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SECTION I
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A INTRODUCTION - 02el wate
B LAYOUTS - 03 r
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SECTION II DESIGN SUMMARY o sure
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C DESIGN INFORMATION - 06L
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D LOAD CASES - 07
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D-1 LOAD COMBINATIONS - 07
E ABUTMENT STEM
E-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM - 08
E-2 DESIGN LOADS - 09
E-2-1 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 09
E-2-2 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 09
E-3 REINFORCEMENT SUMMARY OF ABUTMENT STEM - 10
E-4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL - 11
G ABUTMENT STEM
G-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM - 18
G-1-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM AT BOTTOM LEVEL - 19
G-1-2 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 22
G-2 DESIGN LOADS - 25
G-2-1 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 25
G-2-2 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 25
G-3 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE - 26
G-3-1 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM AT BOTTOM LEVEL - 26
G-3-2 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM AT2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 28
G-4 DESIGN TO CONTROL THERMAL CRACKING - 30
G-5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS - 33
G-4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL - 34
1.0 Introduction
The design parameters and loading combinations used are based on BD/01
(the design of Buried concrete Box and Portal frame structures ) of the DMRB
(Design Manuals for Road and Bridges) published by the Highway Agency UK.
Analysis was done using a 3D plate element Model on Commercial software of
SAP 2000.
10.0000
1.6000
Page - 1
British standard BS 5400 1978- Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges
Design Manual for Road and Bridges BD 31/01- The design of Buried concrete
Box and Portal frame structures.
2.2 Reference
3.1 Dimensions
Type of the Structure = Single cell box culvert
Total Length of the culvert = 10.00 m
Carriageway width of the culvert = 7.00 m
Internal Span of the culvert = 1.20 m
Width of footwalk = 1.50 m
Wall / SlabThickness = 0.20 m
Dead load of the structure is not calculated seperately since SAP 2000 acounts the self
weight of the structure
Page - 2
4.2 Super Imposed Dead Load
For the purpose of super imposed dead load calculations it was assumed that the
culvert would have an asphalt overlay of 60 mm.
Soil load on the walls are triangularly ditributed and the load due to
surcharge is a constant which does not vary with the depth
K min = 0.2
Ka = 0.33
Ko = 0.6
Page - 3
The horizontal pressure is different for different loading senarios. The value of relavent K is
obtained in accordance with BD 031.
For SAP 2000 model spring supports are used. The spring constants are calculated based
on subgrade modulus value
Page 503 ,
Foundation
analysisi and Spring stiffness of the soil at the base of box culvert shall be calculated based on:
Design - Ks = 40 qult (kN/m3) = 40 x 2 x 125
Joshep E
Bowels = 10000 Ks = 10000 kN/m3
To obtain the critical load cases and combinations BS 5400 part 2: 1978 and BD 031 are used.
BS 5400
Part 2: 1978
Table 1
Page - 4
Figure 4 : Partial Safety Factor Table
The box structure is analyzed without modeling wing walls to it . Wing walls are
seperately analyzed.
Load cases were selected based on the BD 031. Accordingly 17 load combinations were
considered for ultimate limit state . For servicibility limit state also another 17 load
combinations are created. For both senarios separate envelopes are made results were
taken based on those two envelopes.
For the purpose of analysis a finite element model is made . Modeling was done based
on centerline dimensions. Major concern of the modelling process was the selection of
element size.
Since th ethickness of walls and slabs are 300 mm the element size was decided as 300
mm x 300 mm in order to ensure the shell like behavior. The model was done using shell
elements . Four noded elements were selected for modeling.
All the permanent and live loads were calculated according to Apendix - A of BD 031 /
01: Design Manual for Roads and Bridges published by the Road Agency ,UK. The base
was modeled with spring supports , where the spring constants were calculated based Page - 5
on subgrade modulus and the effective area for node from adjoining shell elements.
All the permanent and live loads were calculated according to Apendix - A of BD 031 /
01: Design Manual for Roads and Bridges published by the Road Agency ,UK. The base
was modeled with spring supports , where the spring constants were calculated based
on subgrade modulus and the effective area for node from adjoining shell elements.
SAP 2000
User
References -
Analysis
Reference
Manual
Each Shell el e ment has its own element local coordinate system used to define
Material properties, loads and out put. The axes of local system are denoted 1, 2
and 3. The first two axes lie in the plane of the element with an orientation
specified; the third axis is nor mal.
In SAP 2000 out put the moments given are M11, M22 and M12 and the forces F11,
F22 and F22. According to the sign convention M11 gives the moments relavent to
design of reinforcwement along the direction of local axis 1. relavent shear force
can be obtained from F11. The positive moment gives the reinforcement for bottom
face of the element.
Page - 6
case 4 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 4 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 4 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 4 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)
Page - 7
Figure 6 : Finite Element Model and Mesh
Page - 8
Figure 9 : Assigning the HB Loads
Page - 9
Reference Calculations Output
Page - 10
Reference Calculations Output
8.3.1 SAP 2000 Stress Contour Diagrams
8.3.1.1 SAP 2000 Stress Contour Diagrams for ULS
Page - 11
Bottom slab : Top mesh ,
Main R/F:
Moment = 15
shear = 2
Page - 12
Figure 11 : Moments fortransverse r/f design - Bottom slab
Page - 13
Figure 14 : Shear forces for main r/f design - Side walls
Page - 14
Figure 18 : Torsional moments for r/f design - top slab walls
9.0. Design
9.1 Design of Top Slab
9.1.1 Design of Reinforcement
Page - 15
Diameter of main r/f = 12 mm
Secondary reinforcement = 10 mm
K' = 0.156
M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5
by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 130.6
0.95d = 136.8
so , z = 130.6
As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
= 669.6 mm2
M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5
by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 142.4
Page - 16
0.95d = 136.8
so , z = 136.8
As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
= 82.2 mm2
150 mm
acr
50 mm
Page - 17
Diameter of the reinforcement(d) = 12 mm
spacing = 150
= 75 mm
from geometry, (acr + (d/2)) = ((d/2) + c)2 + (s/2)2
2
acr = ((12.5+50)2+752)1/2-10
= 87.60 mm
εm = ε1- ε2
x = - αeAs √ [ (αeAs) + 2b αe As d ]
2
b
Es = 200 kN/mm2
Short term Modulus of = 26 kN/mm2
Elastic of crt
Ec = 26 / 2
Ec = 13 kN/mm2
(It is necessary to consider the apparent concrete strain. This must done by
Elastic analysis using half value of E c)
αe = 200 / 13
= 15.38
As = 678.8 mm2
d = 144.0 mm
Page - 18
x (dc) = 45.39 mm
y = 1240 - 180.21
y = 154.6 mm
IC = 1/3 bx3 + αeAs(d - x )2 Cracked section
considering material transformation
ε1 = 0 x 10 6x155
3
132726082.84 x 13 x 10
ε1 = 1.58E+09
1.73E+12
ε1 = 0.00091 mm
a' = h
h = 200
εs = ( d - x ) x ε1
(h-x)
= ( 144 - 45.4 ) x 0.000914
( 200 - 45.4 )
= 0.090
154.6
εs = 0.00058 mm
Mq = 9.2 kNm
Mg = 1.0 kNm
ε2 = -0.01575 <0
Therefore ε3 = 0
εm = 1577070645.57405 - 0
= 0.0009 mm
= 0.162 <0.25 ok
Page - 19
Moments obtained from sap2000 analysis does not show significant values. Therefore
minimum R/f would be provided for base slab.
K' = 0.156
M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5
by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 142.6
0.95d = 136.8
so , z = 136.8
As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
Page - 20
= 73.06 mm2
As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 678.8 mm2
Reference Output
M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5
by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 144.0
0.95d = 136.8
so , z = 136.8
As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
= 522.4 mm2
As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 678.8 mm2
9.1.1.3 Distribution steel
As = 10 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 471.4 mm2
Page - 21
Servicibility limit state
Mq = 8.2 kNm
Mg = 0.85 kNm
Total SLS moment for crack width = 9.05 kNm
Design for crack width = 3acrεm
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)
150 mm
acr
50 mm
Reference Output
acr = ((12.5+50)2+752)1/2-10
= 87.60 mm
εm = ε1- ε2
Page - 22
αe = Modulous ratio
= ES / E C
ε1 = M y
I C EC
x = - αeAs √ [ (αeAs) + 2b αe As d ]
2
b
Es = 200 kN/mm2
Short term Modulus of = 26 kN/mm2
Elastic of crt
Ec = 26 / 2
Ec = 13 kN/mm2
(It is necessary to consider the apparent concrete strain. This must done by
Elastic analysis using half value of E c)
αe = 200 / 13
= 15.38
As = 678.8 mm2
d = 144.0 mm
x (dc) = 45.39 mm
y = 1240 - 180.21
y = 154.6 mm
IC = 1/3 bx3 + αeAs(d - x )2 Cracked section
considering material transformation
ε1 = 0 x 10 6x155
3
132726082.84 x 13 x 10
ε1 = 1.40E+09
1.73E+12
ε1 = 0.00081 mm
a' = h
h = 200
Page - 23
εs = ( d - x ) x ε1
(h-x)
= ( 144 - 45.4 ) x 0.000811
( 200 - 45.4 )
= 0.080
154.6
εs = 0.00052 mm
Mq = 8.2 kNm
Mg = 0.9 kNm
ε2 = -0.01872 <0
Therefore ε3 = 0
εm = 1399263661.02403 - -0.018716
= 0.0008 mm
= 0.143 <0.25 ok
= 0.49
Page - 24
Output
Page - 25
Output
Page - 26
Output
HA UDL (kN/m2)
HA KEL (kN/m)
Page - 27
kN/m3
Output
Page - 28
Output
Page - 29
Output
Page - 30
Output
Page - 31
Output
Page - 32
Page - 33
Output
Page - 34
Output
Page - 35
Bottom slab : Top mesh ,
Main R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m
Output
Page - 36
Bottom slab : Top mesh ,
Transverse R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m
Output
Page - 37
Side walls : Soil face
,Transverse R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m
Output
Page - 38
Output
Page - 39
Output
Page - 40
Output
Page - 41
Output
Page - 42
Output
Page - 43
Output
Page - 44
Output
Page - 45
Output
Page - 46
Page - 47