Theories of nationalism:

THERE IS NO POLICAL OR SOCIAL FORCE STRONGER THAN NATIONAL OR GROUP IDENTITY, IDEA IF
LIBERAL INDIVIALISM SOMETIME WILL BECOME DOMINENT BUT IT IS BALANCED WITH NATIONLISM
,TRIBALISM .

Primordial:

1. Identity is given
2. Nationalist , given like body parts , eg. Indian society , etc , major themes include : preserve the
ethnic elite, idea of golden age eg, Egypt , superiority of culture , theme of the period of recess
of a nation, and finally idea of heroism or national hero ,eg Turkish re-writing of history by
attaturk. This approach stress on its survival rather than individual.
3. Sociobiological approach: ‘’ pierre van den berghe ‘’ opined : these social groups with common
descent maintained by endogamy . Thus , ethnicity is kinship writ large .
4. Kin selection and mating with relatives is a powerful cement of sociality too in human . like syed
maariages approach.
5. Ethnic affliation can be ascertained through speech and is not easily faked.
6. Not kin selection explain human sociality there exists reciprocity and coercion too. While it
change or deconstruct but it will be a: a socially perceived biological dissent ( thus nationalism is
a political conscious ethnie )
7. Culturist approach: Edward shills and Clifford Greetz ideas : 1)primordial identity is natural,
undriveable,even spiritual and have no social source; 2) primordial sentiments are infallible,
coercive and overpowering ( same feeling naturally felt by all members; 3) it is essentially a
question of emotion and effect.
8. A.D.Smith, further explained it as it is purely a matter of emotions and inhering of the objects
.hences this approach focuses on role perceptions in understanding an ethnie.
9. Perenialism : A.D. Smith, those who believe in historical antiquity of nation and do not consider
it a fact of nature instead see as constant and fundamental feature of human life recorded in
history. Two types, a) continuous perenialism –sees roots of nation stretching back several
centuries , it stress on continuity point to cultural communities . other version Recurrent
perenialism : refer nation as a category of human association found everywhere throughout
the history .
10. Adrian Hasting, defined ethnicity: as a group of people with shared cultural identies and spoken
language; nation is far more politically conscious community.
11. Central thesis: modern nation can only grow out of certain ethnicities under the development of
vernacular or pressures of the states.It is true not every ethnie become a nation but many has
done so.
12. Critique:

Ist: the nature of ethnic and natural ties : it is claimed identity si given and
unchangeable but it’s opponent argue it is more a social construct and depends on
individual rational choice. Brass argues that language is changeable, residence can be
migrated by people rational choice, even religious beliefs and emotions are variables
.Regarding kinship relationship Brass called it insignificance due it its less practice in
genuine .
Similarly, an Ethnosymnolist: Smith said: ethnic ties like other bonds are subject to
economic, social and political forces which fluctuates it. Latter V,D,berge said ethnicity
is primordial and socilaaly constructed, bilodically it is not static but evolve throg the
pross .

 Ist: origin of ethnic and national ties – if it is given and undrived thus – unanalyzable
than its opponent dismissed it’s existence at sociobilogiacal and nationalist version as
unscientific and teleogical. Unscientific because as Eller Coughlan said: primordialism
tend to see the identification of primordial attachment as the end of analysis.
Telethological , because they treat history of M.Naton inexorable process predestined
toward predetermined outcomes.
 Horowitz note : what is’ unifiable’ in it? Why a certain group lose affiliation? There is
little in primordial explantion than other …
 Brass, raises the question, how we predict the affliation of an ethnie ? we cannot predict
on the basis of people attachment about their nationalism. Like Pakistan.
 Gellner , do nations have navels ? drawing anlogy for stressing on the pressense of
different heterogeneous gropus.
 3rd point : the date of emergence of a nation:
In contrast with perennial claims of historical history ,is static and anti-thesis to history
4th point: the question of emotions and effect: