral" (13 %). The polled ones that
were not satisfied with this parameter, answering "bad" (5 %) or "very bad" (2 %), have had 20 and 6
answers, respectively (Figure 5).

Very bad

Bad

Neutral

Good

Very Good

 
Fig.5. Visitors’ satisfaction with the air quality inside the MHV 

Regarding to the humidity perceived by the visitors of the Museum, the great majority of them (81%
with 312 answers) has expressed acceptable levels ("normal"), and only 45 polled ones have
answered that the interior environment seemed to them to be "humid" representing 12 %. To finish,
5% individuals (19 opinions) have replied that the ambient is “dry”, and 1% have replied a perception
of “very dry” or “very humid” with 4 and 3 responses, respectively (Figure 6).

Very dry

Dry

Normal

Humid

Very Humid

 
Fig.6. Visitors’ satisfaction with the indoor humidity inside the MHV 

5. Conclusions
The literature review has revealed that, in the last two decades, the interest and research on energy
efficiency and thermal comfort in heritage buildings has multiplied. Europe is the region that has
showed the greatest interest in developing policies for adapting heritage buildings to new standards of
comfort and sustainability.
The Museum of History of Valencia has been shown to be more efficient than expect.
Regarding the thermal comfort study, most important findings have been that 65% of the visitors find
the temperature is ok or a little bit cold. Finally, 94% of the opinions were positive when asked about
indoor air quality and 81% of visitors were satisfied with the air humidity, but it has to be mentioned
than 12% of people thought that the indoor ambient was humid.

 
 

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