Air interface technology
Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for Future
Downlink Radio Access of 5G
Li Anxin, Lan Yang, Chen Xiaohang, Jiang Huiling
DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd. Beijing, 100190, China
Abstract: Multiple access (MA) technology
is of most importance for 5G. Non-orthogonal
multiple access (NOMA) utilizing power domain
and advanced receiver has been considered as a
promising candidate MA technology recently. In
this paper, the NOMA concept is presented toward
future enhancements of spectrum efficiency
in lower frequency bands for downlink of 5G
system. Key component technologies of NOMA
are presented and discussed including multi-
user transmission power allocation, scheduling
algorithm, receiver design and combination of
NOMA with multi-antenna technology. The
performance gains of NOMA are evaluated by
system-level simulations with very practical
assumptions. Under multiple configurations
and setups, the achievable system-level gains of
NOMA are shown promising even when practical
considerations were taken into account.
Keywords: multiple access; NOMA; power
allocation; receiver design; MIMO
I. INTRODUCTION
Multiple access (MA) techniques can be
classified into orthogonal and non-orthogonal
approaches. In orthogonal approaches, signals
from different users are not overlapped with
each other, which can be achieved by time-
division multiple-access (TDMA), frequency-
China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015
division multiple-access (FDMA) and
orthogonal-frequency-division multiple-access
(OFDMA). Non-orthogonal schemes allow
overlapping among the signals from different
users by exploiting power domain, code
domain or interleaver pattern, etc., and thus can
provide better performance than the orthogonal
counterparts [1]-[4].
First and second generation cellular
systems are mainly developed on the top of
orthogonal MA approaches, which avoid intra-
cell interference and simplify air interface
design. However, orthogonal MA approaches
themselves have no ability to combat the inter-
cell interference and thus careful cell planning
or sophisticated interference management
techniques are needed to deal with the inter-
cell interference. Non-orthogonal code-division
multiple-access (CDMA) techniques have been
adopted in second and third generation cellular
systems (e.g., IS-95, CDMA2000 and uplink
WCDMA). Compared with the orthogonal MA,
CDMA is robust against inter-cell interference,
but suffers from intra-cell interference. Although
having many advantages, such as soft capacity
and soft handover, CDMA is not very suitable for
data services e.g., wireless local area networks
(WLANs) and 3GPP high speed uplink/downlink
packet access (HSUPA/HSDPA) standard) that
require high single-user rates.
In order to continue ensuring the sustainability
28
 of mobile communication services over the
coming decade, new technology solutions
that can respond to future challenges must be
identified and developed. For future radio access
in the 2020s-era, significant gains in capacity and
quality of user experience (QoE) are required in
view of the anticipated exponential increase in
the volume of mobile traffic, e.g., beyond a 500
fold increase in the next decade. In order to fulfill
the requirements, variety of new technologies
are needed, such as new multiple access (MA)
technologies, novel network architectures and
new spectrum utilization methods. Among
the elementary technologies, enhancement of
multiple access from the orthogonal to the non-
orthogonal is expected to be one promising
approach for 5G system [5]-[14].
In this paper, firstly we present the NOMA
concept toward future enhancements of spectrum
efficiency in lower frequency bands for downlink
of 5G system. After then, the key component
technologies are presented and discussed
including multi-user transmission power
allocation, scheduling algorithm, receiver design
and combination with multi-antenna technology.
In order to provide insight of suitability of using
NOMA for MA of 5G, system-level simulations
have been conducted about OFDMA and NOMA
techniques employed for downlink MA. The
simulations follow simulation configurations of
the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP)
long term evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced
standards [15]-[18]. The gains of NOMA are
evaluated under very practical considerations,
Fig.1 Concept of NOMA with SIC receiver for downlink multiple
access
29
such as 2-by-2 antenna configuration with
outdoor and indoor users, quantized channel state
information (CSI) feedback with feedback delay,
handover margin, etc.
II. PRINCIPLE OF NOMA
2.1 Concept of NOMA
NOMA is a very promising approach for
future radio access and can be applied for both
downlink and uplink. In theory, non-orthogonal
access with successive interference cancellation
(SIC)/dirty paper coding (DPC) can achieve
the multiuser capacity region both in uplink
and downlink [19]. In NOMA, signals from
multiple users are superimposed in power-
domain and downlink channel gain difference
between the multiplexed users and advanced
receiver, for example SIC receiver, are exploited
for user separation. For the user with low signal
to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), the
desired signal is detected regarding signals of
other users as interference while for user with
high SINR, the signal of users with lower SINRs
are detected and removed by SIC, and then
the desired signal is detected with improved
SINR. Figure 1 shows signal transmission and
receiving of downlink NOMA with two users.
We assume user1 is cell-center user and user2
is cell-edge user. For signal transmission, base
station (BS) broadcasts a superposed signal
with different transmission power for user 1
and user 2. Because user 2 has a lower SINR,
its capacity belongs to power limited region
in general. Therefore, in transmission power
allocation, more power is assigned to user2. On
the contrary, user1 has a higher SINR and usually
its capacity is bandwidth-limited. Therefore, less
transmission power is assigned to user1. The sum
of transmission power to user1 and user2 equals
to the total power of BS. For signal detection,
user 1 and user 2 have different processing. At
user 2, there is no SIC processing. The user 2
directly conducts signal detection to detect its
desired signal regarding the signal of user 1 as
interference. At user1, SIC is necessary because
the interference (signal of user 2) has a large
China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015
power than its desired signal. Therefore, firstly
user1 conducts signal detection to detect signal
of user2. Secondly, SIC is conducted in order
to remove the interference. After then, user 1
conducts signal detection to detect its desired
signal.

2.2 System model of NOMA for

downlink multiple access
The system model using NOMA for multiple
access is shown in Fig.2, where there are M
users in the cell and the downlink bandwidth is
divided into multiple subbands. In each subband,
BS conducts downlink transmission to multiple
users simultaneously with different transmission
power for different users. In contrast to OFDMA
where only one user can be scheduled in a
subband, in NOMA more than one user can
be scheduled in a subband. The number of
simultaneously multiplexed users, denoted as
N, can be different in different subbands. We
define Nmax to denote the maximum number of
simultaneously multiplexed users in a subband.
In scheduling, N should be less than or equal to
Nmax, for example, Nmax=3 and N equals to 2, 3
and 1 in different subbands in Fig.2. If only one
user is served in a subband, whole transmission
power of the subband is assigned to the user
same as the OFDMA system.
We consider a subband and assume there
are N users simultaneously multiplexed in the
subband. Without loss of generality, we assume
the users are in SINR descending order, i.e. user1
Fig.2 Concept of NOMA with SIC receiver for downlink multiple
access
white Gaussian noise observed at user n is
denoted by In and nn. For power assignment ratio
βk, it can take any values in theory. In practice,
base station can use predefined granularity to
quantize β k in order to reduce the signaling
overhead for informing users about βk.
SIC is performed at usern in order to remove
the intra-cell interference and improve SINR of
its desired signal. In general, cell-edge users have
large power assignment ratios and small number
of interference cancellation stages while cell-
center users have small power assignment ratios
and large number of interference cancellation
stages. In order to achieve the best performance,
SIC should be performed according to SINR
ascending order and (1) can be rewritten as
N
yn = hn × sn Pn + hn × ∑ sk Pk

Desired signal k 
= n +1
To be removed by SIC (2)
n −1
+ hn × ∑ sk Pk + I + nn
n
  
k =1
 Interference (inter-cell)
Remained interference (intra − cell)

has the highest SINR while userN has the lowest The post-processing SINR of the usern after SIC
SINR. The received signal at the usern can be can be calculated by
described by Post βn
N SINRn =
yn = hn × ∑ sk ⋅ Pk + I n + nn
n −1
1
k =1
(1) ∑β
k =1
k +
SINRn
(3)

where n, k∈[1, N] denote user index, hn denotes
channel response from BS to usern and sk denotes
data symbol transmitted for userk, respectively.
The transmission power assigned to user k is
represented as P k, i.e. P k=β k×P BS /N SB, where
β k∈(0, 1) denotes power assignment ratio of
user k, P BS denotes transmission power of BS
and NSB denotes the number of subbands in the
system. The inter-cell interference and additive
where SINR n=∣h n∣ 2P BS /(N SBP I+N) denotes the
SINR of user when full transmission power is
assigned to the user and PI+N denotes total power
of inter-cell interference and noise observed at
usern.
2.3 Benefits of NOMA
NOMA is a fundamental technology to improve

China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015 30

 spectrum efficiency and system capacity by
exploiting the power-domain, a new dimension
not yet exploited in LTE/LTE-A, and can bring
many benefits which include but not limited to
the following.
• Improved spectrum efficiency and system
throughput: the channel gain difference among
users is translated into multiplexing gain by
utilizing the non-orthogonal mulplexing.
• Robust performance gain in high mobility
scenarios: orthogonal MA (e.g. OFDMA)
obtains almost no frequency-domain
scheduling gain in high mobility scenarios as
CSI becomes outdated. NOMA mainly relies
on CSI at receiver side and thus can provide
gains even in high mobility scenarios.
• No need to increase number of transmit
antennas: It is quite important from the
perspective of cost and space limitations of
small cells and macro cell deployments in
nowadays practical network.
• Good backward compatibility with OFDMA
and SC-FDMA: NOMA can be easily applied=
on the top of OFDMA for downlink and SC-
FDMA for uplink.
• Good affinity with multi-antenna technology:
NOMA can be easily combined with
beamforming and SU/MU MIMO techniques
to boost system performance.
III. KEY COMPONENT TECHNOLOGIES OF
NOMA
3.1 Multi-user transmission power
allocation
From (3), it can be seen that power assignment
ratios determine the post-processing SINR
and thus the modulation and coding scheme
(MCS) used for data transmission of each user.
By adjusting power assignment ratios, BS can
flexibly control throughput of each user. Clearly, between total user throughput and user fairness,
overall cell throughput, cell-edge throughput
and user fairness are tightly related to power
assignment ratios and therefore sophisticated
power allocation methods are needed in order to
fully exploit power dimension in NOMA.
In this paper, we introduce maximizing
31
geometric mean user throughput as the criterion
for power assignment for NOMA system, which
is motivated by the fact that the criterion of
maximizing geometric mean user throughput is
based on proportional fairness and can achieve
optimal tradeoff between total user throughput
and user fairness with a single metric [20].
Different from existing methods, the criterion is
theoretically optimal in the view of best tradeoff
between total user throughput and user fairness.
The power allocation on the basis of maximizing
geometrical mean user throughput can be
described by
(4)
Where βn ϵ(0, 1) and sum of {β1, β1,.., βN} equals
to 1. The SEn denotes the achievable spectrum
efficiency (SE) of user n and is calculated
according to
(5)
where
MCS * arg max  SEnMCS × (1 − BLERnMCS ) 

MCS }   (6)
Post
{ SINR
n
where SE nMCS and BLER nMCS denote spectrum
efficiency and block error rate of a selected MCS
when SINR equals to SINR nPost. Specifically,
when we obtain the SINRnPost according to (3),
we check candidate MCSs in MCS set one-by-
one for usern. For each candidate MCS, we first
find the BLERnMCS corresponding to SINRnPost by
checking the BLER vs. SINR curves of the MCS
obtained from link-level simulations. After then,
we calculate the achievable spectrum efficiency
of the candidate MCS by SEnMCS(1-BLERnMCS).
After the achievable spectrum efficiencies of
all candidate MCSs are calculated, we select
the one with the highest achievable spectrum
efficiency and denote it as MCS*.
Although the power allocation method
according to (4) can achieve the best tradeoff
its computational complexity increases
exponentially with the number of simultaneously
multiplexed users. Therefore, low computational
complexity algorithms have been proposed, for
example, power allocation in proportional to
pathloss [6], power allocation with limited power
China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015
assignment ratio sets [9] and tree-search based
low complexity algorithm [13].
3.2 Scheduling algorithm
The power allocation method is used to determine
power allocation among users for a given user
set. Therefore a combination with scheduling
algorithm is needed in order to determine the
best user set among all possible user sets. In the
following, we use the proportional fairness (PF)
scheduler for multi-user transmission in [21] as
an example. The scheduling metric and algorithm
[21] maximizes proportional fairness (PF) of
multi-user transmission in order to achieve high
total user throughput while considering user
fairness similar to the widely used PF scheduling
algorithm for single-user transmission. Extension
to other schedulers is similar and straightforward.
The scheduling is performed at BS for each
subband independently. The number of possible
user sets for each subband is
M  M   M  In symbol-level SIC, the signal of cell-edge user
  +   + +  N  (7)
1
   2  max 
For each user set, the proposed power
allocation method is used to determine the
power assignment ratios for users in the user
set. After then, the post-processing SINRs and
the achievable spectrum efficiencies of the
users can be calculated according to (3) and (5)
respectively. For the k th subband, in order to
select the best user set in the subband, a metric
of user set is defined as
æ rk ,n (t )
Õ ççççè1 + (t -1) R (t )÷÷÷÷ø
LY j 
nÎY j (8)
c n
to [21], the scheduling metric is proved to be
the optimal one for multi-user transmission.
After the scheduling of all subbands, the average
throughput of usern is updated according to
 1 1 N SB
Rn ( t + 1) = 1 −  Rn ( t ) + ∑ rk ,n ( t ) N SB
 tc  tc k =1 (10)
The (10) denotes a sliding window based
average throughput update with a window size of
tc. In calculation of (10), if usern is not scheduled
in the kth subband, rk,n(t)=0.
3.3 Receiver design
Two kinds of receivers can be used for NOMA
detection, i.e. symbol-level SIC receiver and
codeword-level SIC receiver as shown in Fig.3.
The main difference between symbol-level SIC
and codeword-level SIC is that channel decoding
and re-encoding are involved in codeword-level
SIC while not in symbol-level SIC.
3.3.1 Symbol-level SIC receiver
is demodulated and then a hard or soft replica is
generated, i.e. channel decoding is not involved.
After the hard or soft signal replica of cell-edge
user is generated, SIC is conducted in order to
cancel the interference from cell-edge user and
improve the SINR for signal detection of cell
center user.
3.3.2 Codeword-level SIC receiver
In codeword-level SIC, the signal of cell-edge
ö

where Ψj denotes the j candidate user set, rk,n(t)

th

denotes instantaneous achievable user throughput

of usern in the kth subband at time t, Rn(t) denotes
average user throughput of the usern at time t,
and tc denotes the window size for calculating
the average user throughput.
The best user set for the subband, i.e. ΨOptimal,
is selected according to
Ψ Optimal = arg max Λ Ψ j ( )
Ψj
(9)
It can be seen that the candidate user set with
the optimal (i.e. highest) proportional fairness of
multi-user transmission is selected. According Fig. 3 Symbol-level and codeword-level SIC receiver

China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015 32

 user is demodulated and decoded (rather than
only demodulated as in symbol-level SIC). After
then, the information bits of cell-edge user are
re-encoded, re-modulated and cancelled from
the received signal. Since channel decoding is
conducted in the signal detection, the probability
of successful recovery of signal of cell edge user
increases significantly compared with symbol-
level SIC. Therefore, impact of error propagation
can be reduced drastically in codeword-level
SIC. On the other hand, channel decoding and
re-encoding brings additional computational
complex as well as increases the detection
latency compared with symbol-level SIC.
Fig. 4 Combination of NOMA with SU-MIMO
Fig. 5 Combination of NOMA with MU-MIMO
Fig. 6 Performance comparison of different SIC receivers
33
3.4 Combination with multiple
antennas
Multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) is one
of the key technologies to improve spectrum
efficiency in LTE/LTE-Advanced. In general,
MIMO techniques can be categorized into single
user (SU)-MIMO, where only one UE is served
in data transmission, and multiple user (MU)-
MIMO, where more than one UE is served in
data transmission. Because MIMO technology
exploits spatial domain and NOMA exploits
power domain, the two technologies can be
combined to further boost the system spectrum
efficiency. There are two major approaches to
combine NOMA and MIMO technologies. One
approach is to use MU-MIMO technique to
create multiple spatial beams and apply NOMA
technique inside each beam [10]. The other
approach is to use NOMA technique to create
multiple power levels and apply SU-MIMO
and/or MU-MIMO technique inside each power
level [14]. For example For NOMA with SU-
MIMO (2x2), with up to two user multiplexing
in the power-domain, non-orthogonal beam
multiplexing enables up to 4 beam multiplexing
using only 2 transmit antennas. In addition,
the combination of NOMA with SU-MIMO
can involve both open-loop MIMO (e.g., space
frequency block coding (SFBC), large delay
cyclic delay diversity (CDD) and closed-loop
MIMO (based on CSI feedback by users).
Open-loop MIMO schemes when combined
with NOMA are expected to provide robust
performance in high mobility scenarios.
VI. PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS
4.1 Simulation parameters and
assumptions
The simulation parameters are shown in Table
I which is compliant with the LTE/LTE-
Advanced specifications [15]-[18]. We assume
the maximum number of simultaneously
multiplexed users is two and NOMA scheduling
SINR is simply approximated from LTE
OFDMA implicit feedback without considering
China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015
precoding of paired users, and full buffer traffic Table I Simulation parameters
model is assumed. NOMA combined with Hexagonal grid, 3 sectors per site, 19 macro sites
Layout
OFDMA (in short NOMA in the following), the (ISD = 500 m)
cell throughput and cell-edge user throughput System bandwidth 10 MHz
Carrier frequency 2.0 GHz
are evaluated. The cell throughput is defined
Total BS TX power 46 dBm
as the average aggregated throughput for users Distance-dependent
scheduled per a single cell, while the cell-edge ITU UMa
path loss
user throughput is defined as the 5% value of the For outdoor UEs:0dB For indoor UEs: 20dB+0.5din
cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the Penetration loss (din : independent uniform random value between [
user throughput. 0, min(25,d) ] for eac
Shadowing ITU UMa
4.2 Link-level evaluation results Antenna pattern 3D (referring to TR36.819)
Antenna Height: 25 m
Link level simulations have been conducted UE antenna Height 1.5 m
Antenna gain +
to evaluate the impact of error propagation on 17 dBi
connector loss
NOMA performance. Two kinds of SIC receivers
Antenna gain of UE 0 dBi
are considered: symbol-level SIC receiver and
Fast fading channel
codeword-level SIC receiver. The simulation ITU UMa
between BS and UE
results are shown in Fig.6 and performance of BS: 2Tx (0.5 lambda), cross-polarized
ideal SIC is also shown as a reference. It can be Antenna configuration
UE: 2Rx (0.5 lambda), cross-polarized
seen that the performance of codeword-level SIC Number of UEs per cell 10 or 20
receiver is very close to the ideal SIC receiver 20% UEs are outdoor and 80% UEs are
UE dropping
when power ratio of cell-edge UE is larger than indoor.
0.65 owing to error recovery of the channel Minimum distance
35 m
coding. However, for symbol-level SIC, there from macro-cell to UEs
is a big gap to the ideal SIC receiver due to the Traffic model Full buffer
residual error. UE receiver IRC for rank 1 and MMSE for rank 2
UE noise figure 9 dB
UE speed 3 km/h
4.3 System-level evaluation results
Cell selection criteria RSRP
Handover margin 3 dB
In system-level simulations, codeword-level
Scheduling algorithm Proportional fairness maximization
SIC receiver is assumed. The evaluations are Control delay
conducted for two cases: a) subband user pairing 6 msec
(scheduling, AMC)
and scheduling where data transmission of a user HARQ Chase combining
only occupies a part of the whole bandwidth; Round trip delay
8 msec
b) wideband user pairing and scheduling where (HARQ)
data transmission of a user occupies the whole CQI quantization Yes
bandwidth. Codebook According to [15]
Figure 7 and 8 presents the overall cell
throughput of OFDMA and NOMA respectively. OFDMA are about 16.06% for cell throughput
In the following, the performance gain is defined and about 22.25% for cell-edge throughput when
as the percentage of performance improvement UE number is 10. In OFDMA, only one user is
of NOMA system over OFDMA system. The scheduled in each subband. Therefore when the
maximum multiplexing order, Nmax, for NOMA subband is allocated to a weak user, the subband
is set to 2 in the evaluations. From the evaluation is underutilized in view of the “bps/Hz”. While
results, it can be seen that: 1) NOMA system can in NOMA, all the subbands are fully utilized
achieve much better performance than OFDMA through the non-orthogonal multiplexing.
system. The performance gains of NOMA over Therefore, large performance gains are achieved.

China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015 34

 2) The NOMA gain increases with UE number
in the cell. The NOMA gain increases to 21.03%
for cell throughput and 26.79% for cell-edge
throughput when UE number is 20, which is
because the BS can find more suitable UEs for
NOMA multiplexing when the UE number in
the cell increases. 3) The NOMA gain is larger
in wideband user pairing and scheduling than
in subband user pairing and scheduling. The
performance gain is 25.58% for cell throughput
and 29.12% for cell-edge throughput when
UE number is 10. When UE number is 20, the
NOMA gain is about 28.20% for cell throughput
and 30.11% for cell-edge throughput. The
reason is because for wideband user pairing and
scheduling, the wideband power assignment
ratio can well match the wideband MCS while
for subband user pairing and scheduling, the
power assignment ratio is calculated on subband
basis but the MCS is selected on a wideband
basis, i.e. the same MCS is used for all the
(a)10UEs/cell
Fig.7 Performance comparison of NOMA and OFDMA: subband user pairing and scheduling
(a)10UEs/cell
Fig.8 Performance comparison of NOMA and OFDMA: wideband user pairing and scheduling
35
assigned subbands of the user. Therefore, there
is a mismatch between the power allocation and
MCS for transmission. It needs to emphasize
that such a large performance gain of NOMA is
achieved with very practical assumptions and
can be further increased by applying larger Nmax.
The large gain of NOMA mainly comes from the
non-orthogonal multiplexing, which substantially
improves the resource utilization efficiency
compared with OFDMA where only one UE
occupies the radio resource.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Multiple access technology is of vital importance
to future 5G wideband wireless communication
system. In this paper, we investigated suitability
of using NOMA for future downlink multiple
access. Firstly the principle of NOMA is
introduced including concept of NOMA with
SIC processing and system model of using
(b)20UEs/cell
(b)20UEs/cell
China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015
NOMA for multiple access on top of OFDMA.
After then, the key component technologies
of NOMA are discussed, i.e. multiple user
transmission power allocation, scheduling
algorithm, receiver design and combination
with multi-input and multi-output technology.
In order to provide insight into the achievable
performance gain by utilizing the non-orthogonal
multiplexing, the performance of NOMA is
investigated by system-level simulations.
The simulation assumptions and parameters
are well aligned with the existing LTE/LTE-
Advanced standards in order to have an accurate
estimation of the achievable performance gain.
From the simulation results, the non-orthogonal
multiple access system can achieve very large
performance gain in overall cell throughput and
cell-edge throughput over OFDMA. Therefore,
it can be concluded that non-orthogonal multiple
access is a very promising multiple access
technology for future 5G systems.
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Biographies
Li Anxin received Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China in 2005. Since then, he has
been with DOCOMO Beijing Labs. He is currently a vice
principle researcher and research manager in DOCOMO
Beijing Innovative Radio Transmission Lab. His
research interests include new radio access techniques,
waveform design, space time processing technique
and cooperative relay technique. (*The corresponding
author, email: liax@docomolabs-beijing.com.cn)
Lan Yang received Ph.D. degree from Southeast
University, Nanjing, China in 2005. Since 2008, he
37
has been with DOCOMO Beijing Labs. He is currently
a senior researcher in DOCOMO Beijing Innovative
Radio Transmission Lab. His research activities include
N o n - O r t h o g o n a l M u l t i p l e x A c c e s s te c h n o l o g y
(NOMA), waveform design, License Assisted Access
(LAA) technology, and LTE-evolution/5G radio access
technologies.
Chen Xiaohang received M.S. degree from Beijing
University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing,
China in 2013. Since then, he has been with DOCOMO
Beijing Labs. He is currently a researcher in DOCOMO
Beijing Innovative Radio Transmission Lab. His research
interests include new radio access techniques, physical
layer techniques, non-orthogonal multiplex access
techniques and Device-to-Device communication
techniques.
Jiang Huiling received her B.E., M.E. and Dr.Eng.
degrees in electrical and computer engineering from
Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan, in
1997, 1999 and 2002 respectively. In 2002, she joined
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Tokyo, Japan. She was engaged
in studies on base station antennas for mobile
communications and antennas numerical analysis.
Since 2013, she is the director of the Advanced Wireless
System Lab of DOCOMO Beijing Communications
Laboratories Co., Ltd. She received the Best Paper
Award from IEICE in 2009. She is a member of the IEEE
and IEICE.
China Communications • Supplement No.1 2015