OBESOGENIC EFFECT OF PERFUME, TIN CANS, AND TAP WATER ON

ALBINO RATS (Rattus norvegicus domesticus)

MARVIE JANE AQUINO SISON

VALERIE ANNE ABALOS CABUSAS

CALASIAO COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

POBLACIO WEST, CALASIAO, 2418 PAGASINAN

MARCH 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE…..………………………………………………………………………....i

TABLE OF CONTENTS..……………………………………………………………....ii

LIST OF TABLE………………………………………………………………………..iii

LIST OF FIGURES..……………………………………………………………………iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………iv

ABSTRACT…...…………………………………………………………………………v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study..…………………………………………..…….1

Statement of the Objective……………………………………………..….2

Hypothesis.………………………………………………………….….…3

Significance of the Study..………………………………………….…….3

Scope and Delimitation..…………………………………………………4

Definition of Terms.…………………………………………….………..4

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature……………………………………………………..…7

Related Studies……………………………………………………….…11

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………13
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

Research Design………………………………………………………..14

Materials…………..……………………………………………………15

Preparation of Study Animal…………………………………………...16

Procedure……………………………………………………...………..16

Disposal of Materials…………………………………………...……....17

Risk and Safety Materials…………………………………………..…..17

Pros and Cons……………………………………………………..……17

Collection of Data………………………………………………...…….17

Statistical Tool………………………………………………………….18

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results and Discussion…………………………………………………19

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary………………………………………………………………………..26

Conclusions…………………………………………………………………. …27

Recommendations………………………………………………………………27

LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………………28

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A…………………….……………………………………………30
 APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………..31

APPENDIX C…………………………………………………………………..32

List of Tables

Table 1.1………………………………………………………………………………..14

Table 1.2………………………………………………………………………………..14

Table 1.3………………………………………………………………………………..15

Table 1.4………………………………………………………………………………..15

Table 2.1………………………………………………………………………………..19

Table 2.2………………………………………………………………………………..21

Table 2.3………………………………………………………………………………..22

Table 2.4………………………………………………………………………………..24

Table 3.1………………………………………………………………………………..20

Table 3.2………………………………………………………………………………..22

Table 3.3………………………………………………………………………………..23

Table 3.4………………………………………………………………………………..25

Table A.1……………………………………………………………………………….31

Table A.2……………………………………………………………………………….31

Table A.3……………………………………………………………………………….32

Table A.4……………………………………………………………………………….32

Table B.1……………………………………………………………………………….32

Table B.2……………………………………………………………………………….33

Table B.3……………………………………………………………………………….33

iii
Table B.4……………………………………………………………………………….34

Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………………13
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would love to thank and express their sincerest gratitude to the

Almighty God for giving them knowledge, wisdom, patience, protection, and care in

order to finish this study

The researchers would like to acknowledge their appreciation to the following:

To the researchers’ parents and relatives who supported, guided, prayed and

motivated them in making this study.

To the researchers’ classmates and friends who helped them collect the needed

materials and equipments.

The researchers would like to thank the people who supported and contributed in

order to make this investigatory project possible.

And for those people who are not mentioned but helped, the researchers would

also give her sincerest thanks to you.

With the help of these people, the researchers successfully finished this study.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Title: Obesogenic Effect of Common Household Materials on Lab Rats (Rattus

norvegicus domesticus).

Proponents: Marvie Jane A. Sison

Valerie Anne A. Cabusas

School: Calasiao Comprehensive National High School

Obesity is in a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein

an increase in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass

physical forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health

consequences.

The common household materials used are said obesogens. For the reason they

contain Bisphenol A (BPA) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) which are said to be obesogens

according to studies. Bisphenol A are found on tin cans and tap water. In which, BPA is

said to cause fatty liver as well as abdominal fat and glucose intolerance. While, DEP is

found on perfume, it is often used on perfumes but study shows that exposure to DEP

while in utero may be connected with a heightened risk of obesity later in adulthood.

The researcher conducted the tests with three replicates for experimental group

control group. The weight and the body mass index of the rats were gathered every after

two days during the experimental period. Body mass index was calculated using the

formula weight/size2. After the test, the data was analyzed statistically using t-test.

Results shows that the replicates 1, 2,and 3 of the experimental group and

replicate 3 of the control group has the highest difference between pre-test and post-test

v
data gathered in terms of weight. While, replicates 1 and 2 of the control group did not

change their weights during the fourteen-day experimentation, while in BMI, results

shows that replicates 1, 2, 3, has the same difference of pre-test and post-test of the

control and experimental group. While, replicates 1, 2, and 3 of the control group have

differences and has improvement on their BMI due to their growing height, therefore

perfume, tin can, and tap water has an obesogenic effect in term of BMI.

.
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein

an increase in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass

physical forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health

consequences. (Obesity Medicine Association, 2019). It is a worldwide disease that is not

just a cosmetic concern. However, it increases the risk of diseases and health problems,

such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.

The Philippines has the second-lowest obesity and overweight prevalence at 5.1

percent and 23.6 percent, respectively. However, despite the low prevalence rates, obesity

has a strong impact in the Philippines due to the large number of obese person in the

country—18 million Filipinos are obese and overweight. (Tacio, 2017). The ratings will

to continue to balloon as the years pass by, not only in the Philippines but also in the

whole world. According to Philippine Daily Inquirer, almost a quarter of the world’s

population will be obese in the next 27 years said the researchers on the warning

mountain of medical bills. If this trend continuous 22 percent of the world’s population

will be obese by 2045. (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2018).

The common household materials used are perfume, tin cans, and tap water that

contains chemicals that affects a persons’ weight. Perfume has chemical called diethyl

phthalate (DEP). It is often used on perfumes but study shows that exposure to DEP

while in utero may be connected with a heightened risk of obesity later in adulthood. The

tin can and tap water has a chemical.

1
 2

The researchers have come up to test common household materials that are said to

be obesogens by experimenting some of the common household materials that are said to

be. The common household materials tested are perfume, tin cans, and tap water where it

has chemicals that contributes to your health’s risk concerning obesity. Such chemicals

are Bisphenol A (BPA), diethyl phthalate (DEP).

With the fast rising obesity ratings, we need to be well informed about the things,

common or unusual that the world partake into for us to stay healthy. Therefore, the

researchers came up with the idea to experiment the said common household materials if

they have a significant effect on the lab rats.

Statement of the Problems

The main objective of this study is to determine the obesogenic effect of Perfume,

Tin Cans, and Tap Water on rats. Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Evaluate the obesogenic effect of common household materials.

2. Is there a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of the

experimental and control group, in terms of:

a) Weight and

b) Body Mass Index

3. Is there a significant difference between the experimental and control, in

terms of:

a) Weight and

b) Body Mass Index

 3

Hypothesis

The researcher tested the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance:

1. There is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of

experimental and control group, in terms of:

a) Weight and

b) Body Mass Index

2. There is no significant difference between the experimental and

control group in terms of:

a) Weight and

b) Body Mass Index

Significance of the Study

The focus of this investigatory project is to evaluate the effectiveness of common

household materials found in the household as an obesogens. One of the aims of this

study is to know the side effects of these things for us to find a better, safer alternative.

The following are also benefitted in this study:

Environment

The things used in the experiment are harmful to the environment. Perfume

contains hundreds of synthetic fragrances that evaporates in the air that could cause

environmental problems.

Obese People
 4

The common household materials used in this study are the most commonly used

materials or most commonly found in our household. Through this study obese people

can lessen their use or intake of these materials knowing their effect and will lessen their

obesity.

Consumers

The consumers is benefited to this study for they will know the different effects of

these common household materials. They will lessen the use or intake of the materials

and will find better alternatives to these materials.

Scope and Delimitations

The comparison between the six rats was observed at the JICA Laboratory of

Calasiao Comprehensive National High School on the month of January to February of

2019. The study focused on the difference in weight and body mass index of the two

groups of rats under study.

Definition of Terms

To further understand the study, the researchers defined different aspects of the study.

Albino rat. It is one of the most frequently used laboratory animals for the past

150 years. The rat (Rattus norvegicus) was the first mammalian species domesticated for

scientific research with work dating back to before 1850 (Kuramoto &Takashi et al.

2012). It is the experimental unit of this study.

Bisphenol A. It is commonly used as monomer in polycarbonate synthesis,

plasticizer in the production of epoxy resins, as well as an additive for the elimination of
 5

surfeit of hydrochloric acid during the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production. It belongs

to chemicals that are produced in large quantities worldwide (Konieczna et. al 2015).

BMI (Body Mass Index). It is a tool that doctors use to assess if a person is at an

appropriate weight for their age, sex, and height. The measurement combines height and

weight (Brazier, 2018). This is one of the parameters in this study.

Diethyl phthalate. It is a member of the group of phthalic acid esters known as

phthalates. DEP belongs to the Low Molecular Weight (LMW) group with a molecular

weight of <250 Dalton and comparatively low viscosity and high volatility. It is used a

solvent and/or vehicle for fragrance in perfumes, cosmetics, personal care products, and

nail polishes (Nicnas.gov.au., 2013).

Height. It is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in

a human body, standing erect (Brazier, 2018). This is one of the parameters of this study.

Household materials. These are equipment, tools, machines, and other things

used in a house (Cambridge.org, 2019).

Lacquer. It is coloured and frequently opaque varnish applied to metal or wood,

used in an important branch of decorative art, especially in Asia ( Britannica. 2010).

Obesity. It is a medical condition that occurs when a person carries excess weight

or body fat that might affect their health (Brazier, 2018).

Perfume. It is described in musical metaphors not solely because of the aesthetic

relationship between perfume and music but because there are so few specific words

dedicated to olfactory experience (Hertz, 2011). It is a material used in this study.

Tin. It is a soft, white, lustrous metal with an atomic weight of 118.7 and the

chemical symbol Sn after its Latin name, Stannum. It is highly resistant to corrosion,
 6

which makes it an ideal element for the protective coating of metals (Fao.org,2011). One

of the materials used in this study.

Weight. It is the name of the force exerted on an object due to the acceleration of

gravity. The weight is equal to the mass times the acceleration due to gravity (9.8

m/sec2 on Earth) (Helmenstine,2017). It is one of the parameters in this study.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Albino rat is one of the most frequently used laboratory animals for the past 150

years. Despite this fact, the origin of the albino mutation as well as the genetic basis of

the hooded phenotype remained unclear. Recently, the albino mutation has been

identified as the Arg299His missense mutation in the Tyrosinase gene and the hooded

(H) locus has been mapped to the ,460-kb region in which only the Kit gene exists. The

rat (Rattus norvegicus) was the first mammalian species domesticated for scientific

research with work dating back to before 1850. Since that time, the rat has a leading role

in various research fields, such as physiology, pharmacology, neurosciences, genetics,

and medical sciences. Among the rat strains available now, the albino is the most

common, which is the same situation as in the earliest days when rats were firstly used

for scientific research. Albino rats have played a pioneering role in animal

experimentation since its inception. Gregor Mendel reported his famous laws on

‘Mendelian inheritance’ in 1866. Hugo Crampe was the first scientist to confirm the

validity of these laws in animals using some 15,000 white, grey, black, and piebald rats

between 1877 and 1885. These albino rats were in fact the first animals to be

domesticated for the purpose of scientific research. (Kuramoto &Takashi et al. 2012)

On the other hand, tin is a soft, white, lustrous metal with an atomic weight of

118.7 and the chemical symbol Sn after its Latin name, Stannum. It has a relatively low

melting point (231.9 °C) and is highly resistant to corrosion, which makes it an ideal

element for the protective coating of metals. Over 50% of the world’s tin production is

7
 8

used for plating steel or other metals. Today some 15 million tons of tinplate are

produced each year using rapid and highly sophisticated production methods. These

methods are able to control steel thicknesses and tin coating masses to within the

extremely fine tolerances required for modern can making processes such as high speed

welding. Furthermore, tin is used to protect the steel base from corrosion both externally

(aerobic conditions) and internally when in contact with foods (anaerobic). Under the

anaerobic conditions expected inside an internally plain processed food can, tin will

normally behave as the sacrificial anode, dissolving very slowly whilst protecting the

steel base from corrosion and creating a reducing environment in the can. It is this

mechanism that has enabled the plain tinplate can to maintain its long history and proven

track record of providing wholesome food on a year round basis and safe storage for long

periods of time. The later development of can linings (lacquers) enabled different types of

food products to be satisfactorily packed. In addition, some highly pigmented foods

(beetroot, berry fruits) have their colors bleached by tin dissolution and are best protected

from contact with tin by use of linings. A small number of food products have a different

corrosion mechanism, in which the tin does not behave sacrificially and direct corrosion

of the steel base can occur. These products should also have the additional protection of

an internal lacquer system.(Fao.org,2011)

Whereas perfumes are qualities described in musical metaphors not solely

because of the aesthetic relationship between perfume and music but because there are so

few specific words dedicated to olfactory experience. Anthropologists have found that in

all known languages, there are fewer words that refer explicitly to our experience of

smells than there are for any other sensation. In English, aromatic, fragrant, pungent,
 9

redolent, and stinky exhaust the list of adjectives that specifically describe olfactory

stimuli and nothing else. More common terms used to describe odors, like floral or fruity,

are references to the odor-producing objects (flowers and fruits), not the odors

themselves. And also borrow terms from other senses; chocolate smells sweet, grass

smells green, and so on . Various possibilities explain why our sense of smell and

language are so disconnected. First, unlike other sensory systems, olfactory information

does not need to be integrated in the thalamus prior to processing in the cortex, and it is

argued that the thalamus has relevance for language. Second, a large body of evidence

indicates that the majority of olfactory processing occurs in the right hemisphere of the

brain, whereas language processing is known to be dominated by the left hemisphere. It

has also been suggested that odors are hard to name because of competition between odor

and language processing for cognitive resources that share the same neural substrates.

This latter theory is supported by a magnetoen-cephalographic study which showed that

the presence of an odor altered the semantic processing of words and degraded word

encoding, but did not influence nonsemantic processing (Hertz, 2011).

In addition, an experienced perfumer, Paul Jellinek as cited by Donna (n.d.)

hfwrote about the science underlying perfumery. His intent was to help those who create

fragrance and sell it to understand its physiological and emotional effects. His book, ‘The

Psychological Basis of Perfumery”, covers such topics as the erotic effects of perfume

materials, perfume materials reminiscent of human body odor, perfume and personality,

and the masculine and feminine aspects of perfume materials. The Odor Effects Diagram,

first published in 1951, instructs perfumers in the choice of perfume materials and

combinations to achieve or modify specific psychological impacts of a scent. He presents

 10

hybrids: narcotic plus anti-erogenous is calming; anti-erogenous plus stimulating is fresh;

stimulating plus erogenous is exalting; erogenous plus narcotic is sultry. Jellinek’s views

were occasionally quirky. He felt that a woman should choose fragrance based on her

nature, be she more “mother” or “mistress,” her tendency towards naiveté vs. artfulness,

and her hair color, even if that came from a bottle. More conventional was the advice for

women to suit up with scent according to age and destination, whether office, home,

sports or society. (Donna, n.d.)

Undoubtedly water is one of those things that people usually take for granted,

until it is either gone or unsuitable to drink. Water is a limited resource, the demands for

which are fast increasing. In the United States, a virtual army of people, utility workers,

scientists and engineers, government officials, and many others work around the clock to

provide safe and clean drinking water to America’s homes and businesses. Their efforts

affect many aspects of society, from the health of individuals and ecosystems to the

health of the nation’s economy. Droughts bring increased media attention to water issues,

but extreme conditions are only a small part of the problems water managers encounter in

their work. Even the modern water systems of developed nations face such challenges as

chemical contamination, waterborne diseases, supply shortages, and deteriorating,

outdated infrastructures. Although water covers about 70 percent of the Earth, less than 1

percent is available as freshwater for human use. The vast majority of the water on this

“blue planet” is found in the ocean, too salty to drink and unfit for many other

applications. Of the freshwater available on Earth, about two-thirds is frozen in ice caps

and glaciers, which leaves only a small fraction accessible for human use. Surface water,

such as that in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and streams are the primary water source for
 11

humans. Groundwater is a water underground in aquifers (highly permeable rocks, soil,

and sand),can be extracted through wells or found as springs. Technically speaking,

groundwater resources exceed salt-free surface water on Earth, but humans use surface

water more often because it is easier to access in large quantities. (National Science

Academy, 2008). Moreover, tap water standards and quality have also steadily improved

over the last decade in many countries. . Moreover, a relatively large proportion of

bottled water (between 40–60% globally) consists of packaged tap water, which in some

cases may have been reprocessed. From a strictly objective perspective, bottled water is

not necessarily “better” or “worse” than tap water , it depends on the specificity of the

particular cases. Several studies, which compared bottled and tap water, concluded that,

while some bottled waters have better quality than tap waters, this is not always the.

There is a large debate in the media and scientific literature about the merits and faults of

each alternative . Some pointed out that tap water is controlled by more rigorous

standards and is more frequently analysed than bottled water. (M, Doria. 2014)

Related Studies

According to the study of Markéta Sobotková, Jitka Fialová, S. Craig Roberts,

and Jan Havlicek (2016) entitled “Effect of Biological Relatedness on Perfume Selection

for Others: Preliminary Evidence”, it stated that people tend to choose perfumes to

complement their body odour. A skin share some body odour qualities, their ability to

select complementary perfumes for relatives might be higher compared with selection for

nonrelatives. We tested this in two studies, comparing selection of a perfume for a target

man by himself and by either a familiar but unrelated individual (girlfriend; Study 1) or a
 12
relative (sister; Study 2). Target men applied the two perfumes (own or other’s choice) to

their axillae and then wore cotton pads for 12 hr. Collected perfume-body odour blends

and perfumes alone were assessed by rater panels. In Study 1, the blends were rated as

nominally more pleasant when body odours were mixed with the perfumes selected by

girlfriends compared with those selected by target men themselves. In Study 2, body

odours mixed with perfumes selected by sisters were rated significantly more attractive

than those mixed with perfumes selected by target men. No significant differences were

found for attractiveness and pleasantness ratings when perfumes were rated alone,

suggesting that it was the resulting blends that were uniquely different. Our results

indicate that sisters might be particularly tuned to select suitable perfumes for their

siblings.

In addition, as stated by Ihedioha, et. al (2014) on their study entitled

“Development of an Experimental Albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) ” The objective of their

study was to develop an experimental albino rat model for studies on sub-acute blood loss

anemia. A total of 160 albino rats of either sexes, between the ages of 10 and 12 weeks

were used for the study. 130 of the rats were randomly assigned into 13 groups of ten

each for the first experiment. Baseline values of the haematological indices were

determined before the commencement of the study. Rats in group 1 were not bled and

served as control. Blood (1 or 2 ml/100g body weight) was removed for specified period

of time from the remaining 12 groups. At the end of the specified period of bleeding for

each group, the haematological indices were re-assessed in order to select which group

met the target of halving the red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb)

and packed cell volume (PCV) with minimal stress. The selected group was tested for the
 13
reproducibility in experiment 2 using the remaining 30 rats randomly assigned into three

groups (A, B and C). Results showed that experiment 1, the PVC, Hb and RBC counts

per rat groups that bled decreased significantly (p<0.05) after bleeding to varying degrees

across the groups based on the volume of blood removed and the duration. Among all the

rat groups bled, males of group 12 which were bled 2ml/100g body weight every other

day for 20 days ranked topmost among the others with the highest reductions in RBC

counts (46.62%), Hb (55.25%) and PCV (46.20), and no mortality. The results recorded

for the two rat groups bed in experiment 2 did not significantly (p>0.05) differ from each

other from that recorded experiment 1 for the group 12 male rats. Based on the results of

the study, removal of 2ml of blood/100g weight from 10-12 weeks old male albino rats

every other day for 20 days was recommended for induction of experimental sub-acute

blood loss anemia.

Conceptual Framework

The figure below shows the key variables used in this study.

Interveining
variable
• Use of • The Mass and
Perfume • Daily Body Mass
• Tin can temperature Index (BMI)
• Tap Water of Lab Rats
Independent Dependent
variable variable

Figure 1: Paradigm of the independent variable and dependent variable of the study
“Obesogenic Effect of Common Household Materials on Albino Rats (Rattus
norvegicus domesticus).
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Pre-Test and Post-test design and Two group design are the research design to be

used in this study. This research is to be used because two groups will be used in this

study. Below are the tables showing the set-up on how the experiment will be evaluated.

Table 1. 1..Pre-test and post-test design in determining the difference in weight of the
control and experimental group.

Groups Weight Before Weight After

Experimental 1 x x
Experimental 2 x x
Experimental 3 x x
Control 1 x x
Control 2 x x
Control 3 x x

Table 1.2 Pre-test and post-test design in determining the difference in body mass index
of the control and experimental group.

Groups Body Mass Index Before Body Mass Index After

Experimental 1 x x
Experimental 2 x x
Experimental 3 x x
Control 1 x x
Control 2 x x
Control 3 x x

14
 15

Table 1.3 Two group design in determining the mean in weight of the control and
experimental group.

Groups Mean Weight

Experimental 1 x
Experimental 2 x
Experimental 3 x
Control 1 x
Control 2 x
Control 3 x

Table 1.4 Two group design in determining the mean in body mass index of the control
and experimental group.

Groups Mean Body Mass Index

Experimental 1 x

Experimental 2 x
Experimental 3 x
Control 1 x
Control 2 x
Control 3 x

Materials

The researchers gathered three identical tin cans that served as the container for

food and water for the rats of experimental group. The tin cans were from the

researchers’ homes. The researchers prepared a 250mL of perfume and sprayed it to the

experimental group. The tap water was from the Calasiao Waters. In addition, the

researchers used gloves to protect their hands while conducting this study. Triple beam

balance from JICA laboratory was used to measure the weight of the Albino rats. A

measuring tape from the researchers’ house was used to measure the height of the Albino

rats.
 16

Preparation of Study Animals

The albino rats were bought at Frankie’s pet shop in San Carlos City, Pangasinan

under Bureau of Animal Industry regulation (BAI Registration No. PTS-0031). The

albino rats were housed and given access to food and water, ad libitum, prior to the

conduct of the experiment. All the animals were used in the experiment are treated as

humanely as possible according to the specifications and guidelines set by the RA 8485

(Animal Welfare Act of the Philippines). Six male rats were used in this study, three for

experimental group and another three for control group. Each rat was fed with 10grams

of integra 1000 .The rats came from the same ancestors therefore, they are related.

Procedure

A. Preparation for the materials

Prior to experiment proper, the researchers placed 3 identical tin cans on the cage

of the control group that will serve as the container for the food and water of the rats. The

researchers prepared 10 grams of fed with integra 1000 for 6 rats.

B. Experiment Proper

The researchers prepared all the needed materials in the study. The

researchers obtained the height and weight or the albino rats and calculated their BMI

(Body Mass Index) before conducting the experiment. The researchers put tin cans on the

experimental group and sprayed 0.5 ml perfume on the rats every after meal. The

experiment took 14 days. After the experiment, the researchers gathered the data,

information the weight, height and BMI of the Albino rats.

 17
Disposal of Materials

After the experiment, the albino rats were let to recover and took care by the

researchers. The gloves used in this experiment were thrown at the trash bin

Risky and Safety Procedures

In conducting an investigatory project with a lab rat, you should know the proper

handling of rats. In handling the rats, the researchers used rubber gloves or thick gloves

to protect the researchers’ hands from the rats. The researchers’ asked for an assistance

of an adult in conducting some of the process in making this study.

Pros and Cons

The researchers needed to be careful in handling the Albino rats. This is to

avoid the rats from bitting or scratching the researchers’ hands. In addition, the rats

should also be placed at one place and their cage should always be locked fot it not to

cause problems on its surroundings. Despite the precautions, this study is for a good

cause. This study is aimed to determine the obesogenic effect of Perfume, Leather, and

Tap Water on rats.

Collection of Data

The weight of the rats on both experimental and control groups were obtained

using the triple beam balance at the JICA laboratory. The height of the rats were obtained

using the tape measure of the researcher and the researchers then calculated the BMI
 18

(Body Mass Index ) of the rats. The height, weight and BMI of the rats in experimental

and control groups were obtained before and after the experiment.

Statistical Tool

Results are expressed as mean; which presents the average value obtained from

two different animals per group. T-Test was used to compare the differences among the

treatments. Data that were declared significant by the ANOVA were further analyzed by

t- Test using Analysis Tool Pak VBA in Microsoft Excel in order to find out where the

real differences lie among the treatments. Statistical differences were determined at the

5% level of significance.
 Chapter 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter reveals the data gathered from the experimentation process to test the

obesogenic effect of perfume, tin can, and tap water on Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus

domesticus).

Pre-test Post-test design was the research design used. The data for the weight of

the rats were gathered using the triple beam balance. The body mass index was gathered

by measuring the height and weight and used the formula weight/size2, weight divided by

the squared height.

Results and Discussions

A. Weight

Table 2.1. Weight difference of before and after of control and experimental group in
weights. Obtained from the albino rats after experiment proper.

Groups Difference

Experimental 1 10 g

Experimental 2 10 g

Experimental 3 10 g

Control 1 0g

Control 2 0g

Control 3 10 g

19
 20

The table above shows the result of the difference of weight of the three

experimental rats and three control rats from the fourteen days experimentation, in which

replicates 1, 2, 3, and replicate 3 of the control group has the same difference of pre-test

and post-test of the control and experimental group. While, replicates 1 and 2 of control

group has no change in weight during the fourteen-day experimentation.

The t-test on the difference of pre-test and post-test weight between experimental

and control group by the test animals declared that there is no statistical significance

among the treatments was evident at 0.05 level of significance.

Table 3.1 T-test for the weight before and after between the experimental and control
group.
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental
Weight Control Weight
Mean 10 3.333333333
Variance 0 33.33333333
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation #DIV/0!
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 2
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.09175171
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.183503419
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
 21

Table 2.2 Weight mean of the control and experimental group. Obtained from the albino
after experiment proper.

Groups Difference

Experimental 1 235g

Experimental 2 245g

Experimental 3 225g

Control 1 240g

Control 2 220g

Control 3 230g

The table above shows the result of the mean of weight of the three experimental

rats and three control rats from the fourteen days experimentation, in which replicate 2 of

experimental group obtained the highest mean of 245 g. replicate 1 has a mean of 235g,

and replicate 3 has a mean of 225g in experimental group. In control group replicate 1

has a mean of 240g, replicate 3 has a mean of 230g. The replicate 2 of the control group

has obtained the lowest mean of 220g.

The t-test on the mean of weight of experimental and control group by the test

animals declared that there is no statistical significance among the treatments was evident

at 0.05 level of significance.

 22

Table 3.2 T-test of the mean weight of the experimental and control group
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental
Weight Control Weight
Mean 235 230
Variance 100 100
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.5
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 0.5
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.333333333
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.666666667
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273

B. BMI

Table 2.3. BMI difference of before and after of control and experimental group in

BMI. Obtained from the albino rats after experiment proper.

Groups Difference

Experimental 1 4

Experimental 2 4

Experimental 3 4

Control 1 -0.03

Control 2 0.08

Control 3 0.04

The table above shows the result of the difference of Body Mass Index of the

three experimental rats and three control rats from the fourteen days experimentation, in

which replicates 1, 2, 3, has the same difference of pre-test and post-test of the control
 23

and experimental group. While, replicates 1, 2, and 3 of the control group have

differences and has improvement on their BMI due to their growing height.

The t-test on the difference of pre-test and post-test BMI between experimental

and control group by the test animals declared that a statistical significance among the

treatments was evident at 0.05 level of significance. Furthermore, t-test declared that

there is a significant difference between the experimental and control replicates This

further suggests that perfume, tin cans, and tap water has an effect in the BMI of the rats.

Table 3.3 T-test for the BMI of the before and after between the experimental and
control group

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental BMI Control BMI

Mean 4.666666667 0.03
Variance 0.333333333 0.0031
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.155542754
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 13.64446986
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.002664248
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.005328496
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
 24
Table 2.4 BMI mean of experimental and control group. Obtained from the
albino rats after experiment proper.

Groups Difference

Experimental 1 1.27

Experimental 2 1.39

Experimental 3 1.28

Control 1 1.32

Control 2 1.3

Control 3 1.28

The table above shows the result of the mean of weight of the three experimental

rats and three control rats from the fourteen days experimentation, in which replicate 2 of

experimental group obtained the highest mean of 1.39. replicate 3 of experimental group

has a mean of 1.28. In control group, replicate 1 has a mean of 1.32, replicate 2 has a

mean of 1.3, and replicate 3 of the control group has a mean of 1.28. Replicate 1 of

experimental group has obtained the lowest mean of 1.27.

The t-test on the mean of weight of experimental and control group by the test

animals declared that there is no statistical significance among the treatments was evident

at 0.05 level of significance.

 25

Table 3.4 T-test of the BMI of the experimental and control group

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental BMI Control BMI

Mean 1.313333333 1.3
Variance 0.004433333 0.0004
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.075093926
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 0.325515384
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.387845569
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.775691138
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study aims to know the obesogenic effects of perfume, tin can, and tap

water in the weight and body mass index of rats. The researcher conducted the test with

six replicates of experimental group and three control group. The researchers gathered the

data for the weight of the rats using the weighing scale measured in grams. And the body

mass index data is gathered by gathering the height and weight of the rats. After the test,

the data were gathered.

The weight data gathered for the weight test, replicates 1, 2,and 3 of the

experimental group has the same difference of 10g. While, replicate 1 and 2 has the same

difference of 0g and the replicate 3 of the control has the difference of 10g. these are the

weight data gathered. The body mass index (BMI) data gathered for the BMI test,

replicate 1, 2, and 3 has the same difference of 4, While, replicate 1 of control group has

a -0.04 difference, replicate 2 has a 0.08 difference and replicate 3 of the control group

has a 0.04 difference.

The mean weight gathered after experimentation, replicate 2 of experimental

group obtained the highest mean of 245g. In the experimental group, replicate 3 has a

mean of 235g and replicate 2 has mean of 225g. In control group, replicate 1 has a mean

of 240g and replicate 3 has a mean of 230g. Replicate 2 of control group has obtained the

lowest mean of 220g. The mean body mass index (BMI) gathered after experimentation,

replicate 2 of experimental group has obtained the highest mean of 1.39 . In

26
 27

experimental group, replicate 3 has a mean of 1.28. In control group, replicate 1 has mean

of 1.32, replicate 2 has a mean of 1.3, and replicate 3 has a mean of 1.28. Replicate 1 of

experimental group has obtained the lowest mean of 1.27.

Conclusions

After finishing the experiment, the researchers conclude that, perfume, tin cans,

and tap water can affect ones’ health, in terms of:

a) Weight and

b) Body Mass Index

Recommendations

The researchers recommend to prolong the experimentation process of the study.

And to use lab rats that have the same weight to conduct the study much easier. The

researchers also recommend that body fats sheds be measures and other factors

contributing to obesity e.g. high insulin levels and leptin resistance.

 28

LITERATURE CITED

Brazier, Yvette.( 2018). “Obesity: What Is It and What Causes It?” Medical News Today,
MediLexicon International, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323551.php.
Britannica.(2010). The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Lacquer.” Encyclopædia Britannica,
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/art/lacquer.
Cambridge.org. (2019). HOUSEHOLD GOODS | meaning in the Cambridge English
Dictionary. Retrieved from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/household-goods
Donna, L.(n.d.) Fragrance Perception: Is Everything Relative?. Retrieved from
http://www.fragrancesoftheworld.com/downloads/3_Fragrance_Perception_Laur
a_Donna_ Is_Everything_Relative.pdf

Doria, Miguel. (2014). Bottled Water Versus Tap Water: Understanding Consumers'
Preferences.
www.researchgate.net/profile/Miguel_Doria/publication/6971816_Bottled_Water_
Versus_Tap_Water_Understanding_Consumers%27_Preferences/links/548b1e490c
f214269f1dd08d/Bottled-Water-Versus-Tap-Water-Understanding-Consumers-
Preferences.pdf?origin=publication_detail.
Fao.org.(2011). CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF
INORGANIC TIN CONTAMINATION IN CANNED FOODS. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/fao-who -codexalimentarius/sh
proxy/it/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%
252Fcod ex%252 FStandards%252FCAC%2BRCP%2B60-
2005%252FCXP_060e.pdf

Helmenstine,T.(2017) “Weight Definition.” Thoughtco., Dotdash,.2017,

www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-weight-in-chemistry-605952.
Hertz, R. (2011). Perfume. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224972925_Perfume
Ihedioha, J., & Gloria, D. (2019). DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL
ALBINO RAT (Rattus norvegicus) MODEL FOR STUDIES ON SUB
-ACUTE BLOOD LOSS ANAEMIA. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262070102_DEVELOPMENT_OF_AN
EXPERIMENTAL_ALBINO_RAT_Rattus_norvegicus_MODEL_FOR_STUDI
ES_ON_SUB-ACUTE_BLOOD_LOSS_ANAEMIA
Konieczna, A., Rachoń, D., & Rutkowska, A. (2015). Health risk of exposure to
Bisphenol A (BPA). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281841192_Health_risk_of_exposure_
to_Bisphenol_A_BPA
 29

Kuramoto, Takashi, et al. (2012)Origins of Albino and Hooded Rats: Implications from
Molecular Genetic Analysis across Modern Laboratory Rat Strains.
pdfs.semanticscholar.org/91bc/bccce413839d943ffc07a4c4dfc49bddfa09.pdf.
National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Institute of Medicine
National Research Council. D r i n k i n g W At e r Merica’s Taps Flowing.
Understanding the Science and Policy behind a Critical Resource. 2008,
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https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
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 30
21

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Plate.1 Materials used in this study.

Plate. 2. Experimental unit of this study.

 31

Plate. 3. Procedure in making this study.

APPENDIX B: Gathered Data

Table A.1 Data gathered from the weight before and after test
Groups Pre-test Post-test
Experimental 1 230 g 240 g
Experimental 2 240 g 250 g
Experimental 3 220 g 230 g
Control 1 240 g 240 g
Control 2 220 g 220 g
Control 3 220 g 230 g

Table A.2 Data gathered from the BMI before and after test
Groups Pre-test Post-test
Experimental 1 1.24 1.29 g
Experimental 2 1.36 1.41 g
Experimental 3 1.26 1.3 g
Control 1 1.34 1.31 g
Control 2 1.26 1.34 g
Control 3 1.26 1.3 g
 32

Table A.3 Data gathered from the weight test

Groups Mean Weight

Experimental 1 235
Experimental 2 245
Experimental 3 225
Control 1 240
Control 2 220
Control 3 230

Table A.4 Data gathered from the weight test

Groups Mean BMI
Experimental 1 1.27
Experimental 2 1.39
Experimental 3 1.28
Control 1 1.32
Control 2 1.3
Control 3 1.28

APPENDIX C: Statistical Analysis

Table B.1 T-test for the weight before and after between the experimental and control
group.

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental
Weight Control Weight
Mean 10 3.333333333
Variance 0 33.33333333
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation #DIV/0!
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 2
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.09175171
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.183503419
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
 33
21

Table B.2 T-test of the mean weight of the experimental and control group
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental
Weight Control Weight
Mean 235 230
Variance 100 100
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.5
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 0.5
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.333333333
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.666666667
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273

Table B.2 T-test for the BMI of the before and after between the experimental and
control group
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental BMI Control BMI

Mean 4.666666667 0.03
Variance 0.333333333 0.0031
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.155542754
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 13.64446986
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.002664248
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.005328496
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
 34
21

Table B.4 T-test of the BMI of the experimental and control group

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Experimental BMI Control BMI

Mean 1.313333333 1.3
Variance 0.004433333 0.0004
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.075093926
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 0.325515384
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.387845569
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.775691138
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273