Fluid Dynamics Chapter Summary

Chapter 6 (Physics 1st Year) Fluid Dynamics
FLUID DYNAMICS
These hot-air balloons float because they are filled with air at high temperature and
are surrounded by denser air at a lower temperature.
6.1 VISCOUS DRAG AND STOKE‟S LAW
Q # 1. Explain what do you know about the term „Viscosity‟?

Ans. The amount of force required to slide one layer of liquid over another layer is called as viscosity.
It is denoted by the Greek word .
Substances that do not flow easily, such as honey, has large coefficient of viscosity and the
substances which flow easily, like water, have small coefficient of viscosity.
Q # 2. What is meant by drag force? What are the factors upon which the drag force acting
upon a small sphere of radius r, moving down through a liquid, depends?
Ans. An object moving through a fluid experience a retarding force called the drag force. The drag
force depends upon the velocity of object in a fluid, i.e., the drag force increases as the speed of the
particle increases. The other factors upon which the drag force drag force depends are the shape and
size of material.
Q # 3. State the Stoke‟s law.
Ans. The drag force on a sphere of radius moving with speed through a fluid of viscosity is
described as:
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6.2 TERMINAL VELOCITY
Q # 4. Write a note on terminal velocity of the object when it moves

through an fluid.
Ans. When an object moves through a fluid, the force pulls the object
downward. As the result the velocity of the object during its motion
through fluid increases.
During downward motion of the object, a drag force acts on the
body in upward direction that will tend to stop the motion of object. Thus
the net force acting on the droplet is
The drag force depends upon the velocity of object in a fluid, i.e., the drag force increases as
the speed of the particle increases. As the speed of the droplet continues to increase, the drag force
eventually approaches weight in magnitude. Finally, when the magnitude of the drag force becomes
equal to the weight, the net force acting on the droplet becomes zero. Then the droplet will fall with
constant speed called terminal velocity.
Q # 5. Derive the expression of terminal velocity for an object moving in a fluid.
Ans. Consider a spherical object of mass m moving a fluid of viscosity with terminal velocity .
We know that the object will move with terminal velocity when its weight will equate the drag force
i.e.,
-------------- (1)
As ( ) ( ) ( )
Also ( )
Substituting the values in equation (1), we get:
( )
This is the expression of terminal velocity of the object.

Q # 6. Why fog droplets appear to be suspended in air?
Ans. When the magnitude of the drag force on the fog droplet becomes equal to its weight, the net
force acting on the droplet is zero. In such a case, the droplet starts falling with a constant speed and
appears to be suspended in air.
2
Q # 7. A tiny water droplet of radius 0.010 cm descends through air from a high building.
Calculate its terminal velocity. Given that for air = and density of the
water .
Given Data:
To Determine:
( )
Calculations:
Q # 8. Certain globular protein particle has a density of . It fall through pure

water ( ) with a terminal speed of . Find the radius of the particle.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: As √ √
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The SI unit of coefficient of viscosity is: 5. Stokes law is applicable if body has
a) __________ shape.
b) a) Rough
c) b) Square
d) c) Circular
d) Spherical
2. An object moving through a fluid
experience a retarding force called 6. When weight of an object falling freely
becomes equal to the drag force, then the
a) Gravitational force body will move with
b) Terminating force a) Increasing speed
c) Frictional force b) Decreasing speed
d) Drag force c) Constant speed
3. The drag force increases as the speed of the d) None of these
object 7. The maximum constant velocity of an object
a) Decreases falling vertically downward is called:
b) Increases a) Final velocity
c) Remain constant b) Terminal velocity
d) None of these c) Initial velocity
d) None of these
4. The drag force F on a sphere of radius r
moving slowly with speed v through a fluid 8. If radius of droplet becomes half then its
of viscosity is terminal velocity will be
a) 6 a) Half
b) 6 b) Double
c) 6 c) One forth
d) 6 d) Four times
3
6.3 FLUID FLOW

Q # 9. Differentiate among the laminar and turbulent flow.
Laminar Flow
The flow is said to be streamline or laminar, if every particle that passes a particular point
moves along exactly the same path, as followed by particles which passed through that points earlier.
The direction of streamlines is same as the direction of the velocity of the fluid.
Turbulent Flow
The irregular or unsteady flow of the fluid is called turbulent flow. In case of turbulent flow,
the exact path of the particles of fluid can’t be predicted.
Q # 10. Describe the condition of an ideal fluid.

Ans. The conditions of an ideal fluid are:
1. The fluid is non-viscous i.e., there is no internal
frictional force between adjacent layers of fluid.
2. The fluid is incompressible i.e., its density is
constant.
3. The fluid motion is steady

9. The flow of ideal fluid is 10. Turbulent flow is:
always: a) Unsteady and regular
a) Turbulent b) Steady and regular
b) Streamline c) Unsteady and irregular
c) Irregular d) Steady and regular
d) Straight line
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6.4 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

Q # 11. Derive the equation of continuity.
Ans. Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe of non-uniform
size. Let the particles in fluid move along the streamlines as
shown in the figure:
In a small time , the fluid at the lower end of the
tube moves a distance , with a velocity . If is the area
of cross-section of this end, the mass of the fluid passing
through fluid in particular interval can be find out by the
expression:
As ( ) ( ) ( )
Similarly the fluid move with velocity through

the upper end of the pipe (area of cross-section ) in the
same time has the mass:
The mass that flows into the bottom of the pipe

through in time must be equal to the mass of the
liquid that flows out through in the same time.
Therefore,
As the density is constant for the steady flow of incompressible fluid, the equation becomes:
This is known as the equation of continuity. This equation describes that

The product of the cross-sectional area of the pipe
and the fluid speed at any point along the pipe is a constant i.e.,
This constant equals to the volume flow per second of the fluid or simply flow rate
Important Note: The equation of continuity is the statement of law of conservation of mass for the
case of fluid motion.
5
Q # 12. Water flows through a hose, whose internal diameter is 1 cm at a speed of . What
should be the diameter of the nozzle if the water is to emerge at ?
Given Data:
To Determine:
( ) ( ) ( )
Calculations:
( )
Q # 13. The radius of the aorta is about 1 cm and blood flowing and blood flowing through it
has a speed of about . Calculate the average speed of the blood in the capillaries using
the fact that although each capillary has diameter of about , there are literally
millions of them so that their total cross section is about 2000
Given Data:
To Determine:
( )
Calculations: ( )
( ) ( )
Q # 14. How large must a heating duct be if air moving along it can replenish the air in
a room of 300 volume every 15 min? Assume the air‟s density remains constant.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: √ √
Q # 15. A water hose with an internal diameter of 20 mm at the outlet discharges 30 kg of water
in 60 s. calculate the water speed at the outlet. Assume the density of water is and
it flows steady.
Given Data: ,
To Determine:
Calculations:
( )
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6.5 BERNOULLI‟S EQUATION

Q # 16. State Bernoulli‟s relation for a liquid in motion and describe some of its applications?
Ans. The principle states that the sum of pressure, the kinetic and potential energy per unit volume for
an ideal fluid remains constant at every point of its path.
Mathematically, it is described as:
Where P is the pressure, v is the velocity and is density of the fluid.

The Bernoulli relation is important in nozzle design and in flow measurements.
Q # 17. Derive the expression of Bernoulli‟s equation for the case of an ideal fluid.
Ans. Consider a fluid that is incompressible, non viscous and flows in a steady state manner through a
pipe of non-uniform size as shown in the figure:
The force on the upper end of the fluid is , where
is the pressure and is the cross-sectional area at the
upper end. The work done on the fluid in moving through a
distance , will be:
Similarly the work done on the fluid at the lower end is:
Where is the pressure, is the area of cross-section of lower end and is the distance moved
by the fluid in the same time interval . The work done is taken to be negative as this work is done
against the fluid force.
The net work done is
If and are the velocities at the upper and lower ends respectively, then
-------------- (1)
From the equation of continuity,
( )
The equation (1) will become:
( ) -------------- (2)
If is the mass and is the density of fluid, then . So the equation (2) will become:
( )
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Part of this work is utilized by the fluid in changing its K.E. and a part is used in changing its
gravitational P.E.
Where and are the heights of the upper and lower ends respectively.
Applying the law of conservation of energy to this
volume of fluid, we get
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
Rearranging the above equation:
This is Bernoulli’s equation and is often expressed as:
Q # 18. Water is flowing smoothly through a closed pipe system. At one point the speed of water
is , while at another point 3 m higher, the speed is . If the pressure is 80 kPa at
the lower point, what is pressure at the upper point?
Given Data: Velocity Let Height Pressure

Velocity Height
To Determine:
Calculations:
( ) ( )
Q # 19. What gauge pressure is required in the city mains for a stream from a fire hose
connected to the mains to reach a vertical height of 15 m?
Given Data: Height , Consider
To Determine: ( )
Calculations:
( )
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6.6 APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI‟S EQUATION

Q # 20. State and prove the Torricelli‟s theorem.
Statement
The speed of efflux is equal to the velocity gained by the fluid
in falling through a distance ( ) under the action of gravity.
Proof
Suppose a large tank of fluid has a small orifice on it. Since the
orifice is so small, the efflux speed is much larger than of the top
surface of water. We can therefore, take approximately equal to
zero. Hence the Bernoulli’s equation can be written as:
√ ( )
This is the expression of speed of efflux from the orifice. It is important to note that the speed
of the efflux of liquid is the same as the speed of ball that falls through a height ( ).
This is the Torricelli’s theorem which states that:
The speed of efflux is equal to the velocity gained by the fluid in
falling through a distance ( ) under the action of gravity.
Q # 21. The pipe near the lower end of a large water storage tank develops a small leak and a
stream of water shoots from it. The top of water in the tank is 15 m above the point of leak.
i) With what speed does the water rush from the hole?
ii) If the hole has an area of , how much water flows out in one second?
Given Data: Height of the top of water , Area of hole
To Determine:
Calculations: √ ( ) √
Thus
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Q # 22. Describe the relationship between speed and pressure of the fluid.
Ans. A result of Bernoulli’s equation is that
“ Where the speed is high, the pressure will be low”
Explanation
Suppose that water flows through a pipe system as shown in
the figure. Clearly, the water flows faster at point 2 than it does at
point 1.
Consider the flow speed at point 1 is and at point
2 it is . Applying the Bernoulli’s equation and noting that the average P.E. is the same at both
places, we have:
Substituting , and , we get:
This shows that the pressure in the narrow pipe where the streamline are closer together is much
smaller than in the wider pipe.
Q # 23. Explain the relationship between velocity and pressure for the following cases.
i) Lift on an Aero plane
ii) Swing of the tennis ball in air
Ans.
Lift on an Aero plane
The lift on an aero plane is explained on the basis of
relationship between pressure and velocity. The wing of the aero
plane is designed to deflect the air so that the streamlines are closer
together above the wing than below it. Thus, air is travelling faster
on the upper side of the wing than on the lower. As the result, the
pressure will be lower at the top of the wing, and the wing will be
forced upward.
Swing of the tennis ball in air
When a tennis ball is hit by the racket in such a way that it

spins as well as moves forward, the velocity of air on one side of the
ball increases due to spin and hence the pressure decreases. This gives
an extra curvature to the ball known as swing which deceives an
opponent player.
10
Q # 24. An airplane wing is designed so that when the speed of the air across the top of the wing
is 450 , the speed of air below the wing is 410 . What is pressure difference between
the top and bottom of the wing? (Density of air = 1.29 )
Given Data: Speed of air above the wing Speed of air above the wing
Density of Air , For Present Case:
To Determine:
Calculations:
( ) ( )
Q # 25. An airplane design call for a “lift” due to the net force of the moving air on the wing of
about 1000 of wing area. Assume that air flows past the wing of an aircraft with
streamline flow. If the speed of flow past the lower wing surface is 160 , what is the
required speed over the upper surface to give a “lift” of 1000 ? The density of air is 1.29
and assume maximum thickness of wing to be one meter.
Given Data: Pressure Difference between wings , Speed below wing =160
Density of Air , Thickness of Wings
To Determine:
Calculations:
( ) √ ( ( ))
√ ( ( ) ) √
Q # 26. A person is standing near a fast moving train. Is there any danger that he will fall
towards it?
Ans. When a person is standing near a fast moving train, then the air between the person and train is
also fast. According to consequence of Bernoulli
Equation, “where the speed is high, the pressure will
be low”, the pressure between the person and train
will be low as compared to the pressure of side way.
So there will be a chance of force acting on the
person from high pressure region to the low pressure
region and the person may fall towards the train.
11
Q # 27. Identify the correct answer. What do you infer from Bernoulli‟s theorem?
i) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure will be low .
ii) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure is also high.
iii) This theorem is valid only for turbulent flow of the liquid.
Ans. The correct answer is (i) “where the speed of the fluid is high, the pressure will be low”.
This is in accordance with the Bernoulli’s equation, which states for a horizontal pipe,
Q # 28. Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towards each other.
Explain?
Ans. When two boats are moving parallel in the same direction, then the water between them is also
flowing fast. According to consequence of Bernoulli Equation, “where the speed is high, the pressure
will be low”, the pressure between the two boats decreases as compared to the pressure of side way.
So the side way high pressure pushes the two boats towards each other.
Q # 29. Explain, how the swing is produced in a fast moving cricket ball?
Ans. When the cricket ball is thrown in such a way that is spins as well as moves forward, the
velocity of the air on one side of the ball increases due to the spins and hence the pressure decreases.
So the cricket ball will experience push from high pressure region to low pressure region. This gives
an extra curvature to the ball known as swing which deceives opponent player.
Q # 30. Derive the Venturi relation for an ideal fluid.
Ans. If one part of a horizontal pipe has a much smaller diameter than the other, we write Bernoulli
equation in more convenient form. For horizontal position of pipe, terms become equal. Thus the
Bernoulli equation is expressed as:
( )
As the cross-sectional area is small as compared to the area
, then from equation of continuity ( ) , will be small
as compared to . Thus we can neglect on the right hand side

of the equation. Hence
This is known as Venturi relation, which is used in Venturi meter,

a device used to measure speed of liquid flow.
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Q # 31. Explain the working of a carburetor of a motor car using Bernoulli‟s principle.
Ans. The carburetor of a motor car uses a Venturi duct to give correct mixture of air and petrol to the
engine. The petrol tank is attached with a pipe through a very small inlet. Air moves very fast through
this pipe. As a result, pressure in the pipe decreases as compared to the pressure in the petrol tank
which is at the atmospheric pressure. So the petrol moves from the tank to the air pipe (i.e., from high
pressure to low pressure), and a correct mixture of petrol and air reaches the engine.
Q # 32. How the blood pressure of a person is measured?
Ans. The blood pressure of a person is measured using a device called sphygmomanometer. It
consists of an inflatable bag, that is wound around the arm of a patient and external pressure on the
arm is increased by inflating the bag. Blood pressure is measured in torr or in mm of Hg.
When the external pressure applied becomes larger than the systolic pressure, the vessels
collapse, cutting off the flow of the blood. Opening the release valve on the ball gradually decrease
the external pressure.
A stethoscope detects the instant at which the external pressure becomes equal to the systolic
pressure. At this point, the blood flow through the vessel with very high speed. As a result the flow is
initially turbulent.
As the pressure drops, the external pressure eventually equals the diastolic pressure. The flow
of the blood switches from turbulent to laminar, and gurgle in the stethoscope disappears. This is the
signal to record the diastolic pressure.
Q # 33. For what position will the maximum blood pressure in the body have the smallest value.
(a) Standing up right (b) Sitting (c) Lying Horizontally (d) Standing on one‟s head?
Ans. The option (c) is correct. The blood pressure will have the smallest value when a person lying
horizontally.
Q # 34. In orbiting space station, would the blood pressure in the major arteries in the leg ever
be greater than the blood pressure in major arteries in the neck.
Ans. In an orbiting space station, due to weightlessness, the blood pressure in the major arteries in the
leg will be equal to the blood pressure in major arteries in the neck.
13

11. According to equation of continuity, 16. Speed of fluid increases where the pressure
A1V1 = A2V2 = constant. The constant is is:
equal to: a) Low
a) Flow rate b) High
b) Volume of fluid c) Constant
c) Mass of fluid d) Changes continuously
d) Density of fluid
17. Venturi meter is a device used to measure:
12. Equation of continuity is obtained by
a) Pressure of the fluid
applying law of conservation of
b) Speed of fluid
a) Energy
c) Density of fluid
b) Mass
d) Viscosity of the fluid
c) Momentum
d) All of these
18. A man standing near a fast moving train may
fall.
13. If cross-sectional area of pipe decreases, the
a) Away from the train
speed of fluid must increase according to:
b) Towards the train
a) Venturi relation
c) On himself
b) Bernoulli’s equation
d) None of these
c) Equation of continuity
d) Torricelli’s theorem
19. One Torr is expressed in as:
14. In equation of continuity, the units of Av is a) 133.3
given as: b) 13.33
a) Cubic meter c) 1333
b) Square meter per second d) 1.333
c) Square meter
d) Cubic meter per second 20. Instrument used to measure blood pressure is
called
15. Bernoulli’s theorem applies to: a) Venturi meter
a) Solids b) Blood pressure
b) Plasma state c) Sphygmomanometer
c) Fluids d) Sonometer
d) Liquids
14

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Chapter 6 (Physics 1st Year) Fluid Dynamics

are surrounded by denser air at a lower temperature.

6.1 VISCOUS DRAG AND STOKE‟S LAW

Q # 1. Explain what do you know about the term „Viscosity‟?

6.2 TERMINAL VELOCITY

Q # 4. Write a note on terminal velocity of the object when it moves

Substituting the values in equation (1), we get:

This is the expression of terminal velocity of the object.

Q # 8. Certain globular protein particle has a density of . It fall through pure

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

6.3 FLUID FLOW

Q # 10. Describe the condition of an ideal fluid.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

6.4 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

Similarly the fluid move with velocity through

The mass that flows into the bottom of the pipe

This is known as the equation of continuity. This equation describes that

6.5 BERNOULLI‟S EQUATION

Where P is the pressure, v is the velocity and is density of the fluid.

This is Bernoulli’s equation and is often expressed as:

Given Data: Velocity Let Height Pressure

6.6 APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI‟S EQUATION

Substituting , and , we get:

When a tennis ball is hit by the racket in such a way that it

, then from equation of continuity ( ) , will be small

as compared to . Thus we can neglect on the right hand side

This is known as Venturi relation, which is used in Venturi meter,

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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