24th May Petro physics Lecture.

Gamma Ray Log, Neutron Density log and Resistivity Log.

Regarding the Resistivity Log, we have two types namely:
1.Dual Latero Log.
2.Dual Induction Log.
Archie’s Method
H2O

Ct=Cw Ct=Cw

This is the simplest form of Archie’s Method. However, in the next step, we include rock
matrix into the water and test the conductivity. This will change the equation into this
Ct=Cw*porosity

we add Oil and gas into the water, and the total conductivity has changed into this:
Ct= Cw*Porosity* Saturation of water
In the field equation, we will have to add “m” which is to compensate for the compaction
factor [cementation factor]

Usually in clay formation (shale), we can sometime find clay bound water, and “Waxman-Smits”
method can actually fix the clay bound water effect.

For the Resistivity tool, we have to use both horizontal and vertical measuring tools. If the
Resistivity is high this is hydrocarbon and if it is low this means that water exists. However,
sometime you can have high resistivity reading for water, if the water is fresh water type with very
low salinity to conduct electricity. (IOR 7).

Internal
Quiz of today lecture.
Why do we use Induction tool in SBM/OBM environment?

Lateral tool => total R=Rmud+Rmudcake+Rmf+Rformation

Induction tool => total C=Cmud+Cmudcake+Cmf+Cformation
We use induction tool since we are measuring conductivity.

Noise (What you read/ this data can also be corrected)

Capillary Bound Water (Irreducible Water)

Porosity limit 48%. In Yetagun, we have about 20%.

For the Bulk Density tool, we use Cesium and cobalt 60 as a source. [Neutron Density]. The tool
emits GR photons into the formation instead of capturing them.
RHOB of Sandstone=2.65 approx
Shale=2.67-2.71 approx

Fill the wash out with Mud. The tool

will then take the reading from the
mud, and since the mud is light we
can have a drop in density. ( a spike)

Wash Out

Internal
Neutron Porosity Tool
Measure the amount of Hydrogen index, by sending out high power neutron and
recollecting them. If we are using LWD=we are capturing epithermal neutron and for wireline
ops=thermal.
In density tool
Rock with gas will have lower reading and rock with liquid will have higher
reading.

High neutron porosity in shale because of clay bound water.

Butterfly effect.
Sample Taking Process
1.85 RHOB 2.85
We have to test for pressure adjustment by running a
0.45 Neutron -0.15 drawdown, and then when the void is filled up with pressure
again(buildup), we have another drawdown test, and then we have to
wait for stabilized condition after build up. We have to run several of
these and interpolate between these data to get the reservoir
pressure.

Butterfly Effect

Internal