The document discusses three different taxonomies for classifying skills in the psychomotor domain:
1) Simpson's (1972) taxonomy includes 6 categories from perception to origination, ranging from basic physical skills to complex creative movements.
2) Dave's (1975) model has 5 categories from imitation to naturalization, progressing from observing to masterful unconscious performance.
3) Harrow's (1972) taxonomy contains two categories, reflex movements for involuntary actions, and learned skills.
The document discusses three different taxonomies for classifying skills in the psychomotor domain:
1) Simpson's (1972) taxonomy includes 6 categories from perception to origination, ranging from basic physical skills to complex creative movements.
2) Dave's (1975) model has 5 categories from imitation to naturalization, progressing from observing to masterful unconscious performance.
3) Harrow's (1972) taxonomy contains two categories, reflex movements for involuntary actions, and learned skills.
The document discusses three different taxonomies for classifying skills in the psychomotor domain:
1) Simpson's (1972) taxonomy includes 6 categories from perception to origination, ranging from basic physical skills to complex creative movements.
2) Dave's (1975) model has 5 categories from imitation to naturalization, progressing from observing to masterful unconscious performance.
3) Harrow's (1972) taxonomy contains two categories, reflex movements for involuntary actions, and learned skills.
B l o o m ' s Ta xo n o m y : T h e P s y c h o m o t o r
Domain
The psychomotor domain (Simpson, 1972) includes physical movement,
coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas. Development of these skills requires practice and is measured in terms of speed, precision, distance, procedures, or techniques in execution. Thus, psychomotor skills rage from manual tasks, such as digging a ditch or washing a car, to more complex tasks, such as operating a complex piece of machinery or dancing.
The seven major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the
most complex:
Category Example and Key Words (verbs)
Examples: Detects non-verbal
communication cues. Estimate where a ball will land after it is thrown and then Perception (awareness): The ability moving to the correct location to catch to use sensory cues to guide motor the ball. Adjusts heat of stove to correct activity. This ranges from sensory temperature by smell and taste of food. stimulation, through cue selection, to Adjusts the height of the forks on a translation. forklift by comparing where the forks are in relation to the pallet. Key Words: chooses, describes, detects, differentiates, distinguishes, identifies, isolates, relates, selects.
Examples: Knows and acts upon a
sequence of steps in a manufacturing process. Recognize one's abilities and limitations. Shows desire to learn a new Set: Readiness to act. It includes process (motivation). NOTE: This mental, physical, and emotional sets. subdivision of Psychomotor is closely These three sets are dispositions related with the “Responding to that predetermine a person's phenomena” subdivision of the Affective response to different situations domain. (sometimes called mindsets). Key Words: begins, displays, explains, moves, proceeds, reacts, shows, states, volunteers.
Examples: Performs a mathematical
equation as demonstrated. Follows Guided Response: The early stages instructions to build a model. Responds in learning a complex skill that hand-signals of instructor while learning includes imitation and trial and error. to operate a forklift. Adequacy of performance is achieved by practicing. Key Words: copies, traces, follows, react, reproduce, responds
Examples: Use a personal
Mechanism (basic proficiency): computer. Repair a leaking faucet. This is the intermediate stage in Drive a car. learning a complex skill. Learned responses have become habitual and Key Words: assembles, calibrates, the movements can be performed constructs, dismantles, displays, with some confidence and fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, proficiency. manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches.
Complex Overt Response (Expert): Examples: Maneuvers a car into a
The skillful performance of motor tight parallel parking spot. Operates a acts that involve complex movement computer quickly and accurately. patterns. Proficiency is indicated by a Displays competence while playing the quick, accurate, and highly piano. coordinated performance, requiring a minimum of energy. This category Key Words: assembles, builds, includes performing without calibrates, constructs, dismantles, hesitation, and automatic displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, performance. For example, players manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, are often utter sounds of satisfaction organizes, sketches. or expletives as soon as they hit a tennis ball or throw a football, NOTE: The Key Words are the same as because they can tell by the feel of Mechanism, but will have adverbs or the act what the result will produce. adjectives that indicate that the performance is quicker, better, more accurate, etc.
Examples: Responds effectively to
unexpected experiences. Modifies instruction to meet the needs of the learners. Perform a task with a machine Adaptation: Skills are well that it was not originally intended to do developed and the individual can (machine is not damaged and there is modify movement patterns to fit no danger in performing the new task). special requirements. Key Words: adapts, alters, changes, rearranges, reorganizes, revises, varies.
Examples: Constructs a new theory.
Develops a new and comprehensive Origination: Creating new movement training programming. Creates a new patterns to fit a particular situation or gymnastic routine. specific problem. Learning outcomes emphasize creativity based upon Key Words: arranges, builds, highly developed skills. combines, composes, constructs, creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates.
Other Psychomotor Domain Taxonomies
As mentioned earlier, the committee did not produce a compilation for the psychomotor domain model, but others have. The one discussed above is by Simpson (1972). There are two other popular versions by Dave (1970) and Harrow (1972):
Dave (1975):
Category Example and Key Words (verbs)
Examples: Copying a work of art. Performing
Imitation — Observing and a skill while observing a demonstrator. patterning behavior after someone else. Performance Key Words: copy, follow, mimic, repeat, may be of low quality. replicate, reproduce, trace
Examples: Being able to perform a skill on
Manipulation — Being able to one's own after taking lessons or reading perform certain actions by about it. Follows instructions to build a model. memory or following instructions. Key Words: act, build, execute, perform
Examples: Working and reworking
something, so it will be “just right.” Perform a Precision — Refining, skill or task without assistance. Demonstrate a becoming more exact. task to a beginner. Performing a skill within a high degree of precision Key Words: calibrate, demonstrate, master, perfectionism
Examples: Combining a series of skills to
produce a video that involves music, drama, Articulation — Coordinating color, sound, etc. Combining a series of skills and adapting a series of or activities to meet a novel requirement. actions to achieve harmony and internal consistency. Key Words: adapt, constructs, combine, creates, customize, modifies, formulate
Naturalization — Mastering a Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight
high level performance until it parallel parking spot. Operates a computer become second-nature or quickly and accurately. Displays competence natural, without needing to while playing the piano. Michael Jordan think much about it. playing basketball or Nancy Lopez hitting a golf ball.
that are not learned, such as a involuntary reaction Key Words: react, respond
Examples: perform a simple task
Fundamental Movements — Basic movements such as walking, or Key Words: grasp an object, throw a ball, grasping. walk
Perceptual Abilities — Response Examples: track a moving object,
to stimuli such as visual, auditory, recognize a pattern kinesthetic, or tactile discrimination. Key Words: catch a ball, draw or write
Physical Abilities (fitness) —
Examples: gain strength, run a marathon Stamina that must be developed for further development such as Key Words: agility, endurance, strength strength and agility.
Examples: Using an advanced series of
integrated movements, perform a role in a Skilled movements — Advanced stage play or play in a set of series in a learned movements as one would sports game. find in sports or acting. Key Words: adapt, constructs, creates, modifies Examples: Express one's self by using Nondiscursive communication — movements and gestures Use effective body language, such as gestures and facial expressions. Key Words: arrange, compose, interpretation
Myra O. Anquilo Beed 3A Activity:1 compare your definition with what you have just read about multi-grade. how was your definition similar or different? 》