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SECTION I
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L Level
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A INTRODUCTION - 02el wate
B LAYOUTS - 03 r
lo pres
SECTION II DESIGN SUMMARY o sure
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C DESIGN INFORMATION - 06L
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D LOAD CASES - 07
el
D-1 LOAD COMBINATIONS - 07

E ABUTMENT STEM
E-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM - 08
E-2 DESIGN LOADS - 09
E-2-1 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 09
E-2-2 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 09
E-3 REINFORCEMENT SUMMARY OF ABUTMENT STEM - 10
E-4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL - 11

F WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS


F-1 DESIGN LOADS - 12
F-1-1 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 13
F-1-2 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 13
F-2 SUMMARY OF RESULTS - 14
F-2-1 LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 14
F-2-2 RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 15
F-3 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL - 16
F-3-1 LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 16
F-3-2 RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 17

SECTION III DETAILED DESIGN CALCULATIONS

G ABUTMENT STEM
G-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM - 18
G-1-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM AT BOTTOM LEVEL - 19
G-1-2 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 22
G-2 DESIGN LOADS - 25
G-2-1 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 25
G-2-2 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 25
G-3 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE - 26
G-3-1 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM AT BOTTOM LEVEL - 26
G-3-2 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM AT2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL - 28
G-4 DESIGN TO CONTROL THERMAL CRACKING - 30
G-5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS - 33
G-4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL - 34

H WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS


H-1 LOADS ON WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS - 35
H-1-1 LOADS ON LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 35
H-1-2 LOADS ON RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 37
H-2 DESIGN LOADS - 39
H-2-1 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 39
H-2-2 DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 39
H-3 DESIGN OF WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE - 40
H-3-1 LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 40
H-3-2 RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 43
H-4 DESIGN TO CONTROL THERMAL CRACKING OF WING WALLS - 46
H-5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS - 48
H-5-1 LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 48
H-5-2 RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 49
H-6 REINFORCEMENT DIAGRAM - 50
H-6-1 LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER - 50
H-6-2 RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER - 51
Reference Calculations Output

Design of Box Culvert on A022 Road

1.0 Introduction

The Purpose of this report is to carry out detailed engineering design of a


single cell box culvert with internal dimensions of 1.20m x1.20m x0.2m
(breath x height x thickness).

The design parameters and loading combinations used are based on BD/01
(the design of Buried concrete Box and Portal frame structures ) of the DMRB
(Design Manuals for Road and Bridges) published by the Highway Agency UK.
Analysis was done using a 3D plate element Model on Commercial software of
SAP 2000.

10.0000

1.6000

Figure 1 : Plan view of culvert

Figure 2 : Section view of culvert

2.0 Design Codes and References

2.1 Design Codes

Page - 1
British standard BS 5400 1978- Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges

Design Manual for Road and Bridges BD 31/01- The design of Buried concrete
Box and Portal frame structures.

Reference Calculations Output

2.2 Reference

Bowels J.E (1997) - Foundation Analysis and Design (Fifth Edition)

3.0 General Data

3.1 Dimensions
Type of the Structure = Single cell box culvert
Total Length of the culvert = 10.00 m
Carriageway width of the culvert = 7.00 m
Internal Span of the culvert = 1.20 m
Width of footwalk = 1.50 m
Wall / SlabThickness = 0.20 m

3.2 Parameters of Soil

Saturated density of soil (gs) = 18 kN/m3


Angle of shearing resistance (f) = 30 deg
Cohesion intercept (c') = 0

3.3 Properties of Concret

Concrete Grade = 25 N/mm2


Density of Asphalt concrete = 23 N/mm3

Young's modulus of G25 concrete = 26 Gpa


Poisson Ratio = 0.17

Concrete cover to reinforcement = 50 mm

3.4 Properties of Steel

Strength of Tor steel = 460 N/mm


2

Strength of mild steel = 250 N/mm


2

Young's modulus of steel = 200 Gpa

4.0 Load Data and Load Calculations

4.1 Dead Load

Dead load of the structure is not calculated seperately since SAP 2000 acounts the self
weight of the structure

Page - 2
4.2 Super Imposed Dead Load

For the purpose of super imposed dead load calculations it was assumed that the
culvert would have an asphalt overlay of 60 mm.

Super imposed dead load = 23 x 0.06


= 1.38 kN/m2

Weight of parapat wall = 2.10 kN/m

BS 5400 4.3 Pedestrian Load


Part 2: 1978 Pedestrian Loading = 5.00 kN/m2
7.1.1

Reference Calculations Output

4.4 Vehical Loads

Span of the culvert = 1.20 m


width of the carriage way = 7.00 m
No of Notional Lanes = 2

HA UDL = 30 kN/1m of notional lane


= 30/3.5 HA UDL (kN/m2)
8.571 kN/m2 = 8.57

HA KEL = 120 kN/notional lane


= 120/3.5
34.29 kN/m HA KEL (kN/m)
= 34.29
30 units of HB (for one axle) = 300 kN
4.5 Traction
Traction load HA = 8 x 1.6 + 200
= 212.8 kN

Traction load HB = 25% x 300


= 75 kN
4.6 Surcharge Load
HA Surcharge = 10.00 kN/m2
HB Surcharge = 12.5 kN/m2

4.7 Soil Load & Surcharge

Soil load on the walls are triangularly ditributed and the load due to
surcharge is a constant which does not vary with the depth

Values of Earth pressure coefficients

K min = 0.2
Ka = 0.33
Ko = 0.6

Page - 3
The horizontal pressure is different for different loading senarios. The value of relavent K is
obtained in accordance with BD 031.

5.0 Support Data

For SAP 2000 model spring supports are used. The spring constants are calculated based
on subgrade modulus value
Page 503 ,
Foundation
analysisi and Spring stiffness of the soil at the base of box culvert shall be calculated based on:
Design - Ks = 40 qult (kN/m3) = 40 x 2 x 125
Joshep E
Bowels = 10000 Ks = 10000 kN/m3

6.0 Load Combinations and Partial Sefety Factors

To obtain the critical load cases and combinations BS 5400 part 2: 1978 and BD 031 are used.

Reference Calculations Output

6.1 Partial Safety factors

BS 5400
Part 2: 1978
Table 1

Page - 4
Figure 4 : Partial Safety Factor Table

6.2 Load Combinations

Load combinations to be considered are Combination-1, Combination-3


and Combination- 4

Combination-1 Permanent loads, Vertical live loads and Horizontal


live load surcharge

Combination-3 Combination-1 plus temperature effects

Combination-4 Permanent loads,Horizontal live load surcharge plus Traction

** Combination 1 and 4 are considered for the design

7.0 Analysis Method

The box structure is analyzed without modeling wing walls to it . Wing walls are
seperately analyzed.

Reference Calculations Output


8.0. Analysis
Analysis was done by creating a finite element Model using the structural analysis
software SAP 2000.

8.1 Load Cases considered for the Modeling.

Load cases were selected based on the BD 031. Accordingly 17 load combinations were
considered for ultimate limit state . For servicibility limit state also another 17 load
combinations are created. For both senarios separate envelopes are made results were
taken based on those two envelopes.

8.2 Finite Element Model

For the purpose of analysis a finite element model is made . Modeling was done based
on centerline dimensions. Major concern of the modelling process was the selection of
element size.

Since th ethickness of walls and slabs are 300 mm the element size was decided as 300
mm x 300 mm in order to ensure the shell like behavior. The model was done using shell
elements . Four noded elements were selected for modeling.

All the permanent and live loads were calculated according to Apendix - A of BD 031 /
01: Design Manual for Roads and Bridges published by the Road Agency ,UK. The base
was modeled with spring supports , where the spring constants were calculated based Page - 5
on subgrade modulus and the effective area for node from adjoining shell elements.
All the permanent and live loads were calculated according to Apendix - A of BD 031 /
01: Design Manual for Roads and Bridges published by the Road Agency ,UK. The base
was modeled with spring supports , where the spring constants were calculated based
on subgrade modulus and the effective area for node from adjoining shell elements.

SAP 2000
User
References -
Analysis
Reference
Manual

Figure 5 : SAP 2000 Shell Element Axis and Faces

Each Shell el e ment has its own element local coordinate system used to define
Material properties, loads and out put. The axes of local system are denoted 1, 2
and 3. The first two axes lie in the plane of the element with an orientation
specified; the third axis is nor mal.

In SAP 2000 out put the moments given are M11, M22 and M12 and the forces F11,
F22 and F22. According to the sign convention M11 gives the moments relavent to
design of reinforcwement along the direction of local axis 1. relavent shear force
can be obtained from F11. The positive moment gives the reinforcement for bottom
face of the element.

Reference Calculations Output


Load Cases considered

Case -01 (Maximim horizontal and Maximum vertical load)


case 1 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 1 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 1 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 1 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)

Case -02 (Maximim horizontal and Minimum vertical load)

Case -03 (Minimum horizontal and Maximim vertical load)


case 3 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 3 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 3 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 3 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)

Case -04 (Traction and Maximim vertical load)

Page - 6
case 4 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 4 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 4 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 4 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)

Case -05 (Traction with Minimum vertical load)


case 5 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 5 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 5 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 5 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)

Case -01 Case -02 Case -03


Load Type
γfL γf3 Ka γfL γf3 Ka γfL γf3 Ka
Dead 1.15 1.1 1 1 1.15 1.1
Su. Dead 1.75 1.1 1 1 1.75 1.1
Handrail 1.75 1.1 1 1 1.75 1.1
Pedestrian 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.1
HA Loads 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.1
HB Loads 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.1
Earth Pressure 1.5 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.1 0.6 1 1 0.2
Traction HA
Traction HB
HA Surcharge 1.5 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.1 0.6
HB Surcharge 1.5 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.1 0.6

Case -04 Case -05


Load Type
γfL γf3 Ka γfL γf3 Ka
Dead 1.15 1.1 1 1
Su. Dead 1.75 1.1 1 1
Handrail 1.75 1.1 1 1
Pedestrian 1.5 1.1 1 1
HA Loads 1.5 1.1 1 1
HB Loads 1.3 1.1 1 1
Earth Pressure 1.5,1.0 1.1,1.0 0.33,0.6 1.5,1.0 1.1,1.0 0.33,0.6
Traction HA 1.25 1.1 1.25 1.1
Traction HB 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
HA Surcharge 1.5 1.1 0.33,0.0 1.5 1.1 0.33,0.0
HB Surcharge 1.5 1.1 0.33,0.0 1.5 1.1 0.33,0.0

Reference Calculations Output


8.3 Results of the Finite Element Modeling

Page - 7
Figure 6 : Finite Element Model and Mesh

Figure 7 : Assigning the earth pressure

Figure 8 : Assigning the HA UDL

Reference Calculations Output

Page - 8
Figure 9 : Assigning the HB Loads

Figure 10 : Assigning the Pedestrian Loads

Figure 11 : Assigning the HA Traction

Page - 9
Reference Calculations Output

Figure 12 : Assigning the HA surcharge

Figure 12 : Defining a load combination

Page - 10
Reference Calculations Output
8.3.1 SAP 2000 Stress Contour Diagrams
8.3.1.1 SAP 2000 Stress Contour Diagrams for ULS

(a) Top Slab

Top slab : Top mesh , Main


R/F:
Figure 7 : Momets for main r/f design - Top slab Moment = 4.5
shear = 85

Top slab : Bottom mesh ,


Main R/F:
Moment = 35
shear = 5

Figure 8 : Shear forces for main r/f design - Top slab

(b) Bottom Slab

Page - 11
Bottom slab : Top mesh ,
Main R/F:

Moment = 15
shear = 2

Figure 9 : Momets for main r/f design - Bottom slab

Reference Calculations Output

Bottom slab : Bottom


mesh , Main R/F:
Moment = 5
shear = 30

Figure 10 : Shear forces for main r/f design - Bottom slab

Page - 12
Figure 11 : Moments fortransverse r/f design - Bottom slab

Bottom slab : Top mesh ,


Transverse R/F:
Moment = 5
shear = 30

Bottom slab : Bottom


mesh , Transverse R/F:
Moment = 2
shear = 30

Figure 12 : Shear forces for transverse r/f design - Bottom slab

Reference Calculations Output


(c) Side walls

Side walls : Soil face , Main


R/F:
Figure 13 : Moments for main r/f design - Side walls Moment = 28.6
shear = 25

Side walls : Water face ,


Main R/F:
Moment = 4
shear = 5

Page - 13
Figure 14 : Shear forces for main r/f design - Side walls

Side walls : Soil face


,Transverse R/F:
Moment = 12
shear = 8

Figure 15 : Moments for Transverse r/f design - Side walls

Side walls : Water face ,


Transverse R/F:
Moment = 0
shear = 2

Figure 16 : Shear forces for transverse r/f design - Side walls

Reference Calculations Output

Side walls :Torsional


Moment = 5.2

Figure 17 : Torsional moments for r/f design - Side walls

(d) Torsion- top slab

Top Slab :Torsional


Moment = 6.00

Page - 14
Figure 18 : Torsional moments for r/f design - top slab walls

Reference Calculations Output

9.0. Design
9.1 Design of Top Slab
9.1.1 Design of Reinforcement

Cover to main r/f = 50 mm


Characteristic strength of concrete = 25 N/mm²
Characteristic stregth of steel = 460 N/mm²

b = Width of the slab considered = 1000 mm


Tt = Depth of the top slab = 200 mm
Ultimate limit state
Max. Hogging moment of slab - 4.5 kNm
Max. Sagging moment of slab - 35 kNm

Page - 15
Diameter of main r/f = 12 mm
Secondary reinforcement = 10 mm

Effective Depth d = 144.0 mm

K' = 0.156

9.1.1.1 Design of sagging r/f


Msag = 35 kNm/m
K = M / fcu×b×d²
= 0.068
K < K'
So, compression reinforcement not required.

M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 130.6

0.95d = 136.8

so , z = 130.6

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
= 669.6 mm2

100 As/bd = 0.15


minimum reinforcement As2 = 216 mm2

So provide AS2 = 669.6 mm2

As = 12 mm dia. @ 150 T12@150


Aspro = 678.8 mm2

9.1.1.2 Design of Hogging r/f


Mhog = 4.5 kNm/m
K = M / fcu×b×d²
= 0.009
K < K'
So, compression reinforcement not required.

Reference Calculations Output

M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 142.4

Page - 16
0.95d = 136.8

so , z = 136.8

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
= 82.2 mm2

100 As/bd = 0.15


minimum reinforcement As2 = 216 mm2

So provide AS2 = 216 mm2


T12@150
As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 678.8 mm2
9.1.1.3 Distribution steel

100 As/bd = 0.12


As = 172.8 mm2

As = 10 mm dia. @ 150 T10@150


Aspro = 471.4 mm2

9.1. Check for servicibility crack width


Servicibility limit state
Mq = 9.2 kNm
Mg = 1 kNm
Total SLS moment for crack width = 10.2 kNm
Design for crack width = 3acrεm
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

acr = Distance from crack


location to surface of the
nearest bar/ mm
cnom = nominal cover/ mm
h = overall depth of the section/ mm
dc = depth of concrete in compression/ mm
εm = Strain at the cracking level

150 mm

acr
50 mm

Reference Calculations Output

Page - 17
Diameter of the reinforcement(d) = 12 mm
spacing = 150
= 75 mm
from geometry, (acr + (d/2)) = ((d/2) + c)2 + (s/2)2
2

acr = ((12.5+50)2+752)1/2-10
= 87.60 mm

εm = ε1- ε2

ε1 = stiffening ignored strain of concrete at


crack level

ε2 = strain of fully cracked section


ε2 = (3.8) bt h ( a' - dc) x (1-Mq/Mg)x10-9
εs As (h - dc)

a' = Distance from the compression face to


the crack

εs = strain in the tension rienforcement


Mq = Moment due to liveloads
Mg = Moment due to Deadloads

y1 = distance of extreme tension fiber to


nutral axis

IC = moment of inertia of cracked section


αe = Modulous ratio
= ES / E C
ε1 = M y
I C EC

y = distance from NA to crack location


x = depth to NA
= dc

Calculating Neutral axis depth


1/2bx2 + αeAsx - αeAsd = 0

x = - αeAs √ [ (αeAs) + 2b αe As d ]
2

b
Es = 200 kN/mm2
Short term Modulus of = 26 kN/mm2
Elastic of crt

Ec = 26 / 2
Ec = 13 kN/mm2
(It is necessary to consider the apparent concrete strain. This must done by
Elastic analysis using half value of E c)

αe = 200 / 13
= 15.38
As = 678.8 mm2
d = 144.0 mm

Page - 18
x (dc) = 45.39 mm
y = 1240 - 180.21
y = 154.6 mm
IC = 1/3 bx3 + αeAs(d - x )2 Cracked section
considering material transformation

Reference Calculations Output

= 1/3 x 1000 x 45.4


3 + 15.385 x 679
2 ( 144 - 45.4 )
IC = 1.33E+08 mm4

ε1 = 0 x 10 6x155
3
132726082.84 x 13 x 10

ε1 = 1.58E+09
1.73E+12

ε1 = 0.00091 mm

ε2 = (3.8) bt h ( a' - dc) (1-Mq/Mg).10-9


εs As (h - dc)

a' = h
h = 200
εs = ( d - x ) x ε1
(h-x)
= ( 144 - 45.4 ) x 0.000914
( 200 - 45.4 )
= 0.090
154.6
εs = 0.00058 mm

Mq = 9.2 kNm
Mg = 1.0 kNm

ε2 = 3.8 x1000 x1240( 1240-679 ) (1-9.2/1)10


0.00058x679 (200-155 )

ε2 = -0.01575 <0
Therefore ε3 = 0
εm = 1577070645.57405 - 0
= 0.0009 mm

Design for crack width = 3acrεm


1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.162 <0.25 ok

9.2 Design of Bottom Slab

Page - 19
Moments obtained from sap2000 analysis does not show significant values. Therefore
minimum R/f would be provided for base slab.

Top main bar = T12@150


Top Secondry bar = T10@150
Bottom main bar = T12@150
Bottom secondry bar = T10@150

Reference Calculations Output

9.3 Design of Side Walls

Cover to main r/f = 50 mm


Characteristic strength of concrete = 25 N/mm²
Characteristic stregth of steel = 460 N/mm²

Width of the slab considered (b) = 1000 mm


Depth of the top slab (Tt) = 200 mm
Ultimate limit state
Max. Hogging moment of slab - 28.6 kNm
Max. Sagging moment of slab - 4.0 kNm

Diameter of main r/f = 12 mm


Secondary reinforcement = 10 mm

Effective Depth d = 144.0 mm

K' = 0.156

9.1.1.1 Design of sagging r/f


Msag = 4 kNm/m
K = M / fcu×b×d²
= 0.008
K < K'
So, compression reinforcement not required.

M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 142.6

0.95d = 136.8

so , z = 136.8

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z

Page - 20
= 73.06 mm2

100 As/bd = 0.15


minimum reinforcement As2 = 216 mm2

So provide AS2 = 216 mm2

As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 678.8 mm2

9.1.1.2 Design of Hogging r/f


Mhog = 28.6 kNm/m
K = M / fcu×b×d²
= 0.055
K < K'
So, compression reinforcement not required.

Reference Output

M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 144.0

0.95d = 136.8

so , z = 136.8

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
= 522.4 mm2

100 As/bd = 0.15


minimum reinforcement As2 = 216 mm2

So provide AS2 = 522.4 mm2

As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 678.8 mm2
9.1.1.3 Distribution steel

100 As/bd = 0.12


As = 172.8 mm2

As = 10 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 471.4 mm2

9.1. Check for servicibility crack width

Page - 21
Servicibility limit state
Mq = 8.2 kNm
Mg = 0.85 kNm
Total SLS moment for crack width = 9.05 kNm
Design for crack width = 3acrεm
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

acr = Distance from crack location to


surface of the nearest bar/ mm
cnom = nominal cover/ mm
h = overall depth of the section/ mm
dc = depth of concrete in compression/ mm
εm = Strain at the cracking level

150 mm

acr
50 mm

Reference Output

Diameter of the reinforcement(d) = 12 mm


spacing = 150
= 75 mm
from geometry, (acr + (d/2)) = ((d/2) + c)2 + (s/2)2
2

acr = ((12.5+50)2+752)1/2-10
= 87.60 mm

εm = ε1- ε2

ε1 = stiffening ignored strain of concrete at


crack level

ε2 = strain of fully cracked section


ε2 = (3.8) bt h ( a' - dc) x (1-Mq/Mg)x10-9
εs As (h - dc)

a' = Distance from the compression face to


the crack

εs = strain in the tension rienforcement


Mq = Moment due to liveloads
Mg = Moment due to Deadloads

y1 = distance of extreme tension fiber to


nutral axis

IC = moment of inertia of cracked section

Page - 22
αe = Modulous ratio
= ES / E C
ε1 = M y
I C EC

y = distance from NA to crack location


x = depth to NA
= dc

Calculating Neutral axis depth


1/2bx2 + αeAsx - αeAsd = 0

x = - αeAs √ [ (αeAs) + 2b αe As d ]
2

b
Es = 200 kN/mm2
Short term Modulus of = 26 kN/mm2
Elastic of crt

Ec = 26 / 2
Ec = 13 kN/mm2
(It is necessary to consider the apparent concrete strain. This must done by
Elastic analysis using half value of E c)

αe = 200 / 13
= 15.38
As = 678.8 mm2
d = 144.0 mm

x (dc) = 45.39 mm
y = 1240 - 180.21
y = 154.6 mm
IC = 1/3 bx3 + αeAs(d - x )2 Cracked section
considering material transformation

Reference Calculations Output

= 1/3 x 1000 x 45.4


3 + 15.385 x 679
2 ( 144 - 45.4 )
IC = 1.33E+08 mm4

ε1 = 0 x 10 6x155
3
132726082.84 x 13 x 10

ε1 = 1.40E+09
1.73E+12

ε1 = 0.00081 mm

ε2 = (3.8) bt h ( a' - dc) (1-Mq/Mg).10-9


εs As (h - dc)

a' = h
h = 200

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εs = ( d - x ) x ε1
(h-x)
= ( 144 - 45.4 ) x 0.000811
( 200 - 45.4 )
= 0.080
154.6
εs = 0.00052 mm

Mq = 8.2 kNm
Mg = 0.9 kNm

ε2 = 3.8 x1000 x1240( 1240-679 ) (1-8.2/0.85)10


0.00052x679 (200-155 )

ε2 = -0.01872 <0
Therefore ε3 = 0
εm = 1399263661.02403 - -0.018716
= 0.0008 mm

Design for crack width = 3acrεm


1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.143 <0.25 ok

Design Shear force at critical section

Shear stress, V = 85.0


v = V/bd
= 0.590

0.75(fcu)1/2 = 3.750 >v ok

Ultimate shear stress in covc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd) (fcu)


1/3 1/3

= 0.49

Depth factor, ξs = (500/d)1/4


= 1.26

ξsvc = 0.618 > v

Hence shear r/f not required

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Output

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Output

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Output

HA UDL (kN/m2)

HA KEL (kN/m)

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kN/m3

Output

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Output

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Output

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Output

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Output

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Page - 33
Output

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Output

Top slab : Top mesh , Main


R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

Top slab : Bottom mesh ,


Main R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

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Bottom slab : Top mesh ,
Main R/F:

kNm/m
kN/m

Output

Bottom slab : Bottom


mesh , Main R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

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Bottom slab : Top mesh ,
Transverse R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

Bottom slab : Bottom


mesh , Transverse R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

Output

Side walls : Soil face , Main


R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

Side walls : Water face ,


Main R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

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Side walls : Soil face
,Transverse R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

Side walls : Water face ,


Transverse R/F:
kNm/m
kN/m

Output

Side walls :Torsional


kNm/m

Top Slab :Torsional


kNm/m

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Output

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Output

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Output

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Output

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Output

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Output

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Output

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Output

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