Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Technology – ME 7730
Unit - I
Unit - I
Types of Automobile – Vehicle
Construction – Chassis – Frame and Body –
aerodynamics – Components of Engine – Their
forms, Functions and Materials – Review of
Cooling and Lubrication Systems in Engine –
Turbo Chargers –Engine Emission Control by 3-
way Catalytic Controller – Electronic Engine
Management System
Introduction
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle which is used for
the transportation of passengers and goods upon the
ground.
A vehicle is a machine which is used for the transportation
of passengers and goods.
A self propelled vehicle is that in which power required
for the propulsion is produced from within.
Aeroplane, ship, motor boat, locomotive , car, bus, truck,
jeep, tractor, scooter, motorcycle are the examples of self
propelled vehicle.
Mobile or motive means one which can
move.
Automobile or automotive means one
which itself can move.
Railway wagon, trolley
Aeronautical Engg., Aeroplane, helicopter,
rocket
Marine Engg., - ship, motor boat.
Types of Automobiles
1. Purpose
Passenger vehicles – car, jeep, bus
Goods vehicles – Truck
2. Capacity
1. light motor vehicles – car, motorcycles, scooter,
2. Heavy motor vehicles – bus, coach, tractor
3. Fuel use
1. Petrol vehicles – car, jeep, motorcycles, scooter
2. Diesel vehicles – truck, bus, tractor, bull dozer
3. Electric cabs – battery truck, fork lift
4. Steam carriages – steam road rollers
4. No. of wheels
1. two wheeler, 2. three wheelers, 3. four wheelers, 4. six
wheeler
5. Drive of the vehicles
1. single wheel drive, 2. two wheel drive, 3. four wheel drive
and 4. six wheel drive.
Specifications of Automobile – while
purchasing
1. Type: car, truck, scooter, motorcycle, bus
2. Capacity: 5 ton, 3 ton, 4 seater, 6 seater, 30
seater and 45 seater.
3. Make: Tata, Leyland,…
4. Drive: Left hand drive, Right hand drive, single
wheel drive,…
5. Model: Year of manufacture or code number
Functions of the Chassis Frame
1. To carry load of the passengers or goods carried
in the body.
2. To support the load of the body, engine, gear
box etc.,
3. To withstand the forces caused due to the
sudden braking or acceleration
4. To withstand the stresses caused due to the bad
road condition.
5. To withstand centrifugal force while cornering
Types of Chassis Frames
There are three types of frames
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral frame
3. Semi-integral frame
Layout of Chassis
1. Conventional frame:
It has two long side members and 5 to 6
cross members joined together with the help of
rivets and bolts. The frame sections are used
generally.
a. Channel Section - Good resistance to bending
b. Tabular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c. Box Section - Good resistance to both bending and
Torsion
A- Longitudinal
member
B- Cross member
C- Body supporting
Brackets
E1- Dumb iron (act as
bearing)
E- spring mounting
brackets
2. Integral Frame:
• This frame is used now a days in most of the
cars.
• There is no frame and all the assembly units are
attached to the body.
• All the functions of the frame carried out by the
body itself.
• Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper and
due to less weight most economical also.
Only disadvantage is repairing is difficult.
3. Semi - Integral Frame:
In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end
on which engine gear box and front suspension is
mounted.
It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with
accident the front frame can be taken easily to
replace the damaged chassis frame.
This type of frame is used in FIAT cars and some of
the European and American cars.
Various loads acting on the frame are
1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken
patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the
vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.
Vehicle body
Vehicle body is the super structure of
the vehicle. Body is bolted to the chassis.
The chassis and the body make the
complete vehicle. Body is just like a cover
to the chassis.
Requirements of Bodies for Various Types of
Vehicle
1. The body should be light.
2. It should have minimum number of components.
3. It should provide sufficient space for passengers and
luggage.
4. It should withstand vibrations while in motion.
5. It should offer minimum resistance to air.
6. It should be cheap and easy in manufacturing.
7. It should be attractive in shape and colour.
8. It should have uniformly distributed load.
9. It should have long fatigue life
10. It should provide good vision and ventilation.
Influence of flow characteristics on the
operation of vehicles
Objectives of improvement of flow past vehicle
bodies:
reduction of fuel consumption
more favourable comfort characteristics (mud
deposition on body, noise, ventilating and cooling
of passenger compartment)
improvement of driving characteristics
(stability, handling, traffic safety)
Vehicle aerodynamics includes three
interacting flow fields:
flow past vehicle body
flow past vehicle components (wheels, heat
exchanger, brakes, windshield)
flow in passenger compartment
Drag Force: Acting in the direction of
vehicle motion with the wind acting the
longitudinal direction axis. This force is
also called as air resistance.
Oil Pan:
The bottom half of the crankcase is called the oil pan or sump
The oil pan serves as a reservoir for the storage, cooling and
ventilation of engine lubricating oil.
Cylinder liners
a bore in which an engine piston moves
back and forth
replaceable
the material of the liner must withstand
extreme heat and pressure developed
within the combustion space at the top of
the cylinder, and at the same time must
permit the piston and its sealing rings to
move with a minimum of friction
Cylinder liners
4. Silence in operation
Poppet Valve
Valve mechanism for
operating the valve in
engine block (Straight
poppet valve)
Valve mechanism for
operating the valve in
cylinder head (overhead
poppet valve)
Camshaft
A camshaft is simply a shaft on which
cams are mounted.
• The air flow can take place due to vehicle motion or a fan
can be provided for the purpose.
………1. Thermo-syphon cooling
• Advantage:
• it is quite simple and automatic and is without
any water pump unless there is leak, there is
nothing to get out of order.
• Shortcoming:
• cooling depends only on the temperature and
is independent of the engine speed. The rate of
circulation is slow and insufficient.
Forced or Pump System
In this system, a pump is used
to cause positive circulation of
water in the water jacket.
Usually the pump is belt driven
from the engine.
Advantage:
cooling is ensured under all conditions of operation.
Demerits:
The cooling is independent of temperature. This may
under certain circumstances result in over cooling the
engine.
While moving uphill the cooling requirement is
increased because more fuel is burned. However, the
coolant circulation is reduced which may results in
over heating the engine.
As soon as the engine is stopped the cooling also
ceases. This is undesirable because cooling must
continue till the temperatures are reduced to normal
values.
3. Thermostat Cooling
Too lower cylinder
barrel temperature,
may result in severe
corrosion damage due
to condensation of acids
on the barrel wall.
To avoid such a
situation it is customary
to use a thermostat (a
temperature controlling
device) to stop flow of
coolant below a pre-set
cylinder barrel
temperature.
5. Evaporative Cooling
Lubrication
Lubrication is the admittance of oil between two surfaces
having relative motion.
Purpose of Lubrication:
1. Reduce friction and wear between the parts having relative
motion.
2. Cool the surfaces by carrying away heat generated due to
friction.
3. Seal a space adjoining the surfaces such as piston rings and
cylinder liner.
4. Clean the surface by carrying away the carbon and metal
particles caused by wear.
5. Absorb shock between bearings and other parts and
consequently reduce noise.
Properties of Lubricants
1. Viscosity
2. Fire point
3. Pour point
4. Flash point
5. Cloud point
6. Corrosion
7. Oiliness
8. Emulsification
9. Physical stability
10. Chemical stability
11. Neutralisation number
12. Adhesiveness
13. Film strength
14. Specific Gravity
Main parts of an engine to be lubricated
1. Main crankshaft bearings
2. Big end bearings
3. Small end or gudgeon pin bearings
4. Piston rings and cylinder walls
5. Timing gears
6. Camshaft and camshaft bearings
7. Valve mechanism
8. Valve guides, valve tappets and rocker arms
Classification of Lubrication System
1. Wet sump lubrication system
Fog: Droplets of water vapour suspended in the air near the ground
Smoke: A cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas
5. Smoke:
- Is produced because of insufficient mixing of fuel and air.
- It contain carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
- This causes irritation of the eyes, coughing, headache and
vomiting
Blue white smoke – when more carbon particles are mixed with
exhaust
6. Lead:
- Lead is poisonous
- It is produced from the combustion of gasoline
- It affects liver and kidneys
- It causes mental effects to children
7. Particulate:
- Are minute separate particles found in the air.
- They may be solid and liquid particles. The dust soot and fly ash
are included in it.
- It causes respiratory diseases, lung cancer and allergic disease
8. Sulphur oxide:
- Is produced, if fuel contains sulphur
- It causes irritation to eye and throat and respiratory system
- It corrodes materials
Engine Emission Control by Catalytic Converter
Motor vehicle emission are emission produce by motor vehicles. They
include
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Types
HC increases NOx
increases
HC and CO
NOx
decreases
decreases
The basic materials of the three-way catalytic converter are
platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh) and palladium (Pd), and
a thin coat of their mixture is applied onto a honeycomb or
porous ceramic (carrier).
To avoid damaging the catalytic converter, only unleaded
gasoline should be used.
The catalytic converter reduces HC, CO and NOx in
exhaust gases through chemical reactions (oxidation and
reduction). These concentrations vary with the air-fuel
ratio.
The ideal air-fuel ratio for reduction of these components is
the stoichiometric ratio.
Therefore, the air-fuel ratio needs to be controlled to
around the stoichiometric ratio to purify the exhaust
gases most efficiently.
THREE-WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Chemical Reaction
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2 CO + O2 = CO2