Name : Alvin Aska Saputra

Class : TBI 6 B

Resume

Sir riswanto

“ Introduction : Linguistic Form And Functions “

A. The Function of Language

The analysis of discourse is necessarily, the analysis of language in use. It

cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the
purposes or function which those forms are designed to serve in human affairs.
While some linguists may concentrate on determining the formal properties of a
language, the discourse analyst is committed to an investigation of what that
language is used for. While the formal approach has a long tradition, manifested
in innumerable volumes of grammar, the functional approach is less well
documented. Attempts to provide even a general se of labels for the principal
functions of language have resulted in vague, and often confusing, terminology.

a) The transactional view

It was explained that the functional of language in transactional view

has a function and its used contained in the message. In this function the
expression (writing) delivered with a straightforward and effective in
accordance with the meaning to e conveyed and does not cause multiple
interpretations of the expression.

b) The Interactional view

 Discourse analysis cannot be separated from the function of language itself.
For ease of analysis, Yule and Brown (1984) limits the two functions of
language are:

 Transactional functions : the function of language which aims to reveal

the content (‘the expression of content’)

 Interactional functions: functions that involve social relationship and

attitudes of individuals.

B. Spoken and Written Language

Spoken and in the next written, with a view to potential applications in

language teaching. We have already stated as our ongoing concern the
establishment of as accurate a picture as possible of natural discourse, in order to
have this as a yardstick for judging approaches to language teaching and for
evaluating what goes on in classrooms and the output of learners.

1) Spoken language

Spoken language is a vast subject, and little is known in hard statistical

terms of the distribution of different types of speech in people's everyday
lives.

2) Written Language

Text types Letters are a good example of a discourse type where the
receiver is usually a specified individual or group, unlike the classroom or
homework essay, which is often written for an unknown audience, but with
the overlay of knowing that the teacher lexarniner will be the pseudo-reader.
Letter writing activities can therefore raise all the important questions of the
relationship between discourse structure and contextual factors, as we have
seen. There also appear to be cross-cultural problems concerning letters,
 especially business letters. what is said and how it is said are present in
writing as much as in speech. The sentence is more obvious as a grammatical
unit in writing, although certainly not in all kinds of writing: signs and
notices, small ads, notes, forms, tickets, cheques, all contain frequent
examples of 'non-sentences' (lists of single words, verb less clauses, etc.)

3) Write a word on the use of language and spoken language (spoken)

In the use of both written and spoken language is not the same, this is
because the use of written and spoken language has rules of its own-alone in
the use of words, vocabulary and sentence structure. Note the use of written
and spoken language below.

C. Differences Between Writing and Speech

Writing and spoken language differ in many ways. However some forms of
writing are closer to speech than others, and vice versa. Below are some of the
ways in which these two forms of language differ Writing is usually permanent
and written texts cannot usually e changed once they have been printed or written
out Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct
themselves and change their utterance as they go along Spoken language tends to
a full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the
exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as new
reports and scripts for plays and films.

Speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context

shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or
indirectly implied. Spoken language and written language are different in many
ways. The main reason for this is that spoken language is usually generated on the
spot by the speaker, which means that there are frequent pauses while the speaker
thinks of how to continue. These pauses are often filled with filler words such as
 “like” or “err….” Or silence. Conversely, written language only has grammatical
pauses, such as a period or comma, to dictate when a pause should be taken. As a
result of this difference, in written language, a sentencce can easily be defined as
the words between the capital letter and period, but I speech, the definition is
much more difficult.

D. Sentence and Utterance

The sentence is the central syntactic construction used as the minimal

communicative unit, has its primary predication, actualizes define structural
scheme, possesses definite intonation characters. The sentence is an abstract
theoretical entity, and a unit language. The most essential features of the sentence
as a linguistic unit are:

 Its structural characteristic – subject – predicate relation (primary predication)

 Its semantic characteristic – it refers to some fact in the objective reality.

A simple sentence is a sentence with one predicate line. All simple sentence are
dividing into

 Two – axis constructions

 One – axis constructions

Utterance is a complete unit of speech (what one speaker says). In other word,
utterance is the act of expressing word (something that you say). We use term
utterance to refer to complete communicative units, which may consist of single
words, phrases, clause or clauses, combination spoken in context, in contrast to
the term sentence which we reserve for unit consisting of at least one.

Intrinsically in activity communicate happened process to produce and

comprehends utterance. In other word, in linguistic usage happened process to
 change mind to become code and changes code to become mind. Utterance is
synthesis from distorting process of concept become code, while understanding is
ordering the result of code analysis. In comprehending an utterance, there are at
least three factors which assist us the first is factors to relate to knowledge of the
world as member of society, we have coexisted with our environment. Nature
around this gives to us knowledge about world life. Some of this knowledge have
the character of universal while some other is special about public where life.
Understanding to an utterance can desist, so after utterance was understood or is
continued with an action. If we to hear utterance or to read a discourse which its
contents is issued, so in generally we only comprehend just of what said or
written in the discourse.

REFERENCES

Brown, Gillian and George Yule. 1996. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press

Brown, Gillian and George Yule. 1996. Analisis Wacana. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press

Butler, Christopher,S.1985.systemic Linguistic Theory and applications. London:

Batsford Ltd

Mccarthy, Michael.1991.Discourse Analysis For language Teachers. Cambridge;

Cabridge university Press

See Newmayer 1998, Language Form And Function ( Cambrige, Massachusetts: MIT
Press), and Culicover and Jackendolff 2005 , Simple Sintax ( OUP )
Alerton, D.J (1975) Delection And Pro-Form Reduction Journal Of Linguistic II :
213-37