ESL NOTES

Unit 1: Happiness and success

- Writing: Describing people character and appearance
https://www.vocabulary.com/lists/238935
https://www.esolcourses.com/content/exercises/grammar/adjectives/appearance/voca
b1.html
- Speaking: Expressing fear and giving someone confidence
- Grammar: Figurative meanings:
Apostrophes: to shorten be, not; to say about owning
Present simple: facts that are always true
Present continuous: things that are happening at the moment
- Vocab and Spelling: Spelling Patterns: qu(/kw/) and ph(/f/)
Why are words misspelt? (silent letters, ending, plural, double letters)
Homophones (same sounds, different spelling)
Adjectives to describe people (p15)
Color images
Unit 2: You and your community
- Writing: Giving information about yourself, your family and your area
Welcoming an overseas guest
Tone and register
Adj + N + With/made of/ which
- Speaking: Interview: neighborhood and home life
https://www.vocabulary.com/lists/328810
Showing enthusiasm
Amazing, great, lovely, atmosphere, fun, superb, fascinating, love, must, interesting
Persuading (really, theory, practice, point, but, this way)
- Grammar: Order of adjectives
Quantity or number
Quality or opinion
Size
Age
Shape
Color
Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/nationalities/
Purpose or qualifier (qualifier is a word or phrase (such as very) that precedes an
adjective or adverb, increasing or decreasing the quality signified by the word it
modifies.
 Borrowed words
https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-words-from-other-languages/
Gerund(-ing) or infinitive (i: allow, ask, want, would like, promise, warn, remind, expect,
decide, make, agree, refuse, offer, help, encourage, manage, tend; g: finish, hate, avoid,
like, dislike, love, risk, imagine, deny, postpone, recall, enjoy, imagine, mind, miss,
suggest, can’t stand, spend/waste time)
Both (remember, forget, need, try, stop, go on
- Vocab: Describing a place and its atmosphere
Doubling consonants
Suffixes: Multi-syllable words (-ed, -ing, -er, -est, -ish, -y, -able)
Double the final consonant: end in 1 vowel + 1 consonant (exceptions: one-syllable
words end in w, x, y) ex. Cutting, sunny; last syllable is stressed + end in 1 vowel + 1
consonant
Not double the consonant: one-syllable word ends with 2 vowels + 1 consonants /1
vowel + two consonants (needing, adapting), stress is on the first syllable, the last
syllable contains 2 vowels before the consonant, or one vowel and two consonants
Unit 3: Sports, fitness and health
- Writing: Summarizing (question set, own word, eliminate unnecessary, own opinions,
connect grammatically, word limit) and note-making (underline relevance, make notes,
check for content, language and presentation)
- Speaking: Stressing key words
Expressing warnings
Warnings (take care to/be careful to/ make sure you/ watch out for/ look out for; thank,
I will remember that/I’ll do that/etc)
- Grammar: Headlines (compound noun, collision, compensation)
Redundant words
Passives
Verbs with two objects
- Vocab: Compound nouns
Suffixes: words with a final –e
Drop when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel
Kept the e when begin consonant, able, two vowels before the suffix

Unit 4: Our impact on the planet

- Writing: ‘For and against’ arguments (advantages and disadvantages)
Relating to the target audience
- Speaking: The letter g (/g/, /d3/)
Asking for a favor (Would you mind giving me a lift?)
(Checking, expressing thanks)
 - Grammar: Connectors (despite, nevertheless, in spite of, however, yet, on the other
hand, although, even though, but)
Words often confused
The future with will and going to
- Vocab: The letter g
Euphemisms
Ways of walking
Unit 5: Entertainment
- Writing: Film and book reviews
- Speaking: Asking for information
Describing films
The letters c and ch
/k/ before vowels (a, o, u), most consonants
/s/ before vowels (e, i, y)
/ʃ/ before letters ea, ia, ie, ien, ious
Double c before e/i (/ks/)
Strategies for interrupting
- Grammar: So…that (can be used with an adi without a n) and such…that (can be used
with an adi with a n)
Will for prediction (predict responses)
The superlative + present perfect (recommendations, review)
- Vocab: Adjectives to describe film
P112