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Review / Revue internationale de science politique.
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STATE FUNCTIONS
AND THE FUTURE OF THE STATE
KARL W. DEUTSCH
It is usefulto distinguish
thestateand thepoliticalsystem.The state
can be seen as a combinationof two basic functions,each of which
mustrelyon threestructural elements.The firstof thetwo basic func-
tionsis theenforcement state,whichI shall call StateA. Its threema-
jor structuralelementsare, first,its enforcement machinery,thatis,
the armedforcesand thepolice withmaterialappendages,buildings,
and equipment,which were the well known apparatus of forceof
interestto Marxistwriters.The second,or decision-making part,con-
sistsof the high-leveldecisionmakers,legislatorsand rulersin full-
timeroles,becausea machinery thatis capable of enforcingmustknow
whatto enforce,and this,of course,willchangewithdiffering situa-
tions. The thirdor implementing part of thisenforcement statecon-
sistsof the middle-levelcivilianmanagersand decisionmakersin the
serviceof directly enforceablelegislation,administrationand coordina-
tion. State A is the enforcementstate/decisionstate that produces
enforceabledecisions,or those decisions which are expectedto be
enforceable.Talcott Parsons used to call them"binding" decisions.
The second basic functioncharacterizeswhat I shall call State B,
theservicestate,producingdesiredgoods and services.These include
the manymillionsof public employeesworkingin the modernstates
today. In manycountriesthesepersonsare involvedin the building
and managementof roads and railroads,runpostal services,conduct
InternationalPoliticalScience Review,Vol. 7 No. 2, April1986209-222
* 1986by International PoliticalScience Association.
209
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210 THE STATE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE
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Deutsch/ FUTUREOF THE STATE 211
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212 THE STATEAND THE PUBLIC SPHERE
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Deutsch/ FUTUREOF THE STATE 213
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214 THE STATEAND THE PUBLIC SPHERE
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Deutsch/ FUTUREOF THE STATE 215
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216 THE STATEAND THE PUBLIC SPHERE
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Deutsch/ FUTUREOF THE STATE 217
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218 THE STATEAND THE PUBLICSPHERE
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Deutsch/ FUTUREOF THE STATE 219
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220 THE STATE AND THE PUBLICSPHERE
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Deutsch/ FUTUREOF THE STATE 221
REFERENCES
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222 THE STATE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE
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