0 - C Notes PDF

PROGRAMMING IN C
Sub code : SAEIA
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SYLLABUS
Programming in C
I Year & First Semester
Unit 1: C fundamentals Character set - Identifier and keywords – data types – constants - Variables
- Declarations - Expressions - Statements - Arithmetic, Unary, Relational and logical, Assignment
and Conditional Operators - Library functions.
Unit-2: Data input output functions - Simple C programs - Flow of control - if, if-else, while, do-
while , for loop, Nested control structures -Switch, break and continue, go to statements - Comma
operator.
Unit 3: Functions –Definition - proto-types - Passing arguments -Recursions. Storage Classes -

Automatic, External, Static, RegisterVariables – Multi-file programs.
Unit-4: Arrays - Defining and Processing - Passing arrays to functions –Multi-dimension arrays -
Arrays and String. Structures - User defined data types - Passing structures to functions - Self-
referential structures –Unions - Bit wise operations.
Unit-5 : Pinters - Declarations - Passing pointers to Functions -Operation in Pointers - Pointer and
Arrays - Arrays of Pointers -Structures and Pointers - Files : Creating , Processing ,Opening and
Closing a data file.
1. Recommended Texts
i.E.Balaguruswamy, 1995,Programming in ANSI C, TMH Publishing Company Ltd.
2. Reference Books
i.B.W. Kernighan and D.M.Ritchie, 1988,The C Programming Language, 2 nd Edition,
PHI.
ii.H. Schildt, C,2004, The Complete Reference, 4th Edition, TMH
iii. Gottfried,B.S, 1996,Programming with C, Second Edition, TMH Pub. Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi .
iv. Kanetkar Y., 1999,Let us C, BPB Pub., New Delhi.
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2 – MARKS
UNIT-I
1. What is a variable? APR’12

A variable is a data name that may be used to store data value. Variable can be changed
during the execution of the program. The variable name can be choosen by programmer.
Syntax:-
Datatype variable name;
Eg:-
int sum;
float average;
2. What is a character constant? APR’12

A character constant should be enclosed with a pair of single quoate marks. Character
constant can hold Single character at a time. Single Character is smallest Character Data
Type in C. A single character constant or character constant is a single alphabet. The
maximum length of a single character constant can be one character.
Syntax:-
char variable_name=’singlecharacter’;
Eg:-
1. ‘a’
2. ‘1’
3. ‘#’
4. ‘<‘
5. ‘X’
‫ۥ ۥ‬
Invalid constants: 123 - Length should be 1
"A" - Enclosed in single quotes
3. List any four unary operators in C. APR’ 2012

Unary operators take just one operand. Unary operators appear before their operand and associate
from right to left. We consider each, one by one.
We have following Unary Operators in C.
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! (logical negation),
~ (one’s complement or bitwise negation),
– (unary minus),
+ (unary plus),
& (addressof),
* (dereferencing),
++ (pre-increment),
— (pre-decrement),
sizeof operator,
(type) or cast operator
4. What are keywords? NOV’12 ,APR’16, NOV’15

All keywords have fixed meaning and these meanings cannot be changed. Keyword
is a basic building blocks for program statements. The keywords are also called ‘Reserved
words’. All keywords must be written in lowercase.
auto break case char const continue default

dodouble else enum extern float goto if
for int long register return short signed
sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned
void volatile while
5. List the four data type qualifiers. NOV’12
6. What is an operator? NOV’12
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An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or
logical functions. C language offers many types of operators. They are,
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Relational operators
4. Logical operators
5. Bit wise operators
6. Conditional operators (ternary operators)
7. Increment/decrement operators
8. Special operators
7. What is an expression? APR’13, APR’16
An expression is any legal combination of symbols that represents a value. The expression
may consist of a single entity, such as a constant or variable, or it may consist of some combination
of such entities, interconnected by one or more operators. Expressions can also represent logical
conditions which are either true or false. However, in C, the conditions true and false are
represented by the integer values 1 and 0, respectively. There are three types of expressions. They
are
1. Arithmetic expression.eg:-x+y
2. Relational expression. eg:- x<=y
3. Logical expressions eg:-(x>0) || (y>20)
8. What is symbolic constant? APR’13, NOV’14
A symbolic constant is an "variable" whose value does not change during the entire
lifetime of the program. Symbolic constant is defined as below:
#define symbolic_name value
Example :
#define PI 3.1415
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Name of the constant Value of the constant
Pi 3.1415926535...
e (Natural log) 2.718281828...
9. What is library function? APR’13
Library functions in C language are inbuilt functions which are grouped together
and placed in a common place called library. Each library function in C performs specific
operation. We can make use of these library functions to get the pre-defined output instead
of writing our own code to get those outputs. These library functions are created by the
persons who designed and created C compilers. We are including these header files in our
C program using “#include<filename.h>” command to make use of the functions those are
declared in the header files
Eg:-
If you want to use printf() function, the header file <stdio.h> should be included.
Some of the library functions are
1.<stdio.h>
2.<conio.h>
3.<math.h>
4.<string.h>
5.<ctype.h>
10. Define : String constant. Give an example. NOV’13

A character string, a string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in
double quotes. A string constant may consist of any combination of digits, letters, escaped
sequences and spaces.
eg: - "W" "100" "24, Kaja Street"
11. Write a note on Conditional operator. NOV’13

Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and returns another value
is condition is false.This operator is also called as ternary operator. ? : is a ternary operator
in that it takes three values.
Syntax : (Condition? true_value: false_value);
Eg:- (A > 100 ? 0 : 1);
In above example, if A is greater than 100, 0 is returned else 1 is returned. This is equal
to if else conditional statements.
12. What is the use of ceil ( ) and floor ( ) functions? NOV13
floor( ) function in C returns the nearest integer value which is less than or equal to the
floating point argument passed to this function. Syntax for floor( ) function in C is given
below.
double floor (double x);
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eg:-float j=5.9;
printf("floor of %f is %f\n", j, floor(j));
o/p:-floor of 5.900000 is 5.000000
ceil( ) function in C returns nearest integer value which is greater than or equal to the
argument passed to this function.”math.h” header file supports ceil( ) and floor() function
in C language. Syntax for ceil( ) function in C is given below.
double ceil (double x);
eg:- float i=5.4, j=5.6;
printf("ceil of %f is %f\n", i, ceil(i));
printf("ceil of %f is %f\n", j, ceil(j));
o/p:- ceil of 5.400000 is 6.000000

ceil of 5.600000 is 6.000000
13. Define : Constant. APR’14, NOV’14
C Constants are also like normal variables. But, only difference is, their values can not be
modified by the program once they are defined.Constants refer to fixed values. They are also called
as literals.Constants may be belonging to any of the data type.
Syntax:
const datatype variable_name; (or) const datatype *variable_name;
eg:- const float number = 3.14; const int height = 100;
14. Write the syntax of declaring a variable. . APR’14
Syntax:-
Datatype variable name;
Eg:-
int sum;
float average;
15. What is an identifier? NOV’14, APR’15
Identifiers are names for entities in a C program, such as variables, arrays, functions,
structures, unions and labels. An identifier can be composed only of uppercase, lowercase letters,
underscore and digits, but should start only with an alphabet or an underscore Identifier names
must be unique. They are created to give unique name to a C entity to identify it during the
execution of a program. An identifier is a string of alphanumeric characters that begins with an
alphabetic character or an underscore character that are used to represent various programming
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elements such as variables, functions, arrays, structures, unions and so on. Actually, an identifier
is a user-defined word.
Eg:-int money;double accountBalance;
16.What is a statement? NOV’14
A statement is a command given to the computer that instructs the computer to take a specific
action, such as display to the screen, or collect input. A computer program is made up of a series
of statements.There are 3 types.They are
➢ Compound Statements
➢ Expression statement
➢ Control statement
17 .Write a note on : Assignment Statement.APR’15
An assignment statement gives a value to a variable.
Eg:- x = 5;
gives x the value 5.
The value of a variable may be changed.
x = x + 1;
will give x the value 6.
The general syntax of an assignment statement is
variable = expression;
where:
• the variable must be declared;

• the variable may be a simple name, or an indexed location in an array, or a field (instance
variable) of an object, or a static field of a class; and
• the expression must result in a value that is compatible with the type of the variable. In
other words, it must be possible to cast the expression to the type of the variable.
18. What are Escape Sequences? Give an example. APR’15
Character combinations consisting of a backslash (\) followed by a letter or by a combination

of digits are called "escape sequences." To represent a newline character, single quotation mark,
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or certain other characters in a character constant, you must use escape sequences. An escape
sequence is regarded as a single character and is therefore valid as a character constant. They are
also used to provide literal representations of nonprinting characters and characters that usually
have special meanings,.
Escape
Represents
Sequence
\a Bell (alert)
\b Backspace
\f Formfeed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\' Single quotation mark
\" Double quotation mark
\\ Backslash
\? Literal question mark
\ooo ASCII character in octal notation
\xhh ASCII character in hexadecimal notation
Unicode character in hexadecimal notation if this escape sequence is used in a
\xhhhh
wide-character constant or a Unicode string literal
le quotation ma rk (").
20. List any four math functions. NOV’15

“math.h” header file supports all the mathematical related functions in C language.
S.no Function Description
This function returns the nearest integer which is less than or equal to the
1 floor ( )
argument passed to this function.
This function returns the nearest integer value of the float/double/long
double argument passed to this function. If decimal value is from “.1 to .5”, it
2 round ( )
returns integer value less than the argument. If decimal value is from “.6 to .9”,
it returns the integer value greater than the argument.
This function returns nearest integer value which is greater than or equal to the
3 ceil ( )
argument passed to this function.
4 sin ( ) This function is used to calculate sine value.
5 cos ( ) This function is used to calculate cosine.
6 cosh ( ) This function is used to calculate hyperbolic cosine.
7 exp ( ) This function is used to calculate the exponential “e” to the x th power.
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21. Write the general form of the conditional operator. NOV’15

Eg:- (A > 100 ? 0 : 1);
In above example, if A is greater than 100, 0 is returned else 1 is returned. This is equal to if else
conditional statements.
22. Define unary operator. APR’16
Unary operators take just one operand. Unary operators appear before their operand and
associate from right to left. We consider each, one by one.
UNIT-II
1.Write the syntax for if…else statement.Apr’12
If(test condition)
{
True block statements
Else
False block statements
Next statement
2.What is the purpose of Comma operator? Apr’12
The comma operator can be used to link the related expressions together.The comma
operator has left-to-right associativity. ie.,Two expressions separated by a comma are
evaluated left to right and the value of right-most expression is the value of the combined
expression
For example:
Value=(x=10,y=5,x+y)
This statement first assigns x=10, then y=5 and finally assigns 15 to value.
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Commas can be used as separators in some contexts, such as function argument lists and
in for loop. The comma operator and its operands must be enclosed in parentheses.
For example:
val( x, y + 2, z );
For(n=1,m=10;n<=m;n++,m++)
3.What is the use of gets() function?Apr’12
gets(str)
This function is used to read a string of characters including blank space from the standard
input device and stores the string into the character array ‘str’.
This function appends the null character to the stored set of characters.
4.Write the syntax for getchar() function?Apr’13
char c;
c=getchar();
This function is used to read a single character from the standard input device.
5.What is the use of break statement?Apr’13
It is used to transfer control of the program outside loop or switch statement either
conditionally or unconditionally.
6.What is looping?Apr’13
Looping is the process of executing a set of statements repeatedly based on some

conditions.
Example: while, do..while,for statements
7.What is the control statement?Apr’14
The control statements determine the flow of control in a program.

There are 2 types of control statements
1.conditional control statements-if,if..else,while,do..while,for statements
2.unconditional control statements-goto,break,continue statements
8.List various unformatted input functions?Apr’14
getchar()
getc(st,fp)
gets(str)
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9.Write a note on : Continue statement.Apr’15
It is used to skip some statement of the loop and moves to the next iteration of the loop.
10.What is meant by branching? Apr’16
Branching is the process of executing or skipping some statements based on some condition
or a selection is made from several alternatives available.
11.Write the syntax for while statement in ‘C’.Nov’12
The while loop tests its condition before execution of the contents of the loop begins;
syntax:
while(expression)
{
body of the loop
}
next statement;
if the test condition is true, the body of the loop will be executed, then the control is transferred
to next statement.
if the test condition is false, the block of code is never executed, then the control is transferred
to next statement
12.Why is goto statement generally discouraged in ‘C’? Nov’12
When goto is used, many compilers generate a less efficient code. The usage of goto makes
a program logic complicated and renders the program unreadable. For these reasons the
goto statement is discouraged in ‘c’.
13.What is the purpose of putchar() functions?Nov’13
It is used to display or write a single character on to the standard output device .
syntax
putchar( variable name);
Where variable name should be a character type variable.
14.Write a note on do…while statement. Nov’13
In do..while statement, its body of the loop is executed at least once before checking the
condition.
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syntax:
do
{
body of the loop
} while (condition);
next statement;
if the test condition is true, the body of the loop is executed repeatedly until the condition becomes
false, then the control is transferred to next statement.
if the test condition is false, the block of code is executed atleast once, then the control is
transferred to next statement.
15.What is meant by selection?Nov’14
Also called as decision making statements. In a selection structure, based on the condition the
program takes one or two choices and execute the corresponding statements, after which the
program moves on to the next statement.
Example : if..else statement
If Condition is True then the true block statements will be executed ,otherwise false block
statements will be executed
16.What is the minimum number of times that a do…while loop can be executed?Nov’14
One only time the do..while loop will be executed because its body of the loop is executed at least once
before checking the condition.
17.Mention any 2 formatted functions in ‘C’. Nov’15
• scanf function :- It is used to read the input from the standard input device
• printf function:- It is used to display or print a set of output to the standard output
device
18.Distinguish between break and continue.Nov’15
CONTINUE STATEMENT
BREAK STATEMENT
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It is used to skip some statement of the loop
It is used to transfer control of the program and moves to the next iteration of the loop.
outside loop or switch statement either
conditionally or unconditionally.
It is used only within loop
It is used in loop as well as switch case
statement
UNIT – III
1.State any two advantages of using function. Apr’12
a.The length of a source program can be reduced by using functions.
b.A function may be used by many other programs.
c.It facilitates top down modular programming.
2.what are the two principal components of a C function definition? Apr’12
A function definition has two principal components : the function header and the body of the
function.
3.what is a function? Apr’13
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task.
The general format of a function definition is
Return_type function_name(parameter list)
Body of the function
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Return type:It is the data type of the value the function returns.
Funtion name:This is the actual name of the function,
Parameters:when function invoked values are passed to the parameter.
4.Name the four storage classes in c? Apr’16
The four storage classes are
1.Automatic variable
2.External variable
3.Register variable
4.Static variable
5.What are Register Variables? Apr’15
The variables which are stored in the register are called register variable.
The general format is :
Register datatype variable1,variable2,…..variable n;
Example: Register int i = 30;
6.Define Recursion. Apr’15
It is a function that call itself again and again until some condition is statisfied.
Example: int fact(int n )
f=n*fact(n-1);
7.What are formal arguments? Apr’15
The arguments present in the function definition are called formal arguments. These are also called
as dummy arguments.
8.What is meant by call by reference? Apr’15
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The address of variables are passed to the functions in the form of arguments is called call by
reference.(i.e) the address of the argument to the formal parameter. Inside the function, the address
is used to access the actual argument used in the call
9.Give the general form of function prototype.Nov’13

Or
Write the format of function prototype.Nov’15
Function-type function-name(parameter list);
Function body
10.What is the purpose of the return statement? Nov’13

Or
What is the use of the return statement? Apr’14
The purpose and use of the return statement for returning a value to the calling function.
Example :
int add( int, int)
int c;
c=a+b;
return c;
11.What are automatic variables? Nov’13
The automatic variables are declared inside a function in which they are to be utilized.They are
created when function called and destroyed automatically when function exited,Hence it called
automatic variable.
12.What is a local variable?Apr’16
The variable that is defined inside a function and used only within the particular function is called
local variable.
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13.What is a global variable? Nov’14
The variable which has been declared before the main function is called global variable.It can be
used in all functions in the program.
Example:
int v;
main( )
V=5;
func1( );
printf(“\n v = %d”,v);
void func1( )
V=10;
Printf(“\n”,v = %d”,v);
Output:
v=5
v=10
14.What are actual arguments? Nov’14
The arguments used in the function when it is called by a list of parameters enclosed with in
parentheses is called actual arguments.
Example :
int sum(int a, int b);
15.Define scope of a variable. Nov’12
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The scope of the variable determines in which region of the program the variable is actually
available for use.
16.Mention any two categories of functions. Apr’14
The two categories of functions.
1.Functions with no arguments and no return values.
2.Functions with arguments and no return values.
17.Define life time of a variable.Apr’13
The lifetime of a variable is the duration of time a variable exists in the memory during execution.
UNIT – IV
1.Write a syntax for declaration for a string variable.Nov’15
The general form of declaration of a string variable is
char string_name[size];
The size determines the number of characters in string_name.
Example: char name[30];
2.Define structure. Nov’15
Structure is a collection of data elements of different type.
The general format of structure definition is
struct tag-name
data type member1;
data type member2;
------------ --------
------------ ---------
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};
Example:
struct book
char title[20];
char author[15];
int pages;
float price;
};
3.Define array.Nov’14
An array is a fixed size sequenced collection of elements of the same data type that share a common
name.
Example: salary[10];
Which represent salary of 10 employees and the number called index or subscript in brackets after
array name.
4.What is self referential structure?Nov’14
A self referential structure is used to create data structure like linked lists,stacks,etc.
Example: struct node
struct node new;
int value;
};
Structure struct node is a self referential structure.
5.How are individual array elements identified?Nov’13
The individual array elements are identified using index or subscript starts from zero(0).
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Example: mark[0],mark[1],mark[2],…..
6.What are multidimensional arrays?Nov’12
Three or more dimensional arrays are called multidimensional arrays.
datatype arrayname[size1][size2][size3]….[size n];
Example: int mark[5][4][3];
7.How to access the elements of a structure?Nov’12
To access the members i.e elements of a structure using member operator or dot operator.
Example:book1.price
Where the price of book1 representing the link between the variable book1 and element price.
8.What is union?Apr’16
Union are derived datatype.union is similar to structure but use the same location for all the
members of union.It is declared with keyword union as follows
The general format of union definition is
union tag-name
data type member1;
data type member2;
------------ --------
------------ ---------
};
union item
int m;
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float x;
char c;
}code;
This declares a variable code of type union item which contains three members with different data
type.
9.Give a suitable declaration for time using structure.Apr’15
A structure variable declaration includes
1.The keyword struct.
2.The structure tag name.
3.List of variable names separated by commas.
4.A terminating semicolon.
Example: struct book_bank, book1,book2,book3;
declares book1,book2and book3 as variables of type struct book.
10.Write the general form of array declaration.Apr’14
The declaration of array use subscript which is mentioned in the square bracket and the general
form is
datatype variable-name[size];
The data type specfies the type of element contained in the array such as int,float or char and sizes
indicates the maximum number of elements stored inside the array.
Example: char name[10];
11.List any two rules for initializing structures.Apr’14
1.The individual members cannot initialized inside the strucuture.
2.The order of values enclosed in braces must match the order of members in the structure
definition.
Example :
struct Patient
{
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float height;
int weight;
int age;
};
struct Patient p1 = { 180.75 , 73, 23 }; //initialization
UNIT - V
1.How declare a pointer variable?Apr’12
Pointer variables like other variables should be declared before using it.
When a pointer variable is declared, the variable name must be preceded by an asterisk(*).
This indicates the fact that the variable is a pointer.
Syntax:
datatype * pointer_variable_name;
the datatype refers to the datatype of the variable that the pointer will point to.
2.What are the primary advantages of using a data file?Apr’12
a) A data file is a computer file which stores data to be used by a computer application or
system ie., The data files are the files that store data pertaining to a specific application, for
later use
b)The data files can be stored in two ways:
1. Text files.
2. Binary files.
A text file (also called ASCII files) stores information in ASCII characters.
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A binary file is a file that contains information in the same format in which the information
is held in memory i.e. in the binary form.
3.What is the use of indirection operator?Apr’13
The indirection operator (*) is used to access the value of the variable using pointer.ie., “*”
indicates that “The value at the address of “. It otherwise known as dereferencing operator.
Eg.,
int *p,qty,n;//declaration
qty=150;//assignment 150 to qty
p=&qty;//assign the address of qty to “p”
n=*p; // it accesses the value 150 and assigns to n.
ie., the statement n=*p assigns the value 150 to n.
4.What is file pointer?Apr’13
In c program, all files are referred through file pointers. A file pointer is a pointer variable
of the type FILE. The syntax for defining a file pointer variable fp is as follows.
file *fp;
this declares a pointer variable fp which is a pointer to the datatype FILE. Here FILE is a
structure datatype that is used to establish the file buffer area.
5.What is a file?Apr’14,Nov’12,Apr’16
A file is a place on the disk where a group of related data is stored.
6.Write the meaning of the statement a=&b; Apr’14
The variable “a” stores the address of the variable “b”.
7.Define File.Apr’15,Nov’15

For defining a file we must specify the following things,
1.file name- a string of characters that make a valid filename.
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2.datastructue- defined as FILE in the library of standard I/O function.All files should be
declared as type FILE.
3.purpose-it specifies the purpose of opening the file.
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen(“filename”,,mode);
This declares a pointer variable fp which is a pointer to the datatype FILE.

Mode-
r-open the file for reading only
w- open the file for writing only
a- open the file for appending(adding) data to it.
8.What is a pointer?Apr’16
A pointer is a variable that represents the memory location(rather than the value) of a data
item, such as a variable or array element.
Otherwise pointer is a variable which contains the address of another variable.
9..What is the use of address operator? Nov’12
The address of a variable is accessed by means of the address operator “&”. The following
program will display the address of the variable.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=1;
printf(“The value is: %d”,a);
printf(“The address is: %u”,&a);
}
Output:
The value is:1
The address is:9364
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10.What are logical bitwise operators?Nov’13
There are 3 logical bitwise operators:

1.bitwise AND(&)
2. bitwise exclusive OR(^)
3. bitwise OR(|)
Each of these operators requires two integer operands. These operands are carried out
independently on each pair of corresponding bits within the operands will be compared
then, next least significant bits and so on. Until all the bits have been compared.
12.Write a note on stream-oriented data files. Nov’13
Stream-oriented data files are usually easier to work with and are therefore more commonly
used.
Stream-oriented data files are able to be subdivided into two categories.
In the first second category of stream-oriented data files are text files consisting of
consecutive characters. These characters can be interpreted as components of strings or
numbers or as individual data items.
The second category of stream-oriented data files frequently referred to as unformatted

data files that organize data into blocks containing contiguous bytes of information and
these blocks represent more complex data structures such as structures and arrays. A
separate set of library functions is obtainable for processing stream-oriented data files of
this type.
13.What is a file?Nov’14

For defining a file we must specify the following things,
1.file name- a string of characters that make a valid filename.
2.datastructue- defined as FILE in the library of standard I/O function.All files should be
declared as type FILE.
3.purpose-it specifies the purpose of opening the file.
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen(“filename”,,mode);
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This declares a pointer variable fp which is a pointer to the datatype FILLE.
14.Write the syntax of fopen() statement.Nov’14
Syntax: fopen() statement
fp=fopen(“filename”,”mode”);
Filename refers to the name of the file to be opened.

Mode refers to the file mode, which specifies the purpose for which the file is opened.
some of the modes,
r-open the file for reading only
w- open the file for writing only
a- open the file for appending(adding) data to it.
15.What is the use of typedef?Nov’15
“typedef “ declaration is used to define our own identifiers that can be representing an existing
data types such as int,float,double etc.
The identifier defined using “ typedef” is used to declare a variables of that type. The syntax is
given by
typedef datatype identifier;
typedef-keyword
datatype-existing datatype int,float,…
identifier-new name for the existing datatype
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5 MARKS
UNIT – I
1.Briefly explain three classes of data types in C..APR’14

(or)
2.Discuss briefly about different data types in C with examples.APR’15
(or)
3.Describe the various data types in C.APR’16
C data types are defined as the data storage format that a variable can store a data to
perform a specific operation. Data types are used to define a variable before to use in a program.
Size of variable, constant and array are determined by data types.
C – data types:
There are four data types in C language. They are,
S.no Types Data Types
1 Basic data types int, char, float, double
2 Enumeration data type Enum
3 Derived data type pointer, array, structure, union
4 Void data type Void
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1. Basic data type:
1.1. Integer data type:
➢ Integer data type allows a variable to store numeric values.

➢ “int” keyword is used to refer integer data type.
➢ The storage size of int data type is 2 or 4 or 8 byte.
➢ It varies depend upon the processor in the CPU that we use. If we are using 16 bit
processor, 2 byte (16 bit) of memory will be allocated for int data type.
➢ Like wise, 4 byte (32 bit) of memory for 32 bit processor and 8 byte (64 bit) of memory
for 64 bit processor is allocated for int datatype.
➢ int (2 byte) can store values from -32,768 to +32,767
➢ int (4 byte) can store values from -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.
1.2. Character data type:
• Character data type allows a variable to store only one character.

• Storage size of character data type is 1. We can store only one character using character
data type.
• “char” keyword is used to refer character data type.
• For example, ‘A’ can be stored using char datatype. You can’t store more than one
character using char data type.
1.3. Floating point data type:
Floating point data type consists of 2 types. They are,
1. float
2. double
1. float:
• Float data type allows a variable to store decimal values.

• Storage size of float data type is 4. This also varies depend upon the processor in the CPU
as “int” data type.
• We can use up-to 6 digits after decimal using float data type.
• For example, 10.456789 can be stored in a variable using float data type.
2. double:
• Double data type is also same as float data type which allows up-to 10 digits after decimal.
• The range for double datatype is from 1E–37 to 1E+37.
datatype will vary depend on the CPU processor (8,16, 32 and 64 bit)
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S.No C Data types storage Size Range
1 Char 1 –127 to 127
2 Int 2 –32,767 to 32,767
3 Float 4 1E–37 to 1E+37 with six digits of precision
4 Double 8 1E–37 to 1E+37 with ten digits of precision
5 long double 10 1E–37 to 1E+37 with ten digits of precision
6 long int 4 –2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
7 short int 2 –32,767 to 32,767
8 unsigned short int 2 0 to 65,535
9 signed short int 2 –32,767 to 32,767
10 long long int 8 –(2power(63) –1) to 2(power)63 –1
11 signed long int 4 –2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
12 unsigned long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295
13 unsigned long long int 8 2(power)64 –1
2. Enumeration data type:
Enumeration data type consists of named integer constants as a list. It start with 0 (zero) by default
and value is incremented by 1 for the sequential identifiers in the list.
syntax:
enum identifier [optional{ enumerator-list }];
eg:-
enum month { Jan, Feb, Mar }; or

/* Jan, Feb and Mar variables will be assigned to 0, 1 and 2 respectively by default */
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enum month { Jan = 1, Feb, Mar };
/* Feb and Mar variables will be assigned to 2 and 3 respectively by default */
3. Derived data type :
Array, pointer, structure and union are called derived data type in C language.
4. Void data type:
Void is an empty data type that has no value. This can be used in functions and pointers.
2.Discuss the usage of Relational and Logical Operators with examples.APR’15
A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true,
it returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.Relational operators are used in decision
making and loops.
Use of the Relational Operators
• A relational operator tests data values against one another

• You can only compare similar data types. (It makes no sense to compare a char to a float.)
• All relational operators return either a 1 (meaning true) or a 0 (false.)
• You will use the relational operators to test whether a condition is true or false and act
accordingly.
• Relational operators are used to find the relation between two variables. i.e. to compare the
values of two variables in a C program.
S.no Operators Example Description
1 > x>y x is greater than y
2 < x<y x is less than y
3 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y
4 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y
5 == x == y x is equal to y
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6 != x != y x is not equal to y
Logical Operators
An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether

expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making
in C programming. These operators are used to perform logical operations on the given
expressions.There are 3 logical operators in C language.
They are, logical AND (&&), logical OR (||) and logical NOT (!).
Operator Meaning of Operator Example
Logial AND. True only if all If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c == 5) &&
&&
operands are true (d > 5)) equals to 0.
Logical OR. True only if either one If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c == 5) || (d
||
operand is true > 5)) equals to 1.
Logical NOT. True only if the

! If c = 5 then, expression ! (c == 5) equals to 0.
operand is 0
3.Explain the four types of constants in C. NOV’12

(or)
Describe the various types of constants in C. NOV’14
Constants refers to fixed value that do not changed during the execution of the program. The
constants has several types.They are shown below.
Constants
Numeric constants Character constants
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Integer constants Real constants single character String constants
Constants
Integer constants:
An integer constant refers to a sequence of digits. There are 3 types of integer constants.
1. Decimal integer
2. Octal integer
3. Hexa decimal integer
1. Decimal integer:
It consists of set of values from 0 to 9.
Eg: 123
-123
78
2. Octal Integer:
• It consists of any combinations of digits taken from the set 0 through 7.

• If a constant contains two or more digits, the first digit must be 0.
• In programming, octal numbers are used.
Valid: 037 0 0435

Invalid:
0786 - Illegal digit 8
123 - Does not begin with zero
01.2 - Illegal character (.)
3. Hexadecimal Integer:
• It consists of any combinations of digits taken from the set 0 through 7 andalso a through
f (either uppercase or lowercase).
• The letters a through f (or A through F) represent the decimal quantities 10 through 15
respectively.
• This constant must begin with either 0x or 0X.
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• In programming, hexadecimal numbers are used.
Valid Hexadecimal Integer Constant: 0x 0X1 0x7F

Invalid Hexadecimal Integer Constant:
0xefg - Illegal character g
123 - Does not begin with 0x
Real Constants:
Numbers with fractional part are called real constants. These are often called as floating
point constants. Real constants are generally represented in two forms are fractional form and
exponential form. Fractional form is the general form of representing a floating point value,
exponential or scientific form is used when the value is so big or so small. Exponential form has
two parts. The part before appearing to E is called mantissa and the part following E is called
exponent. Here the mantissa must be multiplied by 10êxponent for example 345.25E-4 is equal
to 345.25*10-4 and 4.56E4 is equal to 4.56*104.
Rules for real constants in fractional form:
• It must be a number
• It can be either +ve or –ve but by default it is a positive number
• It must have one decimal point.
• No commas and spaces are used in a number
Eg:
+234.45
-34.02
12.0
0.0
Single character constants:
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Syntax:-
char variable_name=’single character’
Eg:-
6. ‘a’
7. ‘1’
8. ‘#’
9. ‘<‘
10. ‘X’
Invalid constants: ‫ۥ‬123‫ۥ‬ - Length should be 1

String Constants:
A character string, a string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in double

quotes. A string constant may consist of any combination of digits, letters, escaped
eg: - "W" "100" "24, Kaja Street"
Back slash character constants or escape sequence:
Escape sequences are used to represent certain special characters within string literals and
character literals.The following escape sequences are available (extra escape sequences may be
provided with implementation-defined semantics):
Escape
Description
sequence
\' single quote
\" double quote
\? question mark
\\ backslash
\a audible bell
\b backspace
\f form feed - new page
\n line feed - new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
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4.What are the rules for evaluation of expression? Give an example. NOV’15
Precedence of C Operators:
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how
an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the
multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator:
For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; Here x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher
precedence than + so it first get multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.Here operators with the
highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom.
Category Operator Associativity Rank

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right 1
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type) * & sizeof Right to left 2
Multiplicative */% Left to right 3
Additive +- Left to right 5
Shift << >> Left to right 5
Relational < <= > >= Left to right 6
Equality == != Left to right 7
Bitwise AND & Left to right 8
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right 9
Bitwise OR | Left to right 10
Logical AND && Left to right 11
Logical OR || Left to right 12
Conditional ?: Right to left 13
Assignment = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left 14
Comma , Left to right 15
5.List and explain any five library functions in C. APR’12
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• Library functions in C language are inbuilt functions which are grouped together and
placed in a common place called library.
• Each library function in C performs specific operation.
• We can make use of these library functions to get the pre-defined output instead of writing
our own code to get those outputs.
• These library functions are created by the persons who designed and created C compilers.
• All C standard library functions are declared in many header files which are saved as
file_name.h.
• Actually, function declaration, definition for macros are given in all header files.
• We are including these header files in our C program using “#include<file_name.h>”
command to make use of the functions those are declared in the header files.
• When we include header files in our C program using “#include<filename.h>” command,
all C code of the header files are included in C program. Then, this C program is compiled
by compiler and executed.
List of most used header files in C:

Header Example
S.No Description
file
This is standard input/output header file in which Printf(),scanf(),getc(),putc()
1 stdio.h
Input/Output functions are declared
2 conio.h This is console input/output header file Clrscr(),getch()
All string related functions are defined in this Strlen(),strrev(),strcmp(),strcpy()
3 string.h
header file
All maths related functions are defined in this Sin(),cos(),exp(),tan(),abs(),pow()
4 math.h
header file
All character handling functions are defined in this Isdigit(),islower(),isupper()
5 ctype.h
header file
1.<stdio.h>:-
. scanf() -> It is used to read the values
. prinf() -> It is used to write the values
. getc() -> It is used to read the character from a file
. putc() -> It is used to write a character from a file
. fclose() -> It is used to close a file
.feof() -> Determine if an end of file condition has been reached
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2.<conio.h>

1 clrscr() This function is used to clear the output screen.
2 getch() It reads character from keyboard
3 getche() It reads character from keyboard and echoes to o/p screen
3.<string.h>
A set of simple string manipulation functions are implemented in <string.h>, or on some

systems in <strings.h>.The string library (string.h or strings.h) has some useful functions for
working with strings, like strcpy, strcat, strcmp, strlen, strcoll, etc. We will take a look at some of
these string operations.
Strcpy:
This library function is used to copy a string.
strone = "abc";
strtwo = "def";
strcpy(strone , strtwo); // strone becomes "def"
strcmp:
This library function is used to compare two strings and can be used like this: strcmp(str1, str2).
• If the first string is greater than the second string a number greater than null is returned.
• If the first string is less than the second string a number less than null is returned.
• If the first and the second string are equal a null is returned.
eg:
printf("Enter you name: ");

scanf("%s", name);
if( strcmp( name, "jane" ) == 0 )
printf("Hello, jane!\n");
strcat:
This library function concatenates a string onto the end of the other string. The result is returned.
example:
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printf("Enter you age: ");
scanf("%s", age);
result = strcat( age, " years old." ) == 0 )
printf("You are %s\n", result);
strlen:
This library function returns the length of a string. (All characters before the null termination.)
example:
name = "jane";
result = strlen(name); //Will return size of four.
4.Math.h
1.Sin(x):-
The C library function double sin(double x) returns the sine of a radian angle x.
Eg: sin(30)=0.5
2.Cos(x):-
It is used to find cos value
Eg: cos(30)=0.866
3.Tan(x):-
It is used to find tan value
Eg: tan(30)=0.577
4.Exp(x):-
It is used to find exp value
Eg: exp(30)=1.68
5.Sqrt(x):-
It is used to find sqrt value
Eg: sqrt(25)=5
6.Abs(x):-
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It is used to find abs value
Eg: abs(-30)=30
7.Ceil(x):-
It is used to returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
Eg: ceil(15.99)=16
Ceil(15.01)=16
8.floor(x):-
It is used to returns the greatest integer lesser than or equal to x.
Eg: ceil(15.99)=15
Ceil(15.01)=15
4.<ctype.h>
1 int isalnum(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is alphanumeric.
Eg: isalnum ('a') = true
2 int isalpha(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is alphabetic.
Eg: isalpha(c) = true
3 int isdigit(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is decimal digit.
Eg: isdigit('0') = true
4 int islower(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is lowercase letter.
Eg: islower('a') = true
5 int isupper(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is an uppercase letter.
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Eg: isupper('A') = true
6 int tolower(int c)
This function converts uppercase letters to lowercase.
Eg: tolower('A') = a
7 int toupper(int c)
This function converts lowercase letters to uppercase.
Eg: toupper('a') = A
6.Discuss about identifiers and keywords with examples.NOV’13
Identifiers
Identifiers are names for entities in a C program, such as variables, arrays, functions,
structures, unions and labels. An identifier can be composed only of uppercase, lowercase letters,
underscore and digits, but should start only with an alphabet or an underscore. An identifier is a
string of alphanumeric characters that begins with an alphabetic character or an underscore
character that are used to represent various programming elements such as variables, functions,
arrays, structures, unions and so on.
Rules for constructing identifiers
1. The first character in an identifier must be an alphabet or an underscore and can be followed
only by any number alphabets, or digits or underscores.
2. They must not begin with a digit.
3. Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct. That is, identifiers are case sensitive.
4. Commas or blank spaces are not allowed within an identifier.
5. Keywords cannot be used as an identifier.
6. Identifiers should not be of length more than 31 characters.
7. Identifiers must be meaningful, short, quickly and easily typed and easily read.
Valid identifiers: total sum average _x y_ mark_1 x1
Invalid identifiers
1x - begins with a digit
char - reserved word
x+y - special character
Keywords:
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All keywords have fixed meaning and these meanings cannot be changed. Keyword is a basic
building blocks for program statements. The keywords are also called ‘Reserved words’. All
keywords must be written in lowercase.
.
3. Write short notes on Expressions in C. NOV’13
Expression:- The expression may consist of a single entity, such as a constant or variable, or it
may consist of some combination of such entities, interconnected by one or more operators.
Expressions can also represent logical conditions which are either true or false. However, in C, the
conditions true and false are represented by the integer values 1 and 0, respectively. There are 3
types of expressions.
1) Arithmetic Expression
2) Relational Expression
3) Logical Expression
1)Arithmetic expression:-
Arithmetic expressions consist of operators, operands, parentheses, and function calls.
Syntax:-
Constant constant
Or arithmetic operator or
Variable variable
Eg:-
X+Y;
X+50;
(x+y)/50;
2)Relational expression:-
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Relational expressions are formed by connectiong constants,variables or arithmetic
expressions by relational operators. Relational expression is an expression that can only take the
values true(1) or false(0). A simple form of logical expression is the relational expression.
Syntax:-
Constant constant
Or or
Variable relational operator variable
Or or
Arithmetic expression Arithmetic expression
Eg:-
or
a>b
(a+b)<50
2)Logical expression:-
Logical expression are formed by connecting relational expressions by logical operators.
Syntax:- Relatioal expression logical operators Relational expression
Eg:-
(a>0) && (b>25)
(a>0) || (b>25)
4. What is a statement? Explain the three classes of statements in C. APR’13.
Statement
A statement causes the computer to carry out some definite action. There are three different
classes of statements in C
1. expression statements
2. compound statements,
3. control statements.
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1.Expression statement:-
An expression statement consists of an expression followed by a semicolon. The execution of

such a statement causes the associated expression to be evaluated.
eg:
a = 6;
c = a + b;
++j;
The first two expression statements both cause the value of the expression on the right of
the equal sign to be assigned to the variable on the left. The third expression statement causes the
value of j to be incremented by 1
2.Compund statement:-
. A compound statement consists of several individual statements enclosed within a pair of

braces { }. The individual statements may themselves be expression statements, compound
statements, or control statements. Unlike expression statements, compound statements do not end
with semicolons. A typical compound statement is shown below:
pi = 3.141593;
circumference = 2. * pi * radius;
area = pi * radius * radius;
}
3.Control statement:-
Control statements enable us to specify the flow of program control; ie, the order in which the
instructions in a program must be executed. They make it possible to make decisions, to perform
tasks repeatedly or to jump from one section of code to another.
There are four types of control statements in C:
1. Decision making statements

2. Selection statements
3. Iteration statements
4. Jump statements
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Eg:
if(a>b)
printf(“\n A is big”);
else
printf(“B is big”);
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UNIT - II
1.Explain the looping statements in ‘C’ with examples.Apr’12
Refer APRIL 2016-10 MARKS Q&A.( Looping control statements in ‘C’)
2.Write a ‘C’ program to find the biggest of given 3 numbers. .Apr’12
/*Biggest or Largest of 3 given numbers using elseif ladder*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
int a,b,c;
printf(“\nEnter a,b,c\n”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”,&a,&b,&c);
if((a>b)&&(a>c))
printf(“Biggest value is a=%d”,a);
elseif((b>a)&&(b>c))
printf(“Biggest value is b=%d”,b);
elseif((c>a)&&(c>a))
printf(“Biggest value is c=%d”,c);
else
printf(“\nAnyone of them may be equal”);
(Or)
/*Biggest or Largest of 3 given numbers using nested if */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
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int a,b,c;
printf(“\nBiggest value is “);
if(a>b)
If(a>c)
Printf(“a=%d\n”,a);
Else
Printf(“c=%d\n”,c);
Else
If(c>b)
Printf(“c=%d\n”,c);
Else
Printf(“b=%d\n”,b);
OUTPUT:
Enter a,b,c;
50
100
70
Biggest value is b=100
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3.Write a note on Input and Output functions in ‘C’Apr’13
Refer APRIL 2012-10 MARKS Q&A.
4.Write a ‘C’ program to check whether the given string as Palindrome or not. Apr’13
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
Char str[80],rev[85];
int i,j,len;
printf(“\nPalindrome checking\n”);
printf(“\nEnter the string\n”);
gets(str);
len=strlen(str);
for(i=len-1,j=0;i>=0;i--,j++)
rev[j]=str[i];
rev[j]=’\0’;
printf(“\nThe original string is %s”,str);
printf(“\nThe reversed string is %s”,rev);
if(strcmp(str,rev)==0)
printf(“\n\n%s is a palindrome\n”);
else
printf(“\n\n%s is not a palindrome\n”);
getch();
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5.Explain the working principle of Switch statement with an example. Apr’14
Refer APRIL 2013-10 MARKS Q&A.(control statements in c)
6.Write about gets() and puts() functions with examples.Apr’15
String input and output functions – the gets() and the puts() functions
gets()
it is used to read a string of characters including blank space from the standard input device.
Syntax: gets(st)
‘st’ – is the character array
it is used to read a string of characters and stores the string into the char array ‘st’.
it appends the null character automatically to the end of the string
puts()
it is used to display a string of characters including blank spaces to the standard output device.
Syntax: puts(st)
This function automatically sends the new line character to the terminal after the string has
been printed.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
char name[20];
puts(“enter the name”);
gets(name);
puts(name);
7.Give a brief account on character related I/O functions.Nov’12
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Single character input functions –
getchar() function
It is used to accept a single character from the keyboard and assigns it to character variable
Syntax:
char variable =getchar();
Example:
char c;
c=getchar();
Single character output functions
putchar()
this function is used to display or write a single character on to the standard output
device.
Syntax:
Where variable name should be a character type variable.
String output functions
puts() function
It is used to display a string of characters including blank spaces to the standard output device.
Syntax:
puts(st)
been printed.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
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void main()
char name[20];
gets(name);
puts(name);
8.Compare while & for loops. Nov’13
While For
Syntax: Syntax:
while (expression) for (initialization; condition; increment or

decrement)
{ {
body of the loop body of the loop
}
next statement }
next statement
Entry controlled loop Entry controlled loop
In while loop, initialization is done prior to In for loop, initialization, condition and
the beginning of the loop, , condition is increment or decrement statements are all
given at the end and increment or put together in one line
decrement statements are given in the
body of the loop
The number of iterations can be identified The number of iterations can be identified
at the time of execution. before it starts execution.
Sentinel–controlled loop or indefinite Counter–controlled loop or definite

repetition loop repetition loop
9.Discuss the use of break and continue statement with examples. Nov’13
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BREAK STATEMENT CONTINUE STATEMENT
It is used to transfer control of the program It is used to skip some statement of the
outside loop or switch statement either loop and moves to the next iteration of the
conditionally or unconditionally. loop.
It is used in loop as well as switch case It is used only within loop because the
statement code has no effect in switch case statement
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{ {
if(i%5==0) if(i%5==0)
break; continue;
else else
printf(“%d\t”,&i); printf(“%d\t”,&i);
} }
Output: Output:
1234 12346789
10.Explain the function of while statement with an example.Nov’14
Refer APRIL 2016-10 MARKS Q&A.(Looping structures in C)
11.Explain the execution of for loop with an example. (Nov.2015)
Refer APRIL 2016-10 MARKS Q&A.(Looping structures in C)
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12.Write a ‘C’ program to compute the sum of the digits of a given integer numbers.Nov’14
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
int n,r,sum=0;
printf(“\nEnter the number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
do
r=n%10;
n=n/10;
sum=sum+r;
}while(n>0);
printf(“The sum of the digit is: %d”,sum);
Output:Enter the number:7895
The sum of the digit is 29
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UNIT – III
1.Distinguish between Automatic and External variables.Give examples.NOV’15
AUTOMATIC VARIABLES EXTERNAL VARIABLES
1.Automatic variable are declared inside a External variables are declared before the main
function in which they are local or private to function i.e outside the function.
the function.
2.It is used only within the function It is used throughout the program.
3.It is private or local to the function in which it is It is global to all functions.

declared.
4.Variable can be declared with keyword Auto. It is also declared with keyword extern.
5.Example : Example :
main( ) Extern int v;
{ main( )
int a=10; {
func1( ); V=5;
Printf(“\n a = %d”,a); Func1( );
Printf(“\n b = %d”,b); Printf(“\n v = %d”,v);
}
} Void func1( )
Void func1( ) {
{ V=10;
Auto b=20; Printf(“\n”,v = %d”,v);
Printf(“\n”,b = %d”,b); }
}
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Output: Output: v = 5
b = 20 V=10
b=0
a = 10
2.Write about External and Static variables with examples.NOV’13

OR
Explain the concept of any two storage classes in c.Apr.14
External variables:
Variables that are alive and active throughout the entire program are known as
External Variables.They are also called as Global variables.External variable are declared outside
the function.
Example:
Extern int v;
main( )
V=5;
func1( );
printf(“\n v = %d”,v);
void func1( )
v=10;
printf(“\n”,v = %d”,v);
Output:
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v=5
v=10
Static Variables:
Static Variable retain its value till the end of the program.It is declared using keyword
static.A static variable may be either an internal type or an external type.
Example:
main( )
int i;
for(i=1;i<=2;i++)
func1( );
void func1( )
Static int x=0;
x=x+1;
printf(“x = %d”,x);
Output:
x=1
x=2
3.Give a brief account on Function prototype.NOV’14
OR
What are function prototypes?Explain with examples.APR’15
55
All functions must be declared before they are invoked.Afunction declaration also known as
function prototype consists of four parts.
• Function type (return type)

• Function name
• Parameter list
• Terminating semicolon
The following format :
Function-type function-name(parameter list);
Example:
Int mul(int m, int n);
The return type is int type data which is the function type and returns an integer value.
The return type must be void if no value is returned.
The function name is mul.
The parameters list separated by commas and they are m,n which is a type of integer.
The function declaration must end with semicolon.
4.Write a note on storage classes in c.NOV’12,APR’13
1.Automatic variable
2.External variable
3.Register variable
4.Static variable
1.Automatic variable are declared inside a function in which they are local or private to the
function with keyword Auto. Hence it is also known as local or internal variables.
Example :
main( )
int a=10;
56
func1( );
printf(“\n a = %d”,a);
printf(“\n b = %d”,b);
void func1( )
Auto b=20;
printf(“\n”,b = %d”,b);
Output:
b = 20
b=0
a = 10
2.External variables are declared outside a fuction with keyword Extern. Hence it is also known
as global variables.
Example :
Extern int v;
main( )
V=5;
Func1( );
Printf(“\n v = %d”,v);
Void func1( )
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V=10;
Output:
v=5
v=10
3.Static Variable retain its value till the end of the program.It is declared using keyword static.
Its scope is only with in the functionand it is never initialized again.
Example:
main( )
int i;
for(i=1;i<=2;i++)
func1( );
void func1( )
Static int x=0;
x=x+1;
Output:
x=1
x=2
Register variables which are stored in the register are called register variable.
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The general format is
Example:
Void main( )
Register int i = 30;
Printf(“%d”,i);
Output:
i=30
5.What is recursion?Explain with example.APR’12
Recursion is a function that call itself again and again until some condition is statisfied.Recursive
functions normally take less memory space than normal functions.The coding size is also become
small.
Example:
int fact(int);
main( )
int n,r;
printf(“Enter n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
r=fact(n);
printf(“factorial = “,r);
int fact(int n )
59
{
int f;
if(n==1)
return(1);
else
f=n*fact(n-1);
return(f);
Output:
n=3
factorial = 6.
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UNIT – IV
1.Write a note on union.Nov’14
Union are derived datatype.union is similar to structure but use the same location for all the
members of union.It is declared with keyword union as follows
union tag-name
data type member1;
data type member2;
------------ --------
------------ ---------
Example:
union item
int m;
float x;
char c;
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}code;
This declares a variable code of type union item which contains three members with different data
type. However only one of them can be used at a time.
This is due to the fact that only one location is allocated for a union variable, irrespective of its
size.
The compiler allocates the storage that is large enough to hold largest variable type in the union.
In the union declared above the member x requires 4 bytes which is largest among the members in
16-bit machine. Other members of union will share the same address.
The main advantage of union is they conserve memory that is shared by two or more variables
2.How will you define and process one dimensional arrays in c?Give examples.Nov’13
A list of items can be given in one variable name using only one subscript and such a variable is
called one dimensional arrays.
The general form of array declaration is
datatype variable-name[size];
The data type specfies the type of element contained in the array such as int,float or char and sizes
indicates the maximum number of elements stored inside the array.
Example:
int group[10];
declares the group as an array to contain a maximum of 10 integer values.
Similarly,
char name[10];
This declaration will reserve ten contiguous memory locations capable of storing an character type
as shown below
‘W’
‘E’
‘L’
‘C’
‘O’
‘M’
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‘E’
‘\O’
When declaring character arrays one extra element allowed for null character.And ensure that the
array should not exceed the declared limits.In the above exampled we can use 10 numbers or 10
characters not more than that.
3.What are unions?Compare then with structures.Nov’13
Unions are conceptually similar to structures. The syntax of union is also similar to that of
structure. The only differences is in terms of storage.
In structure each member has its own storage location, whereas all members of union uses a single
shared memory location which is equal to the size of its largest data member.
This implies that although a union may contain many members of different types, it cannot
handle all the members at same time. A union is declared using union keyword.
union item
{
int m;
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float x;
char c;
}It1;
This declares a variable It1 of type union item.
This union contains three members each with a different data type. However only one of them can
be used at a time.
This is due to the fact that only one location is allocated for a union variable, irrespective of its
size.
The compiler allocates the storage that is large enough to hold largest variable type in the union.
In the union declared above the member x requires 4 bytes which is largest among the members
in 16-bit machine. Other members of union will share the same address.
4.Summarize the rules for writing a one-dimenasional array definition.Apr’15
a. A list of items can be given in one variable name using only one subscript and such a
variable isone dimensional arrays.
b. The declaration of array will reserve contiguous memory locations capable of storing an
any data type .
c. When declaring character arrays one extra element should be allowed for null character.
d. Ensure that the array should not exceed the declared limits.
e. The declared date type and the given input should be of same type.
5.Write a short notes on multidimensional arrays.Apr’14
Three or more dimensional arrays are called multidimensional arrays.
The general form is
datatype arrayname[size1][size2][size3]….[size n];
Example: int survey[3][5][12];
Survey is a three dimensionsal array declared to contain 180 integer type values.
The array survey represents the survey data of rainfall during the last three years from January to
December in five cities.
In the first index denote year, the second city and the third month,then the array survey[2][3][10]
denoted the rainfall in the month of October during the second year in city-3.
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Three-dimensional array can be represented as a series of two dimensional arrays as shown below:
Year 1
Month 1 2 …………….. 12
City
1
.
.
.
.
.
5
Year 2
Month 1 2 …………….. 12
City
1
.
.
.
.
.
5
6.How to pass an array to function?Explain.Apr’12
To pass one-dimensional array to called function.It must be defined as
void largest(float array[ ],int size)
The function largest is defined with two arguments the array name and size of the array to specify
the number of elements in the array.
The declaration of the formal argument array is
float array[ ];
The square brackets informs that it is not necessary to specify the size of the array
The function used in main function as
main()
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int n;
void getdata(float a[ ],int n);
void getdata(float a[ ],int n)
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf(“%f”,a[i]);
To pass multidimensional array the rules are simple
• The function must be called by passing only array name.

• In the function definition,must indicate the array has two-dimensionals.
• The size of the second dimensional must specified.
• The prototype declaration should be similar to function header.
The function given below array in two dimensional array as
void rowcol(int x[ ][n],int m,int n)
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=1;j<n;J++)
Scanf(“%d”,x[i][j]);
main()
int m,n;
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void rowcol(int [ ][n], int, int)
UNIT – V
1.Write a short notes on ‘pointers’.Nov’15 & Apr’13
Whenever a variable is declared, system will allocate a location to that variable in the memory, to
hold value. This location will have its own address number.
Let us assume that system has allocated memory location 80F for a variable a.
int a = 10 ;
We can access the value 10 by either using the variable name a or the address 80F. Since the
memory addresses are simply numbers they can be assigned to some other variable. The variable
that holds memory address are called pointer .
A pointer variable is therefore nothing but a variable that contains an address, which is a location
of another variable. Value of pointer variable will be stored in another memory location.
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2.List the various rules of pointer operations. Nov’15
The following rules are when performing operations on pointer.

1. A pointer variable can be assigned the address of another variable.
2. A pointer variable can be assigned the values of another pointer variable.
3. A pointer variable can be initialized with NULL or zero value.
4. A pointer variable can be pre-fixed or post-fixed with increment or decrement operaors.
5. An integer value may be added or subtracted from a pointer variable.
3.What is a pointer?How pointer varaibles are declared?Explain.Nov’14
Or
What is a pointer?How pointer varaibles are declared in c?Apr’13
The variable that holds memory address are called pointer .
General syntax of pointer declaration is,

data-type *pointer_name;
The asterisk(*) tells that variable is pointer variable.
Pointer name point to variable of type data type .
Pointer name needs a memory location.
Example
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int *p;
declares the variable p as the pointer variable that point to an integer data type.The type int refers
to the data type of the variable being pointed to by p and not the type of the value of pointer.
4.Give a brief account on array of pointers.Nov’12
using a pointer to point to an Array, is that pointer to access the array.
Lets have an example,

int i;
int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *p = a; // same as int*p = &a[0]
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf("%d", *p);
p++;
}
In the above program, the pointer *p will print all the values stored in the array one by one. It can
also use the Base address (a in above case) to act as pointer and print all the values.
5.Explain the different modes of opening a file.Nov’12
Or
Describe various modes of opening a data file.Apr’12
This is the different file access mode when opening a file. It includes −
Mode Description
"r" Opens a file for reading. The file must exist.
"w" Creates an empty file for writing. If a file with the same name already exists, its
content is erased and the file is considered as a new empty file.
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"a" Appends to a file. Writing operations, append data at the end of the file. The file is
created if it does not exist.
"r+" Opens a file to update both reading and writing. The file must exist.
"w+" Creates an empty file for both reading and writing.
"a+" Opens a file for reading and appending.
6.Describe the declaration and initialization of pointer variable.Apr’14
General syntax of pointer declaration is,

data-type *pointer_name;
The asterisk(*) tells that variable is pointer variable.
Pointer name point to variable of type data type .
Pointer name needs a memory location.
Example
int *p;
declares the variable p as the pointer variable that point to an integer data type.The type int refers
to the data type of the variable being pointed to by p and not the type of the value of pointer.
Initialization of Pointer variable
Pointer Initialization is the process of assigning address of a variable to pointer variable. Pointer
variable contains address of variable of same data type.
int a = 10 ;
int *ptr ; //pointer declaration
ptr = &a ; //pointer initialization
or,
int *ptr = &a ; //initialization and declaration together
Pointer variable always points to same type of data.
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float a;
int *ptr;
ptr = &a; //ERROR, type mismatch
7.Explain the concept of opening and closing a file.Apr’14
fopen
To open a file need to use the fopen function, which returns a FILE pointer. Once file opened the
file pointer let the compiler perform input and output functions on the file.
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("filename”,”mode”);
The file opens the named filename and assigns an identifier to file type pointer fp.
fopen modes
The allowed modes for fopen are as follows:
r - open for reading

w - open for writing (file need not exist)
a - open for appending (file need not exist)
r+ - open for reading and writing, start at beginning
w+ - open for reading and writing (overwrite file)
a+ - open for reading and writing (append if file exists)
Here's a simple example of using fopen:
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("c:\\test.txt", "r");
This code will open test.txt for reading in text mode.
fclose
When you're done working with a file, you should close it using the function
int fclose(FILE *a_file);
71
fclose returns zero if the file is closed successfully.
An example of fclose is
fclose(fp);
8.Write a c program to diplay array elements and their corresponding array address.Apr’15
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define size 10
main()
int a[3] = { 11, 22, 33 };
printf("\n a[0] ,value=%d : address=%u", a[0], &a[0]);
OUTPUT:
a[0] ,value=11 : address=2358832
9.Explain the different file types that can be specified by the fopen( ) function.Apr’16
Filename is a string of characters that make valid filename.It contain two parts,a primary name
and an optional period with extension.
72
Example:
Input.data
Store
Prog.c
Student.c
Text.out
Data structure of a file is defined as FILE in the library of standard I/O function
definition.Therefore all files should be declared as type FILE before they are used.FILE is a
defined data type.
File *fp;
10.Write a note on operation on pointers.Apr’12
To add integers to or subtract integers from pointers,as well as subtract one pointer from another.
The examples are
Int *p1,*p2,a,b,x,y;
a=12;
b=4;
p1=&a;
p2=&b;
x=(*p1)+(*p2);
y=(*p1)-(*p2;)
x=*p1+5;
y=*p2-3;
For multiplication and division
x=(*p1) * (*p2);
y=(*p1)/(*p2);
x=*p1*3;
y=*p2/2;
To increment or decrement pointer
int *i;
i++;
i--;
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In the above case, pointer will be of 2 bytes. And when we increment it, it will increment by 2
bytes because int is also of 2 bytes. And when we decrement it, it will decrement by 2 bytes ..
float *i;
i++;
i--;
In this case, when we increment it, it will increment by 4 bytes because float is of 4 bytes.
11.Write a c program that reads the values of three sides of a triangle and display either its
area or its perimeter as per the request of the user using function. (Given the three sides a,b
and c;perimeter=a+b+c;
Area of a Triangle = √(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));Where s = (a + b + c)/2 ).APR’13
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
float Area of Triangle and perimeter(float, float, float);
main()
float a, b, c, Area;
printf("\n Please Enter the three sides of triangle\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
Area = Area of Triangle(a, b, c);
printf("\nArea of triangle = %.2f\n", Area);
return 0;
float Area of Triangle and perimeter( float a, float b, float c )
74
float s, Area,perimeter;
s = (a+b+c)/2;
Area = sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
return Area;
10 – MARKS
UNIT – I
1.List and explain different categories of operators in C with suitable Examples.APR’14(or)
Describe the various types of operators in C. NOV’14 (or)Explain the various operators
supported by the C language. APR’12
Operator:-
An operator is a symbol which helps the user to command the computer to do a certain
mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in C language program to operate on
data and variables. C has a rich set of operators which can be classified as
1.Arithmetic operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Increments and Decrement Operators
6. Conditional Operators
7. Bitwise Operators
8.Special operators.
Arithmetic operator
It is used to perform arithmetic operations. All the basic arithmetic operations can be carried
out in C.
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+ For performing Addition
- For performing Subtraction
/ For performing Division
* For performing Multiplication
% Modulo for finding remainder in division operation
Arithmetic operators can be classified into 3 categories.
1) Integer arithmetic
2) Real arithmetic
3) Mixed mode arithmetic
1)Integer Arithmetic
When an arithmetic operation is performed on two whole numbers or integers than such an
operation is called as integer arithmetic. It always gives an integer as the result. Let x = 27 and y = 5 be 2
integer numbers. Then the integer operation leads to the following results.
x + y = 32
x – y = 22
x * y = 115
x%y=2
x/y=5
In integer division the fractional part is truncated.
2) Floating point arithmetic

When an arithmetic operation is preformed on two real numbers or fraction numbers such an
operation is called floating point arithmetic. The floating point results can be truncated according to the
properties requirement. The remainder operator is not applicable for floating point arithmetic operands.
Let x = 14.0 and y = 4.0 then
x + y = 18.0
x – y = 10.0
x * y = 56.0
x / y = 3.50
3)Mixed mode arithmetic

When one of the operand is real and other is an integer and if the arithmetic operation is
carried out on these 2 operands then it is called as mixed mode arithmetic. If any one operand is
of real type then the result will always be real thus 15/10.0 = 1.5
2. Relational Operators
It is used to compare the relationship between operands and bring out a decision and
program accordingly. C supports the following relational operators.
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Operator Meaning
< is less than
<= is less than or equal to
> is greater than
>= is greater than or equal to
== is equal to
!= is not equal to
It is required to compare the marks of 2 students, salary of 2 persons, we can compare them using
relational operators. A simple relational expression contains only one relational operator and takes the
following
exp1relationaloperatorexp2
Where exp1 and exp2 are expressions, which may be simple constants, variables or combination of
them. Given below is a list of examples of relational expressions and evaluated values.
6.5 <= 25 TRUE

-65 > 0 FALSE
20 < 7 + 5 TRUE
3. Logical Operators
C has the following logical operators, they compare or evaluate logical and relational
expressions.
Operator Meaning
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT
Logical AND (&&)

This operator is used to evaluate 2 conditions or expressions with relational operators
simultaneously. If both the expressions to the left and to the right of the logical operator is true
then the whole compound expression is true.
Example
a > b && x = = 10
The expression to the left is a > b and that on the right is x == 10 the whole expression is
true only if both expressions are true i.e., if a is greater than b and x is equal to 10.
Logical OR (||)
The logical OR is used to combine 2 expressions or the condition evaluates to true if any one of
the 2 expressions is true.
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Example
a < m || a < n
The expression evaluates to true if any one of them is true or if both of them are true. It evaluates
to true if a is less than either m or n and when a is less than both m and n.
Logical NOT (!)

The logical not operator takes single expression and evaluates to true if the expression is false and
evaluates to false if the expression is true. In other words it just reverses the value of the expression.
For example
! (x >= y) the NOT expression evaluates to true only if the value of x is neither greater than or
equal to y
4. Assignment Operators
The Assignment Operator evaluates an expression on the right of the expression and substitutes it
to the value or variable on the left of the expression.
Example
x=a+b
Here the value of a + b is evaluated and substituted to the variable x. In addition, C has a set of
shorthand assignment operators of the form.
var operator = exp;
Here var is a variable, exp is an expression and oper is a C binary arithmetic operator. The
operator oper = is known as shorthand assignment operator
Example
x + = 1 is same as x = x + 1
The commonly used shorthand assignment operators are as follows
Shorthand assignment operators
Statement with simple Statement with

assignment operator shorthand operator
a=a+1 a += 1
a=a–1 a -= 1
a = a * (n+1) a *= (n+1)
a = a / (n+1) a /= (n+1)
a=a%b a %= b
5. Increment and Decrement Operators
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The increment and decrement operators are one of the unary operators which are very
useful in C language. They are extensively used in for and while loops. The syntax of the operators
is given below
1.++ variable name
2. variable name++
3. – –variable name
4. variable name– –
The increment operator ++ adds the value 1 to the current value of operand and the
decrement operator – – subtracts the value 1 from the current value of operand. ++variable name
and variable name++ mean the same thing when they form statements independently, they
behave differently when they are used in expression on the right hand side of an assignment
statement.
Consider the following
m = 5;
y = ++m; (prefix)
In this case the value of y and m would be 6
Suppose if we rewrite the above statement as
m = 5;
y = m++; (post fix)
Then the value of y will be 5 and that of m will be 6. A prefix operator first adds 1 to the operand and
then the result is assigned to the variable on the left. On the other hand, a postfix operator first assigns
the value to the variable on the left and then increments the operand.
6. Conditional or Ternary Operator

The conditional operator consists of 2 symbols the question mark (?) and the colon (:)
The syntax for a ternary operator is as follows
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3 ;
The ternary operator works as follows
exp1 is evaluated first.
If the expression is true then exp2 is evaluated & its value becomes the value of the expression.
If exp1 is false, exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression. Note that
only one of the expression is evaluated.
For example
a = 10;
b = 15;
x = (a > b) ? a : b;
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7. Bitwise Operators
C has a distinction of supporting special operators known as bitwise operators for manipulation
data at bit level. A bitwise operator operates on each bit of data. Those operators are used for
testing, complementing or shifting bits to the right on left. Bitwise operators may not be applied
to a float or double.
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise Exclusive
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
8. Special Operators
C supports some special operators of interest such as comma operator, size of operator, pointer
operators (& and *) and member selection operators (. and ->). The size of and the comma
operators are discussed here.
The Comma Operator
The comma operator can be used to link related expressions together. A comma-linked list of
expressions are evaluated left to right and value of right most expression is the value of the
combined expression.
For example the statement
value = (x = 10, y = 5, x + y);
First assigns 10 to x and 5 to y and finally assigns 15 to value. Since comma has the lowest
precedence in operators the parenthesis is necessary. Some examples of comma operator are
The size of Operator
The operator size of gives the size of the data type or variable in terms of bytes occupied in the
memory. The operand may be a variable, a constant or a data type qualifier.
Example
m = sizeof (sum);
n = sizeof (long int);
k = sizeof (235L);
The size of operator is normally used to determine the lengths of arrays and structures when their
sizes are not known to the programmer. It is also used to allocate memory space dynamically to
variables during the execution of the program.
2. Describe any ten commonly used library functions in C.APR’16, NOV’12
Library functions in C language are inbuilt functions which are grouped together and placed in a
common place called library.
Each library function in C performs specific operation.
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We can make use of these library functions to get the pre-defined output instead of writing our
own code to get those outputs.
These library functions are created by the persons who designed and created C compilers.
All C standard library functions are declared in many header files which are saved as file_name.h.
Actually, function declaration, definition for macros are given in all header files.
We are including these header files in our C program using “#include<file_name.h>” command to
make use of the functions those are declared in the header files.
When we include header files in our C program using “#include<filename.h>” command, all C
code of the header files are included in C program. Then, this C program is compiled by compiler
and executed.
List of most used header files in C:

Header Example
S.No Description
file
This is standard input/output header file in which Printf(),scanf(),getc(),putc()
1 stdio.h
Input/Output functions are declared
2 conio.h This is console input/output header file Clrscr(),getch()
All string related functions are defined in this Strlen(),strrev(),strcmp(),strcpy()
3 string.h
header file
All maths related functions are defined in this Sin(),cos(),exp(),tan(),abs(),pow()
4 math.h
header file
All character handling functions are defined in this Isdigit(),islower(),isupper()
5 ctype.h
header file
1.<stdio.h>:-
. scanf() -> It is used to read the values
. prinf() -> It is used to write the values
. getc() -> It is used to read the character from a file
. putc() -> It is used to write a character from a file
. fclose() -> It is used to close a file
.feof() -> Determine if an end of file condition has been reached
2.<conio.h>

1 clrscr() This function is used to clear the output screen.
2 getch() It reads character from keyboard
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3 getche() It reads character from keyboard and echoes to o/p screen
3.<string.h>
A set of simple string manipulation functions are implemented in <string.h>, or on some

systems in <strings.h>.The string library (string.h or strings.h) has some useful functions for
working with strings, like strcpy, strcat, strcmp, strlen, strcoll, etc. We will take a look at some of
these string operations.
Strcpy:
This library function is used to copy a string.
strone = "abc";
strtwo = "def";
strcpy(strone , strtwo); // strone becomes "def"
strcmp:
This library function is used to compare two strings and can be used like this: strcmp(str1, str2).
• If the first string is greater than the second string a number greater than null is returned.
• If the first string is less than the second string a number less than null is returned.
• If the first and the second string are equal a null is returned.
eg:
printf("Enter you name: ");

scanf("%s", name);
if( strcmp( name, "jane" ) == 0 )
printf("Hello, jane!\n");
strcat:
This library function concatenates a string onto the end of the other string. The result is returned.
example:
printf("Enter you age: ");

scanf("%s", age);
result = strcat( age, " years old." ) == 0 )
printf("You are %s\n", result);
strlen:
This library function returns the length of a string. (All characters before the null termination.)
example:
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name = "jane";
result = strlen(name); //Will return size of four.
4.Math.h
1.Sin(x):-
The C library function double sin(double x) returns the sine of a radian angle x.
Eg: sin(30)=0.5
2.Cos(x):-
It is used to find cos value
Eg: cos(30)=0.866
3.Tan(x):-
It is used to find tan value
Eg: tan(30)=0.577
4.Exp(x):-
It is used to find exp value
Eg: exp(30)=1.68
5.Sqrt(x):-
It is used to find sqrt value
Eg: sqrt(25)=5
6.Abs(x):-
It is used to find abs value
Eg: abs(-30)=30
7.Ceil(x):-
It is used to returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
Eg: ceil(15.99)=16
Ceil(15.01)=16
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8.floor(x):-
It is used to returns the greatest integer lesser than or equal to x.
Eg: ceil(15.99)=15
Ceil(15.01)=15
4.<ctype.h>
1 int isalnum(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is alphanumeric.
Eg: isalnum ('a') = true
2 int isalpha(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is alphabetic.
Eg: isalpha(c) = true
3 int isdigit(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is decimal digit.
Eg: isdigit('0') = true
4 int islower(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is lowercase letter.
Eg: islower('a') = true
5 int isupper(int c)
This function checks whether the passed character is an uppercase letter.
Eg: isupper('A') = true
6 int tolower(int c)
This function converts uppercase letters to lowercase.
Eg: tolower('A') = a
7 int toupper(int c)
This function converts lowercase letters to uppercase.
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Eg: toupper('a') = A
3. Discuss various types of constants in C. NOV’15
Constants refers to fixed value that do not changed during the execution of the program.
The constants has several types.They are shown below.
Constants
Numeric constants Character constants
Integer constants Real constants single character String constants
Constants
Integer constants:
An integer constant refers to a sequence of digits. There are 3 types of integer constants.
1.Decimal integer
2.Octal integer
3.Hexa decimal integer
1.Decimal integer:
It consists of set of values from 0 to 9.
Eg: 123
-123
78
2.Octal Integer:
85
• It consists of any combinations of digits taken from the set 0 through 7.
• If a constant contains two or more digits, the first digit must be 0.
• In programming, octal numbers are used.
Valid: 037 0 0435

Invalid:
0786 - Illegal digit 8
123 - Does not begin with zero
01.2 - Illegal character (.)
3.Hexadecimal Integer:
• It consists of any combinations of digits taken from the set 0 through 7 andalso a through
f (either uppercase or lowercase).
• The letters a through f (or A through F) represent the decimal quantities 10 through 15
respectively.
• This constant must begin with either 0x or 0X.
• In programming, hexadecimal numbers are used.
Valid Hexadecimal Integer Constant: 0x 0X1 0x7F

Invalid Hexadecimal Integer Constant:
0xefg - Illegal character g
123 - Does not begin with 0x
Real Constants:
Numbers with fractional part are called real constants. These are often called as floating
point constants. Real constants are generally represented in two forms are fractional form and
exponential form. Fractional form is the general form of representing a floating point value,
exponential or scientific form is used when the value is so big or so small. Exponential form has
two parts. The part before appearing to E is called mantissa and the part following E is called
exponent. Here the mantissa must be multiplied by 10êxponent for example 345.25E-4 is equal
to 345.25*10-4 and 4.56E4 is equal to 4.56*104.
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Rules for real constants in fractional form:
• It must be a number
• It can be either +ve or –ve but by default it is a positive number
• It must have one decimal point.
• No commas and spaces are used in a number
Eg:
+234.45
-34.02
12.0
0.0
Single character constants:
Syntax:-
char variable_name=’singlecharacter’;
Eg:-
11. ‘a’
12. ‘1’
13. ‘#’
14. ‘<‘
15. ‘X’
Invalid constants: ‫ۥ‬123‫ۥ‬ - Length should be 1

String Constants:
A character string, a string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in double

quotes. A string constant may consist of any combination of digits, letters, escaped
eg: - "W" "100" "24, Kaja Street"
Back slash character constants or escape sequence:
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Escape sequences are used to represent certain special characters within string literals and
character literals.The following escape sequences are available (extra escape sequences may be
provided with implementation-defined semantics):
Escape
Description
sequence
\' single quote
\" double quote
\? question mark
\\ backslash
\a audible bell
\b backspace
\f form feed - new page
\n line feed - new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
4.. (a) Describe the four data types in C. APR’13

(b) Explain the use of conditional operator in C with an example. APR’13
a) data type:-
C data types are defined as the data storage format that a variable can store a data to perform a
specific operation. Data types are used to define a variable before to use in a program. Size of
variable, constant and array are determined by data types.
C – data types:
There are four data types in C language. They are,
S.no Types Data Types
1 Basic data types int, char, float, double
2 Enumeration data type Enum
3 Derived data type pointer, array, structure, union
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4 Void data type Void
1. Basic data type:
1.1. Integer data type:
➢ Integer data type allows a variable to store numeric values.

➢ “int” keyword is used to refer integer data type.
➢ The storage size of int data type is 2 or 4 or 8 byte.
➢ It varies depend upon the processor in the CPU that we use. If we are using 16 bit
processor, 2 byte (16 bit) of memory will be allocated for int data type.
➢ Like wise, 4 byte (32 bit) of memory for 32 bit processor and 8 byte (64 bit) of memory
for 64 bit processor is allocated for int datatype.
➢ int (2 byte) can store values from -32,768 to +32,767
➢ int (4 byte) can store values from -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.
1.2. Character data type:
• Character data type allows a variable to store only one character.

• Storage size of character data type is 1. We can store only one character using character
data type.
• “char” keyword is used to refer character data type.
• For example, ‘A’ can be stored using char datatype. You can’t store more than one
character using char data type.
1.3. Floating point data type:
Floating point data type consists of 2 types. They are,
5. float
6. double
1. float:
• Float data type allows a variable to store decimal values.

• Storage size of float data type is 4. This also varies depend upon the processor in the CPU
as “int” data type.
• We can use up-to 6 digits after decimal using float data type.
• For example, 10.456789 can be stored in a variable using float data type.
2. double:
• Double data type is also same as float data type which allows up-to 10 digits after decimal.
• The range for double datatype is from 1E–37 to 1E+37.
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datatype will vary depend on the CPU processor (8,16, 32 and 64 bit)
S.No C Data types storage Size Range
1 char 1 –127 to 127
2 int 2 –32,767 to 32,767
3 float 4 1E–37 to 1E+37 with six digits of precision
4 double 8 1E–37 to 1E+37 with ten digits of precision
5 long double 10 1E–37 to 1E+37 with ten digits of precision
6 long int 4 –2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
7 short int 2 –32,767 to 32,767
8 unsigned short int 2 0 to 65,535
9 signed short int 2 –32,767 to 32,767
10 long long int 8 –(2power(63) –1) to 2(power)63 –1
11 signed long int 4 –2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
12 unsigned long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295
13 unsigned long long int 8 2(power)64 –1
2. Enumeration data type:
Enumeration data type consists of named integer constants as a list. It start with 0 (zero) by default
and value is incremented by 1 for the sequential identifiers in the list.
syntax:
enum identifier [optional{ enumerator-list }];
eg:- enum month { Jan, Feb, Mar }; or

/* Jan, Feb and Mar variables will be assigned to 0, 1 and 2 respectively by default */
enum month { Jan = 1, Feb, Mar };
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/* Feb and Mar variables will be assigned to 2 and 3 respectively by default */
3. Derived data type :
Array, pointer, structure and union are called derived data type in C language.
4. Void data type:
Void is an empty data type that has no value. This can be used in functions and pointers.
b) use of conditional operator in C with an example.
Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and returns another value is condition
is false. This operator is also called as ternary operator. ? : is a ternary operator in that it takes
three values. The first argument is a comparison argument, the second is the result upon a true
comparison, and the third is the result upon a false comparison
.
Eg:- (A > 100 ? 0 : 1);

In above example, if A is greater than 100, 0 is returned else 1 is returned. This is equal to if
else conditional statements.
Example program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x=1, y ;
y = ( x ==1 ? 2 : 0 ) ;
printf("x value is %d\n", x);
printf("y value is %d", y);
}
Output:
x value is 2
y value is 2
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UNIT – II
1)Describe the various data I/O functions in ‘C’.-APR’12,NOV’14,NOV’13

The input functions
Single character input function

getchar() function
It is used to accept a single character from the keyboard and assigns it to character variable
Syntax:
char variable =getchar();
Example:
char c;
c=getchar();
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String input function
gets() function
It is used to read a string of characters including blank space from the standard input device.
Syntax:
gets(st)
It is used to read a string of characters and stores the string into the char array ‘st’.
It appends the null character automatically to the end of the string
Example
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char name[20];
printf(“\nenter the name”);

gets(name);
printf(“%s”,name);
}
scanf()
This function is used to enter any combination of numerical values, single character values
and strings.
scanf(“format string”, & var1,&var2,…,&varn);
“format string” contains
%w datatype
%-conversion specification indicator
w-width of input(optional)
datatype-conversion character or type of data given to the variable
&-address operator,this evaluates the address of the variable.
var1,var2,….varn- variable names
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conversion character
%c - single character
%d – decimal integer
%s- string
%f – float value
%g – float value
%e-float value with exponent
Example:
scanf(“%s %d %f”,&bookname,&qty,&price);
programming in C
3
600.00
Output functions:
Single character output function
putchar() function
This function is used to display or write a single character on to standard output device.
Syntax:
where variable name should be a character type variable.
string output functions
puts() function
It is used to display a string of characters including blank spaces to the standard output
device.
syntax:
puts(st)
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been printed.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char name[20];
gets(name);
puts(name);
}
printf() function:
This function is used to display any combination of numerical values, single character
values and strings.
printf(“format string”, var1,var2,…,varn);
“format string” contains
%wp datatype
%-conversion specification indicator
w-width of input(optional)
p-no of digits after the decimal point or no of charactets to be printed on the VDU.
datatype-conversion character or type of data given to the variable
var1,var2,….varn- variable names
Example
printf(“%s\t %d\t %f”,bookname,qty,price);
This statement gives the output like

programming in C 3 600.00
2)Explain the various control statements in ‘C’ with example. Apr’13
3) Explain the different control structures in ‘C’ with examples.-APR’15
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Control statements in ‘C’ are
1. if statement
2. switch statement
3. conditional operator statement

4. goto statement
1. if statement:
The if statement can be of different forms:
➢ simple if statement
➢ if..else statement
➢ if..elseif ladder
➢ nested if..else statement
➢ simple if statement:
It is used to execute or skip one statement or group of statements for a particular
condition.
Syntax:
if(testcondition)
{
Statement block;
}
next statement;
working principle:
when this statement is executed, the system first evaluates the value of the test condition.
If the value is true then the statement block and the next statement get executed
sequentially.If the value is false then the statement block is skipped and the execution starts
from the next statement.
96
Flow diagram
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
printf(“enter the value for n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n<0)
printf(“the given no is a negative”);
}
➢ Nested if..else statement
This is statement is formed by joining if..else statemens either in the if block
or in the else block or both in order to check a series of decisions in a situation.
Syntax:
if(testcondition-1)
{
if(testcondition-2)
{
Statement block-1;
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}
else
{
Statement block-2;
}
}
else
{
Statement block-3
}
Next statement;
Working principle:
The system first evaluates the value of test condition-1. If it is false, the control is
transferred to statement block-3.
If the result is true, test condition-2 is evaluated. If the result is true, statement
block1 is executed and the control is transferred to the next statement. Else , statement
block-2 is executed and the control is transferred to the next statement.
Flow diagram:
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Example:
/*Biggest or Largest of 3 given numbers using nested if */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“\nBiggest value is “);

if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
printf(“a=%d\n”,a);
Else
printf(“c=%d\n”,c);
}
else
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{
if(c>b)
printf(“c=%d\n”,c);
else
printf(“b=%d\n”,b);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a,b,c;
50 100 70
Biggest value is b=100
2. Switch statement:
Switch statement tests the value of a given variable (or expression) against a list of
case values and when a match is found, a block of statements associated with that case is
executed.
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case label1:
Statement Block-1;
break;
case label2:
Statement Block-2;
break;
…
case labeln:
Statement Block-n;
break;
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default:
default block statement;
}
next statement
When this statement is executed, the system first evaluates the value of the expression. Then the
value is successfully compared with the cases such as case label1,case label2,…,case labeln. If a
case label matches with the value, then the corresponding statement block is executed. Then the
control is transferred to the next statement.If none of the cases matches with the value, the default
statement block is executed.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int choice;
printf(“\nEnter ur choice\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf(“\nSunday”);
break;
case 2:
printf(“\nMonday”);
break;
case 3:
printf(“\nTuesday”);
break;
case 4:
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printf(“\nWednesday”);
break;
case 5:
printf(“\nThursday”);
break;
case 6:
printf(“\nFriday”);
break;
case 7:
printf(“\nSaturday);
break;
default:
printf(“\n Enter ur choice as 1-7\n”));
}
printf(“End of the program”);
}
3.conditional operator statement(?:):
It is also known as ternary operator.

Syntax:
Exp1?exp2:exp3;
Working principle:
First exp1 is evaluated, if the result is true, then exp2 is evaluated become s the value of the
expression
if the result is false, then exp3 is evaluated become s the value of the expression
Example:
a=10;
b=15;
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x=(a>b)?a:b;
OUTPUT:
x=b or x=15
4.goto statement:
This statement is used to branch the program unconditionally from one point to another in
a program.
It requires a label in order to identify the place where to move.
Syntax:
Goto label;
---------
--------
Label:
Statement;
The label can anywhere in the program either before or after the goto statement.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
printf(“\nEnter n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n%2==0)
goto L1;
else
goto L2;
L1:
printf(“\nthe given number is even”);
L2:
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printf(“\nthe given number is odd”);
}
4)Write a ‘C’ program to calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
AX2 + BX + C = 0-(Apr’15,NO’13)
/* program to calculate the roots of a quadratic equation AX 2 + BX + C = 0*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,r;
float r1,r2;
printf(“\nEnter the value for a,b,c:\n”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
r=b*b-4*a*c;
if(r==0)
{
printf(“The two roots are real and equal”);
r1=-b/(2.0*a);
r2=-b/(2.0*a);
printf(“\nRoot1=%f Root2=%f”,r1,r2);
}
else if(r>0)
{
printf(“The two roots are real and unequal”);
r1=(-b+sqrt(r))/(2.0*a);
r2=(-b-sqrt(r))/(2.0*a);
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}
else
{
printf(“The two roots are real and imaginary”);

r=abs(r);
r1=(-b)/(2.0*a);
r2=(sqrt(r))/(2.0*a);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the value for a,b,c : 1 2 1
The two roots are real and equal
r1=-1.000000 r2=-1.000000

The two roots are real and unequal
r1=-1.000000 r2=-1.500000

The two roots are real and imaginary
r1=-0.333333 r2=0.942809
5)Describe the loop control statements in ‘C’ with examples.-Apr’16,APR’14
Loop control statements in c are used to execute a group of statements repeatedly until some
condition is satisfied. The looping statements in c are
Entry controlled statements
i) While statement
ii) For statement
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Exit controlled statement
iii) Do-while statement
Entry controlled statements

i)while statement:
The while loop tests its condition before execution of the contents of the loop begins;
syntax:
{
body of the loop
}
next statement;
Working principle:
if the test condition is true, the body of the loop will be executed, then the control is
if the test condition is false, the block of code is never executed, then the control is
FLOW DIAGRAM:
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
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int i=0,n,sum=0;
printf”\nEnter the value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
while(i<=n)
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
printf(“\nThe sum is %d”,sum);
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of n 3
The sum is 6
ii)for loop:
It is used to execute a statement or group of statements repeatedly for a known number of
time.
syntax:
for (intialization; condition; increment or decrement)
{
body of the loop
}
next statement;
intialization : intial value to the loop variable or index variable
condition : conditional expression that specifies the condition that will terminate the iteration
process and the iteration stops when this condition returns ‘false’ value.
increment or decrement statement: an assignment statement that may be an increment or
decrement value of the index variable.
Working principle:
When the for statement is executed, the value of the control variable is initialized and tested
with the test condition.
If the condition is true, the body of the loop is executed and control is transferred to the for
statement. The value of control variable is then incremented or decremented.
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If the condition is false, then the control is transferred to the next statement.
Flow Diagram:
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0,n,sum=0;
printf(“Enter the value for n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf(“the sum =%d”,sum);
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of n
3
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Sum=6
Exit controlled statement
do-while statement
syntax:
do
{
body of the loop
} while (condition);
next statement;
working principle:
when this statement is executed, first its body of the loop is executed at least once before
checking the condition. Then the condition will be checked.
If the test condition is true, the body of the loop is executed repeatedly until the condition
becomes false, then the control is transferred to next statement.
If the test condition is false, the block of code is executed atleast once, then the control is
Flow Diagram:
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
109
int i=0,n,sum=0;
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
do
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}while(i<=n);
printf(“The sum is: %d”,sum);
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of n
3
The sum is 6
6)Explain the various branching statements in ‘C’ with examples.( Nov.2012)
There are two types of branching statements in ‘C’,
i. Simple branching
ii. Multiple branching
i.Simple branching:
a.simple if statement
it is used to execute or skip one statement or group of statements for a particular condition.
Syntax:
if(testcondition)
{
Statement block;
}
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next statement;
working principle:
from the next statement
Flow diagram:
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n<0)
}
ii.Switch statement:
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Switch statement tests the value of a given variable (or expression) against a list of case
values and when a match is found, a block of statements associated with that case is
executed.
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case label1:
Statement Block-1;
break;
case label2:
Statement Block-2;
break;
case labeln:
Statement Block-n;
break;
default:
default block statement;
}
next statement
FLOW DIAGRAM:
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WORKING PRINCIPLE:
When this statement is executed, the system first evaluates the value of the expression. Then the
value is successfully compared with the cases such as case label1,case label2,…,case labeln. If a
case label matches with the value, then the corresponding statement block is executed. Then the
control is transferred to the next statement.
If none of the cases matches with the value, the default statement block is executed.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int choice,a,b,c;
printf(“\nEnter a and b\n”);
scanf(“%d %d”,&a,&b);
printf(“\nEnter ur choice:1- ADDITION,2-SUBTRACTION,3-MULTIPLICATION,4-
DIVISION\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
switch(choice)
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{
case 1:
printf(“\nADDITION PERFORMED\n”);
c=a+b;
break;
case 2:
printf(“\nSUBTRACTION PERFORMED\n”);
c=a-b;
break;
case 3:
printf(“\NMULTIPLICATION PERFORMED\n”);
c=a*b;
break;
case 4:
printf(“\NDIVISION PERFORMED\n”);
c=a/b;
break;
default:
printf(“\n Enter ur choice as 1-4\n”));

}
printf(“The value of c is %d”,c);
}
7) What are the various forms of ‘if’ statement? Explain any two of them with syntax and
examples.( Nov.2015)
The various forms of if statement are,
a. simple if statement
b. if..else statement
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c. if..elseif ladder
d. nested if..else statement
a.simple if statement
it is used to execute or skip one statement or group of statements for a particular condition.
Syntax:
if(testcondition)
{
Statement block;
}
next statement;
working principle:
from the next statement.Flow diagram are
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
115
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n<0)

}
b.if..else statement
It is used to execute one group of statements if the test condition is true and the other group
of statements if the test condition is false.
Syntax:
if(testcondition)
{
Statement block1(true block);
}
else
{
Statement block2(false block);
}
next statement;
working principle:
If the value is true then the true block statement and the control is transferred to the next
statement
If the value is false then the statement block-2 is executed and the execution starts from the
next statement.
Flow Diagram
116
Example:
/*Find the given number is odd or even*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
printf(“\nenter the value for n”);
scanf(“%d “,&n);
if(n%2==0)
printf(“\nThe given number is EVEN”);
else
printf(“\nThe given number is ODD”);
}
d.else-if Ladder(if ..else-if) statement:
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This statement is used to take multi-way decision.
This statement is formed by joining if..else statements in which each else statement contains
another if ..else statement.
Syntax:
if(testcondition-1)
{
Statement Block-1;
}
else if(testcondition-2)
{
Statement Block-2;
}
……..
……..
……..
else if(testcondition-n)
{
Statement Block-n;
}
else
Default statement;
Next statement;
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Flow Diagram:
working principle:
The system executes this statement from top to bottom. If the test condition is true, then the
statement block associated with it is executed. Then the control is transferred to the next statement.
If all the test conditions are found to be false, then the final else part containing the default
statement will be executed.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int day;
printf(“\nEnter a number between 1 and 7\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&day);
if(day==1)
{
printf(“\nSunday”);
else if(day==2)
printf(“\nMonday”);
else if(day==3)
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printf(“\nTuesday”);
else if(day==4)
printf(“\nWednesday”);
else if(day==5)
printf(“\nThursday”);
else if(day==6)
printf(“\nFriday”);
else if(day==7)
printf(“\nSaturday);
else
printf(“\n Give a number between 1 and 7\n”));
}
printf(“End of the program”);
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a number between 1 and 7:6
Friday
Enter a number between 1 and 7:8
Give a number between 1 and 7
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UNIT – III
1.What are multifile programs?Explain with example.NOV’13
More than one source files may be compiled separately and linked to form an executable object
code.Because any changes in one file does not affect other files.
Multiple source files share a variable declared as external variable. Variables are shared by two or
more files are global variables and therefore must declare them in one file and then explicitly
define with keyword Extern in other files.
The extern tells the compiler that the variable type and name have already declared elsewhere and
no need to create storage space for them.Because it was declared as global variable and extern
declaration is secondary reference.
Example:
File1.c
int m
main( )
int i;
function1( )
int c;
File2.c
Extern int m;
function2( )
Int i;
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Function3( )
int j;
2.Discuss the various storage classes in c.NOV’14,APR’12.
1.Automatic
2.External
3.Register
4.Static
Automatic variable are declared inside a function in which they are local or private to the function
with keyword Auto. Hence it is also known as local or internal variables.They are created when
function is called and destroyed automatically when function is exited.
Example :
main( )
int a=10;
func1( );
Printf(“\n a = %d”,a);
Printf(“\n b = %d”,b);
Void func1( )
Auto b=20;
Printf(“\n”,b = %d”,b);
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Output:
b = 20
b=0
a = 10
External variables are declared outside a fuction with keyword Extern and are active throughout
the program.Hence it is also known as global variables.
Example :
Extern int v;
main( )
V=5;
Func1( );
Printf(“\n v = %d”,v);
Void func1( )
V=10;
Output: v = 5
v=10
Static Variable retain its value till the end of the program.It is declared using keyword static. A
static variable may be either an internal type or an external type.
Internal Static variable are those declared and initialized only once inside a function.Its
scope is only with in the function and it is never initialized again.
External Static variable is declared outside of all functions and used in all funtions.
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Example:
main( )
int i;
for(i=1;i<=2;i++)
func1( );
void func1( )
Static int x=0;
x=x+1;
Output:
x=1
x=2
Register variables which are stored in the register are called register variable.
The general format is
Example:
void main( )
Register int i = 30;
printf(“%d”,i);
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}
Output: i = 30
3.What is a function?How functions are defined in c?Explain with an example program.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task.
The general format of a function definition is
return_type function_name(parameter list)
Body of the function
A function definition also known as function implementation includes the following elements
1.Return type.
2.function name.
3.list of parameters.
These three elements are grouped in function header.
And the function body are
1.local variable declarations.
2.function statements.
3.return statements.
Return type: It is the data type of the value the function returns to the program calling the
function.If the function does not return any value specify the return type as void.
Funtion name: The name of the function is any identifier and follows the same rule of formation
of other variable names in c.
Parameters list: when function invoked values are passed to the parameter by the calling
function.They are also referred as formal parameters.The parameters are also known as arguments.
Function body: The function body contains declaration and statements for the required task.The
body enclosed in braces,contains three parts,
1.Local declarations that specify the variables needed by funtions.
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2.Function statements that perform the task of the function.
3.A return statement returns the value evaluated by function.
Example :
void sum(int ,int );
main( )
int x,y;
printf(“Enter the value for x and y”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
sum(x,y);
void sum(int a,int b)
printf(“Sum = %d”,a+b);
4.Discuss the concept of function,return values and their types in detail.APR’14
A function depending on whether arguments are present or not and whether a value is returned or
not it is categorized in to four types.
1.function with no arguments and no return values.
2.function with arguments and no return values.
3.function with arguments and one return values.
4.function with no arguments but return values.
5.function that return multiple values.
1.No arguments and no return values: When function has no arguments it does not receive any
data from calling function.similarly it does not return any data from the called function.No data
transfer between calling function and the called function.
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Function1( ) No input
{ Function2( )
{
Function2( )
No output
}
}
Example:
void add( );
main()
printf(a“adding two values”);
add( );
void add( )
int a,b;
printf(“Enter a and b”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
printf(“addition=%d”,a+b);
2.With arguments and no return values: When function has arguments it receive data from
calling function.But it does not return any data from the called function.
Example:
void add(int,int);
main()
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printf(“adding two values”);
add( a,b);
void add(int x, int y )
printf(“addition=%d”,x+y);
Function1( ) Values of Function2( )

{ arguments {
Function2( )
No output
} }
The arguments a and b are the actual arguments send the values from calling function to the formal
arguments x and y which is in the function defintion.The actual and formal arguments should
match in number,type and order.
3. With arguments and one return values: When function has arguments it receive data from
calling function. similarly it return only one data .
Function1( ) Values of Function2( )

{ arguments {
Function2( )
Function result Return( )
} }
Example :
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int add( int a ,int b);
main()
int a,b,c;
c=add( a,b);
printf(“value of c”,c);
int add( int, int)
int c;
c=a+b;
return c;
4.No arguments and return values: When function has no arguments it does not receive any data
from calling function.It return data from the function.
Function1( ) No input
{ Function2( )
{
Function2( )
Function
} result
}
Example :
int add( );
main()
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int c;
printf(a“adding two values”);
c=add( );
int add( )
int a,b;
c=a+b;
return c;
5.Function with return multiple values: This is a function return multiples data . If need to return
more than two variables then pass the variables by reference and returned through pointer.They
are not really retuned,but the effect is similar.
Function1( ) Function2( )
{ arguments {
Function2( )
datas Return( )
} }
Example :
#include<stdio.h>
void func(int *,int *);
int main()
{
int a=20,b=30;
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func(&a,&b);
printf("%d %d\n",a,b);
return 0;
}
void func(int *x,int *y)
{
*x=*x-10;
*y=*y-10;
}
Output: 10 20
4.Explain the following with examples.Nov’12
a) Call by value
b) Call by reference
Call by value:
In this calling technique pass the values of arguments which are stored or copied into the formal
parameters of functions. Hence, the original values are unchanged only the parameters inside
function changes.
void calc(int x);
int main()
{
int x = 10;
calc(x);
printf("%d", x);
}
void calc(int x)
{
x = x + 10 ;
}
Output : 10
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In this case the actual variable x is not changed, because pass argument by value, hence a copy
of x is passed, which is changed, and that copied value is destroyed as the function ends(goes out
of scope). So the variable x inside main() still has a value 10.
But can change this program to modify the original x, by making the function calc() return a value,
and storing that value in x.
int calc(int x);
int main()
{
int x = 10;
x = calc(x);
printf("%d", x);
}
int calc(int x)
{
x = x + 10 ;
return x;
}
Output : 20
Call by reference:
In this, pass the address of the variable as arguments. In this case the formal parameter can be
taken as a reference or a pointer, in both the case they will change the values of the original
variable.
void calc(int *p);
int main()
{
int x = 10;
calc(&x); // passing address of x as argument
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printf("%d", x);
}
void calc(int *p)
{
*p = *p + 10;
}
UNIT – IV
133
1.Distinguish between single dimensional and multidimensional arrays with suitable
examples.Nov’15
Single Dimensional array Multidimensional arrays
1. A list of items can be given in one variable 1. Three or more dimensional arrays are called
name using only one subscript and such a multidimensional arrays.
variable is called one dimensional arrays.
2. The general form of array declaration is 2.The general form is

datatype variable-name[size]; datatype arrayname[size1][size2][size3]….[size n];
3. Example: Example:
int group[10]; int survey[3][5][12];
declares the group as an array to contain a Survey is a three dimensionsal array declared to contain
maximum of 10 integer values. 180 integer type values.
4. The declaration will reserve contiguous 4.Three-dimensional array can be represented as a series of
memory locations capable of storing an two dimensional arrays as shown below:
character type as shown below
‘W’ Year 1
‘E’ Month 1 2 …………….. 12
‘L’ City
1
‘C’
.
‘O’ .
‘M’ .
‘E’ .
‘\O’ .
5
5.Only one subscript is enough when 5.Many subscripts can be used,depend upon on the need of the
declaring the array dimension of the array.
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2.Distinguish between structure and the union?Apr’14
STRUCTURE UNION
1.Structure is a collection of data elements 1.Union are derived datatype.union is similar to
of different type. structure but use the same location for all the members
of union.
2. The general format of structure 2. union tag-name
definition is {
struct tag-name data type member1;
{ data type member2;
data type member1; ------------ --------
data type member2; ------------ ---------
------------ -------- }
------------ ---------
};
3. Example: 3. Example:
struct book union item
{ {
char title[20]; int m;
char author[15]; float x;
int pages; char c;
float price; }code;
};
4. The above declaration a variable code 4. The above declaration contains a variable code of
of type structure book which contains four type union item which contains three members with
members with different data type.All the different data type. However only one of them can be
members can be used at a time. used at a time.
5.In the structure each of the members 5.In union whereas all of the members uses a single
use memory separately for all the shared memory location which is equal to the size of
members its largest data member.
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3.How to pass a structure to a function?Explain with an example.APR’13
There are three methods to pass structure from one function to another.
1.To pass each member of the structure as an actual argument of the function call.The actual
arguments are then treated independently like ordinary variables.
2.Passing of a copy of the entire structure to the called function.Since the function working on a
copy of structure any changes to structure members with in function will not reflected in orginal
structure in the calling function.
3.To pass the structures as an argument the address of the structure is passed to the called
function.The function can access indirectly the entire structure and work on it.
The general format for sending a copy of structure to the called function is
Function-name(structure-variable-name);
The called function takes the following form:
data-type function-name(struct-type st-name)
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{
……….
……….
return(expressions);
The rules for passing structure are
1.The called function must be declared for its type,appropriate to the data type it is return.
2.The structure variable used as actual argument and formal argument in the called function of
same struct type.
3.The return statement is necessary only when function is returning some data to the calling
function
Example :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student
{
char name[10];
int roll;
};
void show(struct student st);
main()
{
struct student std;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter student record\n");
printf("\nstudent name\t");
scanf("%s",std.name);
printf("\nEnter student roll\t");
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show(std);
getch();
}
void show(struct student st)

{
printf("\nstudent name is %s",st.name);
printf("\nroll is %d",st.roll);
}
4. How to pass an array to function?Explain.Apr’13
To pass one-dimensional array to called function.It must be defined as
void largest(float array[ ],int size)
The function largest is defined with two arguments the array name and size of the array to specify
the number of elements in the array.
The declaration of the formal argument array is
float array[ ];
The square brackets informs that it is not necessary to specify the size of the array
The function used in main function as
main()
int n;
void getdata(float a[ ],int n);
void getdata(float a[ ],int n)
int i;
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for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf(“%f”,a[i]);
Returning array from function:
Dont't return an array from functions, rather return a pointer holding the base address of the array
to be returned. But must, make sure that the array exists after the function ends.
int* sum (int x[])
{
//statements
return x ;
}
To pass multidimensional array the rules are simple
• The function must be called by passing only array name.

• In the function definition,must indicate the array has two-dimensionals.
• The size of the second dimensional must specified.
• The prototype declaration should be similar to function header.
The function given below calculates average in two dimensional array as
void average(int x[ ][n],int m,int n)
int i,j,sum=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=1;j<n;j++)
Scanf(“%d”,x[i][j]);
Sum =sum+x[i][j];
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printf(“Average=%d”,sum);
getch( );
main()
Int m,n;
void average(int [ ][n], int, int)
5.Write a note on two dimensional arrays.Apr’13
Two-dimensional (2D) arrays are indexed by two subscripts,one for the row and other for the
column.The simplest form of the multidimensional array is the two-dimensional array.
Two-dimensional array is declared as follows,

type array-name[row-size][column-size]
Example :
int a[3][4];
The above array can also be declared and initialized together. Such as,
int arr[][3] = {
{0,0,0},
{1,1,1}
};
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
140
{
int arr[3][4];
int i,j,k;
printf("Enter array element");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0; j < 4; j++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j < 4; j++)
{
printf("%d",arr[i][j]);
}
}
getch();
}
141
UNIT – V
1.Write a C program to sort a list of strings using pointers. NOV’13
(OR)
Write a C program to arrange the names in alphabetical order using pointer. APR’14
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
char *str[5], *temp;
int i, j, n;
printf("\nHow many names do you want to have?");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("\nEnter the name %d: ", i);
gets(str[i]);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n - 1; j++)
if (strcmp(str[j], str[j + 1]) > 0)
strcpy(temp, str[j]);
strcpy(str[j], str[j + 1]);
strcpy(str[j + 1], temp);
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}
printf("\nSorted List : ");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
puts(str[i]);
2. Write a C program to sort the given set of n numbers using pointers. APR’12
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int *arr,i,j,tmp,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter how many data you want to sort : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",arr+i);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++){
if( *(arr+i) > *(arr+j)){
tmp = *(arr+i);
*(arr+i) = *(arr+j);
*(arr+j) = tmp;
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}
printf("\n\nAfter Sort\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\n",*(arr+i));
getch();
3. Write a C program to prepare pay bill for a company using files. NOV‘15
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
Void main()
FILE *fp1, fp2;
int totpay,basicpay, HRA,DA,I,n;
char name[20],design[20];
clrscr();
fp1=fopemn(“emp.dat”,”w”);
printf(“Enter the no of employees :”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enter the name and designation :”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
144
scanf(“%s%s”,name,design);
fprintf(fp1,”\n%s %s”,name,design);
fclose(fp1);
fp1=fopen(“emp.dat”,”r”);
fp2=fopen(“empsal.dat”,”w”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
fscanf(fp1,”%s%s”,name,design);
if(strcmp(design,”manager”)==0)
Basicpay=15000;
HRA=3000;
DA=2000;
else if(strcmp(design, “cleark”)==0)
Basicpay=7000;
HRA=2000;
DA=1000;
Else
Basicpay=2000;
HRA=300;
145
DA=200;
totpay=basicpay+HRA+DA;
fpringf(pf2,”\n%s\t%s\t%d”,name,design,totpay);
printf(“\n Name=%s Desig=%s totpay=%d”,name,design,totpay);
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
getch();
Output:
Enter the no. of employees:=3
Enter the name and designation:
Chandru manager
Charles cleark
Selvaam office
Name=Chandru design=manager totoay=20000
Name=Charles design=clerk totpay=10000
Name=selvaam Desig=office totpay=2500
4. Write notes on :
(a) Operations in pointers.
(b) File handling functions in C. APR’16
(OR)
List and explain the important file handling functions in C with examples. APR’13
The arithmetic operations on pointer variable effects the memory address pointed by pointer.
Pointer Arithmetic Operations are
➢ Adding a number to pointer.
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➢ Subtracting a number form a pointer.
➢ Incrementing a pointer.
➢ Decrementing a pointer.
➢ Subtracting two pointers.
➢ Comparison on two pointers.
Incrementing a Pointer
1. Incrementing Pointer is generally used in array because we have contiguous memory in
array and we know the contents of next memory location.
2. Incrementing Pointer Variable Depends Upon data type of the Pointer variable
int *ptr=(int *)1000;
ptr=ptr+1;
printf("New Value of ptr : %u",ptr);
o/p
New Value of ptr : 1002
Data Older Address stored Next Address stored in pointer after

Type in pointer incrementing (ptr++)
int 1000 1002
float 1000 1004
char 1000 1001
• Incrementing a pointer to an integer data will cause its value to be incremented by 2 .
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• This differs from compiler to compiler as memory required to store integer vary compiler
to compiler
ptr++ is equivalent to ptr + (sizeof(pointer_data_type)).
"Incrementing a pointer increases its value by the number of bytes of its data type"
A character(1 bytes) pointer on increment jumps 1 bytes.
Decrementing a Pointer
decrement operation on pointer variable.
Formula : ( After decrementing )
new_address = (current address) - i * size_of(data type)
Example :
Data Older Address stored Next Address stored in pointer after

Type in pointer incrementing (ptr–)
int 1000 0998
float 1000 0996
char 1000 0999
Explanation :
Decrementing a pointer to an integer data will cause its value to be decremented by 2
This differs from compiler to compiler as memory required to store integer vary compiler to
compiler
148
Pointer Program : Difference between two integer Pointers
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
float *ptr1=(float *)1000;
float *ptr2=(float *)2000;
printf("\nDifference : %d",ptr2-ptr1);
return 0;
Output :
Difference : 250
Explanation :
Ptr1 and Ptr2 are two pointers which holds memory address of Float Variable.
Ptr2-Ptr1 will gives us number of floating point numbers that can be stored.
ptr2 - ptr1 = (2000 - 1000) / sizeof(float)
= 1000 / 4
= 250
Adding integer value with Pointer
we can add any integer number to Pointer variable. It is perfectly legal in c programming to add
integer to pointer variable.
In order to compute the final value we need to use following formulae :
final value = (address) + (number * size of data type)
Consider the following example –
int *ptr , n;
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ptr = &n ;
ptr = ptr + 3;
Example : Increment Integer Pointer
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
ptr=ptr+3;
return 0;
Output :
Explanation of Program :
In the above program –
this line will store 1000 in the pointer variable considering 1000 is memory location for any of the
integer variable.
Formula :
ptr = ptr + 3 * (sizeof(integer))
= 1000 + 3 * (2)
= 1000 + 6
= 1006
Subtracting Numbers from Pointers
we have subtracted “n” from pointer of any data type having initial addess as “init_address” then
after subtraction we can write
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ptr = initial_address - n * (sizeof(data_type))
Subtracting integer value with Pointer
int *ptr , n;
ptr = &n ;
ptr = ptr - 3;
Example : Decrement Integer Pointer
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
ptr=ptr-3;
return 0;
Output :
Formula :
ptr = ptr - 3 * (sizeof(integer))
= 1000 - 3 * (2)
= 1000 - 6
= 994
Subtracting Pointers
We can take difference between two pointer which returns the number of bytes between the address
pointed by both the pointers.
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For example, if a pointer 'ptr1' points at memory location 10000 and pointer 'ptr' points at memory
location 10008, the result of ptr2 - ptr1 is 8.
Data Initial Address after Required

Operation
Type Address Operations Bytes
int 4000 ++ 4002 2
int 4000 -- 3998 2
char 4000 ++ 4001 1
char 4000 -- 3999 1
float 4000 ++ 4004 4
float 4000 -- 3996 4
long 4000 ++ 4004 4
long 4000 -- 3996 4
b) File handling functions
File handling functions are
1)fopen()
2) fread() and fwrite()
3) fseek()
4) fclose()
fopen()
FILE *fp;
Fp=fopen(“file name”,”mode”);
The fopen() function is used to open a file and associates an I/O stream with it. This function takes
two arguments. The first argument is a pointer to a string containing name of the file to be opened
while the second argument is the mode in which the file is to be opened. The mode can be :
‘r’ : Open text file for reading. The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
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‘r+’ : Open for reading and writing. The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
‘w’ : Truncate file to zero length or create text file for writing. The stream is positioned at the
beginning of the file.
‘w+’ : Open for reading and writing. The file is created if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated.
The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
‘a’ : Open for appending (writing at end of file). The file is created if it does not exist. The stream
is positioned at the end of the file.
‘a+’ : Open for reading and appending (writing at end of file). The file is created if it does not
exist. The initial file position for reading is at the beginning of the file, but output is always
appended to the end of the file.
The fopen() function returns a FILE stream pointer on success while it returns NULL in case of a
failure.
For eg,
FILE *p1,*p2;
P1=fopen(“data”,”r”);
P2=fopen(“results”,”w”);
fread() and fwrite()
size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);
size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);
The functions fread/fwrite are used for reading/writing data from/to the file opened by fopen
function. These functions accept three arguments. The first argument is a pointer to buffer used
for reading/writing the data. The data read/written is in the form of ‘nmemb’ elements each ‘size’
bytes long.
In case of success, fread/fwrite return the number of bytes actually read/written from/to the stream
opened by fopen function. In case of failure, a lesser number of byes (then requested to read/write)
is returned.
fseek()
int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int whence);
The fseek() function is used to set the file position indicator for the stream to a new position. This
function accepts three arguments. The first argument is the FILE stream pointer returned by the
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fopen() function. The second argument ‘offset’ tells the amount of bytes to seek. The third
argument ‘whence’ tells from where the seek of ‘offset’ number of bytes is to be done. The
available values for whence are SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or SEEK_END.
fclose()
int fclose(FILE *fp);
The fclose() function first flushes the stream opened by fopen() and then closes the underlying
descriptor.
5. Discuss in detail, opening and closing a data file with suitable examples. APR’15
A file represents a sequence of bytes, regardless of it being a text file or a binary file.
There are large numbers of functions to handle file I/O in C language. In this tutorial, you will
learn to handle standard I/O(High level file I/O functions) in C.
High level file I/O functions can be categorized as:
Text file
Binary file
1) Opening an existing file
We must open the file before we can write information to a file on a disk or read it. Opening a file
establishes a link between the program and the operating system. The link between our program
and Data Files :: the operating system is a structure called FILE which has been
defined in the header file “stdio.h”. When we use a command to open a file, it will return a pointer
to the structure FILE. Therefore, the following declaration will be there before openingthe file,
FILE *fp each file will have its own FILE structure. The FILE structurecontains information about
the file being used, such as its current size, its location in memory etc. Let us consider the following
Syntax:
Fp=fopen|(“filename”,”mode”);
The fopen() function is used to open a file and associates an I/O stream with it. This function takes
two arguments. The first argument is a pointer to a string containing name of the file to be opened
while the second argument is the mode in which the file is to be opened. The mode can be :
‘r’ : Open text file for reading. The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
‘r+’ : Open for reading and writing. The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
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‘w’ : Truncate file to zero length or create text file for writing. The stream is positioned at the
beginning of the file.
‘w+’ : Open for reading and writing. The file is created if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated.
The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
‘a’ : Open for appending (writing at end of file). The file is created if it does not exist. The stream
is positioned at the end of the file.
‘a+’ : Open for reading and appending (writing at end of file). The file is created if it does not
exist. The initial file position for reading is at the beginning of the file, but output is always
appended to the end of the file.
The fopen() function returns a FILE stream pointer on success while it returns NULL in case of a
failure.
Eg,
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen(“Sample.C,” “r”);
fp is a pointer variables. fopen() will oepn a file “sample.c” in ‘read’ mode, which tells the C
compiler that we would be reading the contents of the file.
2.Reading A file:
To read the file’s contents from memory there exists a function called
fgetc(). This is used as:
s=fgetc(fp);
fgetc() reads the character from current pointer position, advances the pointer position so that it
now points to the next character, and returns the character that is read, which we collected in the
variable s. This fgetc() is used within an indefinite while loop, for end of file.
End of file is signified by a special character, whose ascii value is 26.
While reading from the file, when fgetc() encounters this Ascii special character, instead of
returning the characters that it has read, it returns the macro EOF. The EOF macro has been defined
in the file
“stdio.h”.
When we finished reading from the file, there is need to close it.
155
3.Writing a file:
Following is the simplest function to write individual characters to a stream −
int fputc( int c, FILE *fp );
The function fputc() writes the character value of the argument c to the output stream referenced
by fp. It returns the written character written on success otherwise EOF if there is an error. You
can use the following functions to write a null-terminated string to a stream
int fputs( const char *s, FILE *fp );
The function fputs() writes the string s to the output stream referenced by fp. It returns a non-
negative value on success, otherwise EOF is returned in case of any error. You can use int
fprintf(FILE *fp,const char *format, ...) function as well to write a string into a file
4.Closing a file:
This is done using the function fclose() through the following
statement:
fclose(fp);
This command deactivates the file and hence it can no longer be
accessed using getc().
24. Write notes on :

(a) Passing pointers to function
(b) Arrays of pointers. NOV’14
à) Passing pointers to function
When an array is passed to function an argument only the address of the element of the array is
passed. When we pass addresses to a function the parameters receiving the address should be
pointers. The process of function using pointers to pass the addresses of variable is known as call
by reference.
Eg,
Void main()
Int x;
X=20;
156
Change(&x);
Printf(“\n X=%d”,X);
Change(int *p)
*p=*p+10;
Output:-
X=30
When the function change() called address of variable x, is passed to change().
(b) Arrays of pointers
Array hold an integer , float, character elements , the array can store pointers. Since a pointer
always contains an address , an array of pointers would be nothing but a collection of address. The
address present in the array of pointers can be addresses of isolated variable or address of array
elements or any other address.
Eg,
char *name[3]={
"Adam",
"chris",
"Deniel"
};
//Now see same array without using pointer
char name[3][20]= {
"Adam",
"chris",
"Deniel"
157
};
158

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PROGRAMMING IN C

Sub code : SAEIA

I Year & First Semester

Unit 3: Functions –Definition - proto-types - Passing arguments -Recursions. Storage Classes -

1. What is a variable? APR’12

Datatype variable name;

2. What is a character constant? APR’12

"A" - Enclosed in single quotes

3. List any four unary operators in C. APR’ 2012

4. What are keywords? NOV’12 ,APR’16, NOV’15

auto break case char const continue default

5. List the four data type qualifiers. NOV’12

6. What is an operator? NOV’12

7. What is an expression? APR’13, APR’16

2. Relational expression. eg:- x<=y

3. Logical expressions eg:-(x>0) || (y>20)

8. What is symbolic constant? APR’13, NOV’14

10. Define : String constant. Give an example. NOV’13

11. Write a note on Conditional operator. NOV’13

12. What is the use of ceil ( ) and floor ( ) functions? NOV13

double floor (double x);

o/p:- ceil of 5.400000 is 6.000000

13. Define : Constant. APR’14, NOV’14

const datatype variable_name; (or) const datatype *variable_name;

eg:- const float number = 3.14; const int height = 100;

14. Write the syntax of declaring a variable. . APR’14

Datatype variable name;

15. What is an identifier? NOV’14, APR’15

Eg:-int money;double accountBalance;

16.What is a statement? NOV’14

17 .Write a note on : Assignment Statement.APR’15

An assignment statement gives a value to a variable.

gives x the value 5.

The value of a variable may be changed.

will give x the value 6.

The general syntax of an assignment statement is

• the variable must be declared;

18. What are Escape Sequences? Give an example. APR’15

Character combinations consisting of a backslash (\) followed by a letter or by a combination

20. List any four math functions. NOV’15

Syntax : (Condition? true_value: false_value);

22. Define unary operator. APR’16

True block statements

False block statements

2.What is the purpose of Comma operator? Apr’12

3.What is the use of gets() function?Apr’12

4.Write the syntax for getchar() function?Apr’13

5.What is the use of break statement?Apr’13

Looping is the process of executing a set of statements repeatedly based on some

7.What is the control statement?Apr’14

The control statements determine the flow of control in a program.

8.List various unformatted input functions?Apr’14

10.What is meant by branching? Apr’16

11.Write the syntax for while statement in ‘C’.Nov’12

body of the loop

12.Why is goto statement generally discouraged in ‘C’? Nov’12

13.What is the purpose of putchar() functions?Nov’13

It is used to display or write a single character on to the standard output device .

14.Write a note on do…while statement. Nov’13

body of the loop

15.What is meant by selection?Nov’14

Example : if..else statement

17.Mention any 2 formatted functions in ‘C’. Nov’15