Radiographic

Film Systems

A W O R L D W I D E R E S P O N S E
CONTENTS
AGFA NDT YOUR SUPPLIER OF

•
DW Rollpac ..................................

• 23

•
COMPLETE NDT SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Rollpac Precut ................................ 23

• •
AGFA’S INNOVATIVE QUALITY,
YOUR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ......... 4 NIF ........................................... 24

STRUCTURIX FILM SYSTEMS . . . . . . 5

• FW ...........................................

• 24

RUGGED QUALITY FILMS ...................

• 5 BLR ..........................................

• 25

OPTIMUM IMAGE QUALITY ................

• 6 OPTIMAL STORAGE

•
•
OF STRUCTURIX FILMS ..................... 26

•
CONSISTENT PRODUCTION QUALITY ..... 7

•
STRUCTURIX EQUIPMENT ......... 27

•
CONSISTENT PROCESSING QUALITY . . . . . . . 7

•
STRUCTURIX NDT Si ........................ 28

•
PROTECTIVE COATING ...................... 8

•
STRUCTURIX NDT U ........................ 31

•
DARKROOM LIGHT SENSITIVITY ........... 8
STRUCTURIX NDT M eco ................... 35

• •
OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 STRUCTURIX FEEDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

IMAGE QUALITY AND

•
STRUCTURIX DRYER ........................

• 39

•
FILM SYSTEM CLASSES ..................... 10

•
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

•
CHARACTERISTICS .......................... 12

•
STRUCTURIX CHEMICALS . . . . . . . . . . 42
APPLICATIONS .............................. 13

• •
MANUAL/AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
EXPOSURE DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CLEANING PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS ....................

• 17 STRUCTURIX QUALITY

•
•
ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Structurix F8 ................................. 17

• •
STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC STRIP
Structurix Intensifying Screens ............... 18 (Processing Monitoring Control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

THE RIGHT PACKAGING

•
STRUCTURIX (CERTIFIED) DENSTEP ........

• 46

•
FOR EVERY STRUCTURIX FILM ............. 20

•
STRUCTURIX THIO-TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Pb Vacupac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

• •
ISO 9001 QUALITY LABELS
Pb ETE ....................................... 21 FOR AGFA NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

DW ETE ......................................

• 21 CONCLUSION ...............................

• 49

Pb Rollpac ....................................

• 22 AGFA NDT IN THE WORLD ................

• 51

2
AGFA NDT YOUR SUPPLIER OF COMPLETE NDT SYSTEMS
Best known for its photographic product business, which dates back to 1894, today Agfa is the leading supplier
of imaging solutions across many applications – Graphic Systems, Consumer Imaging, HealthCare, Industrial
Imaging, and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Agfa NDT now offers an expanded product assortment which
includes conventional and digital radiography, digital network solutions, X-ray equipment, ultrasonic testing
instruments and automated inspection systems. Agfa NDT has achieved leading positions in these areas through
its customer focus and stands ready to meet its customers’ needs today and in the future with ongoing innova-
tions, new products and an extensive worldwide support and service organization.

Agfa’s Krautkramer Ultrasonic Systems is the world’s largest developer,

manufacturer and supplier of high technology ultrasonic equiment and
product specific testing systems. The product line includes ultrasonic
flaw detectors, complete testing systems, thickness gauges, portable
hardness testers, transducers and application software. We can also
offer specially prepared training courses and customized application
solutions.

Agfa’s Pantak Seifert X-ray Systems offer a single source for all cus-
tomers’ X-ray requirements. The advanced design of the ERESCO
portable and ISOVOLT HS stationary units results in the highest out-
put power for film radiography applications, allowing the shortest of
exposure times.
Employing two modern applications laboratories in Europe and the
US, solutions to customer’s most difficult X-ray inspection problems
can be determined and a system designed to meet their exact needs.
This also includes high-end 3D-CT applications and those that require
extreme high-speed automated defect recognition (SABA).

Agfa’s RADView Digital Systems is an industry leader in Direct

Radiography (DR) technology, which, instead of film, uses an amor-
phous selenium imaging plate to create digital images. The images
are viewed on the RADView Digital Systems workstation. Powered by
the RADView software, the workstation provides rich image enhance-
ment, analysis functions, flexible information management, which
leads the world in its user friendliness. Other RADView products
available are Computed Radiography (CR) readers, NDT Phosphor
Imaging Plates & Cassettes and Film Digitizing Systems.

Agfa’s Structurix Film Systems is a manufacturer and supplier of a fully

integrated range of X-ray films, chemicals and processing equipment.
The ‘STRUCTURIX’ brandname, another industry leader has achieved
international acclaim through product excellence, reinforced by well-
qualified and experienced technical and service specialists. Lloyds, BSI
and TÜV approvals and accreditations are held covering development,
manufacture, supply and service of sensitized films for use in industrial
radiography and processing equipment.

For further information about Agfa’s products and services, please visit our web site at AgfaNDT.com

3
AGFA’S INNOVATIVE QUALITY,
YOUR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
“There is
no substitute
for quality”

Agfa NDT offers innovative indus-

trial X-ray film systems and ser-
vices that give you the edge in
quality control and customer satis-
faction.
With its worldwide response capa-
bility, Agfa meets your needs. No
matter where they occur you get
what you would expect from the
market leader.

4
STRUCTURIX FILM
SYSTEMS

RUGGED QUALITY FILMS

STRUCTURIX film systems are the

film types most widely used in
industrial radiography, in which
Agfa is the world market leader.
Our customers worldwide are
enthusiastic about our universal
and reliable products.
Compliance with ISO 9001
demonstrates Agfa’s goal of con-
tinuously striving for the highest
product quality. Our Marketing
and Research staff keeps close
track of your needs, requirements
and technological advancements.
As a result, we can more precisely
design and develop products
and systems to meet increasing
demands of the market.
STRUCTURIX films for many years
have enjoyed an excellent reputa-
tion, but have now further
improved their quality as the result
of a high cost, large scale research
and development project lasting
for several years.
The STRUCTURIX family is based
on Agfa’s advanced film
technology, which has two main
foundations of great importance in
NDT: image quality and consistent
rugged behavior.

5
OPTIMUM IMAGE QUALITY

IMAGE Technological axis All the STRUCTURIX films benefit

QUALITY of STRUCTURIX D family
from an Agfa emulsion break-
through that gives increased con-
trast and maximum detail percepti-
bility. In fact, it results in the high-
D2
est intrinsic defect recognizability
for each speed range. Even the
smallest details can be interpreted
easily.
D3 The finished X-ray film has a high
quality with a brilliant surface, and
the image has a pleasant blue tint.
D4

D5

D7

D8
High image quality
and perceptibility
through optimiza-
tion of “the signal
Better

to noise ratio” for

every STRUCTURIX
Faster film.
SPEED

LOCAL
CONTRAST Optimization of contrast

D2

D3
Theoretical maximum
D4 for linear detection Contrast (signal) of
D5
D7 all films is opti-
D8 mized to approach
the maximum con-
trast for a linear
detector (industrial
Better

X-ray Film), thereby

Faster optimizing image
quality and percep-
SPEED
tibility. An excep-
tion to the rule is D2, a super linear
detector, where image quality is opti-
mized through more than linear
(extreme high) contrast in combination
with very low noise.

6
CONSISTENT PRODUCTION QUALITY
Film
density

STRUCTURIX NDT films are manu- 5

factured in large quantities. To 4
ensure that they meet the most
3
rigorous worldwide quality stan-
2 2.10
dards, they are produced at one
facility under tightly controlled 1

conditions in an ultramodern coat- Speed

0 97% 95% 68% 2.00
(Rel LogE)
ing room. -1

Agfa’s Total Quality Management -2 1.90

(TQM) approach, certified by the -3

ISO 9001 label, is the foundation -4
of the system leading to this Production
exceptional performance in pro- process -5
consistency
duction consistency. People, pro- Film batches
duction equipment, and organiza-
tion all become one system geared
Moving target means that to meet Not only do the STRUCTURIX
to consistency and continuous
the increasing needs of our cus- films have outstanding quality,
improvements. What we call the
tomers, quality has to be built into they also have an exceptionally
moving target quality philosophy.
our products; not by additional high level of batch to batch unifor-
testing, but by design. Agfa’s mity (see figure).
emulsion technology, for example,
helps to provide a highly homoge-
neous emulsion over the total
coating area.

CONSISTENT PROCESSING QUALITY

For many years STRUCTURIX films
have had the reputation of provid-
ing consistent and excellent results
over a wide range of operating
conditions.
Cubic Grain Plus technology
The Cubic Grain Plus technology is
at the base of this consistent stable
behavior. The extreme narrow
grain size distribution, in combina-
tion with the cubic shape, assures
that all exposed grains (latent
image) will simultaneously develop
the same density over a wide
range of processing conditions.
Moreover, they will do so render-
ing the very high contrast which is
responsible for the high image
quality.

7
PROTECTIVE COATING

An important feature in the STRUCTURIX quality... rugged performance

STRUCTURIX films is a special pro-
tective top coat resulting directly
from Agfa’s Split Antistress Layer
(SAL) technology. 4
3  Split Anti-stress Layer
This top coat gives the Agfa films 2 Emulsion Layer
unique high resistance to pressure,
scratching and creasing.
1 Base
Another advantage of the Agfa
top coat is that surface roughness
has been optimized for problem- 2 Emulsion Layer
free processing in automatic feed- 3
ers such as the STRUCTURIX 4  Split Anti-stress Layer
FEEDER.
Cubic grain plus
Matting agent

The emulsion coatings are covered by

two separate antistress layers (3+4).
To achieve a rugged surface, the top
layer has received the matting agent.

DARKROOM LIGHT SENSITIVITY

STRUCTURIX D films may be

exposed to darkroom safelight
conditions longer without sensito-
metric fogging (ANSI PH 2.22).
This means that brighter safelight
illumination can be used, resulting
in more ergonomic and efficient
working conditions.
Recommended Agfa filters are
R1 (orange-red) and G7 (green).

8
OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Sensitometric curves

D4 s.c. D3 s.c.
D8
D5 D3
D2
3.5
D4
D7

3.0

2.5

STRUCTURIX D2 D3 s.c. D4 s.c. D3 D4 2.0

D5 D7 D8 Exposure and processing
parameters: 200 kV, Pb screens, autom.
proc.,
8 min. cycle, devel G 135, 28°C - 82°F 1.5

1.0

Blue-base
0.5

Density
Log. rel. exp.
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

1) In accordance with ANSI PH 2.8,

Relative exposure factors
lSO 7004 without lead screens.
2) ln accordance with ANSI PH 2.8, 100 kV (1) 200 kV (2) Ir 192 (3) Co 60 (4) LINAC/8 MeV(5) CONTRAST(*)
lSO 7004 and EN 584-1 with lead
screens 0.027 mm. STRUCTURIX D2 9.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 6.0
3) 8 mm Cu filtration, 0.1/0.2 mm lead STRUCTURIX D3 s.c. 9.5 8.0 - - - 5.3
screens. STRUCTURIX D4 s.c. 5.4 4.8 - - - 4.6
4) Exposure with lead screens STRUCTURIX D3 4.1 4.3 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.5
0.1/0.2 mm.
5) Exposure with Fe screens STRUCTURIX D4 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.4
front: 1 mm, back: 1 mm. STRUCTURIX D5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 5.4
Object Fe 160 mm. FFD = 2 m. STRUCTURIX D7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.4
STRUCTURIX D8 0.6 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.6 4.3
(*) CONTRAST. The average gradient of
the section of the characteristic
curve between densities 1.5 and 3.5
(obtained at 200 kV in accordance
with lSO 7004).

9
IMAGE QUALITY AND FILM SYSTEM CLASSES

TOWARDS A NEW
FILM SYSTEM
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N

The introduction of the Industrial Film

Systems Classification Standards EN
584-1, ASTM E-1815, ISO 11699-1
and JIS-K7627 provide an important
means to assign film systems (film
types in combination with processing)
to the appropriate film system class.
These standards identify the vari-
ous types of industrial X-ray film
systems and classify them based
on objectively quantified parame-
ters that are the foundation of film
imaging performance.
As a result of being able to objec- These parameters are selected on
The standards for control of film tively determine the performance of the basis of insight into imaging
processing EN 584-2 and ISO a specific Film System ( Film + theory applied to the industrial
11699-2 provide the means to Chemistry + Processing) film radio- X-ray film systems. G is a measure
control the processing at the graphy remains the number one and of the signal gain factor and σD
processor user level. The objective most widely used NDT technique. indicates the noise, so that G/σd
is to make sure that a classified represents the signal/noise ratio.
The classification system classifies
system will also produce the
a film inclusive of processing (type In the context of growing quality
expected capabilities in daily use.
and chemicals). This illustrates the awareness the new perception of
(See: Structurix Quality Assurance)
importance of processing in rela- film system classification, described in
tion to imaging. EN 584, ASTM 1815, ISO 11699
and JIS-K7627, is gradually flowing
The parameters are: into the industry.
G2 (contrast) Net density: D = 2
G4 (contrast) Net density: D = 4
σD (noise) Net density: D = 2
G/σD Net density: D = 2

10
 Image Quality & Film System Classes

FILM TYPE CEN ASTM ISO JIS-K7627

STRUCTURIX EN 584-1 E 1815-96 11699-1
D2 C1 special T1 T1
D3 s.c. T1 T1
D4 s.c. T1 T1
D3 C2 I T1 T1
D4 C3 I T2 T2
D5 C4 I T2 T2
D7 C5 II T3 T3
D8 C6 III T4 T4

A/Automatic
Chemicals G 135/G 335 - development immersion time : 100 sec.
Developing temperature: 28°C - (82°F)
GRADIENT G σD G/σd ISO DOSE
SPEED m Gy
FILM TYPE CEN ISO ASTM DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D=2
D2 C1 T1 special 5.2 9.1 0.014 371 32 22.3
D3 C2 T1 I 4.7 8.6 0.016 294 64 14.0
D4 C3 T2 I 4.6 7.6 0.020 232 100 8.7
D5 C4 T2 I 4.4 7.6 0.026 169 200 4.6
D7 C5 T3 II 4.4 7.6 0.031 142 320 3.2
D8 C6 T4 III 4.1 5.2 0.035 114 400 2.2

B/Manual
Chemicals G 128/G 328 - development immersion time : 300 sec.
Developing temperature: 20°C - (68°F)
GRADIENT G σD G/σd ISO DOSE
SPEED m Gy
FlLM TYPE CEN ISO ASTM DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D=2
D2 C1 T1 special 5.1 9.0 0.013 392 32 23.5
D3 C2 T1 I 4.8 8.4 0.016 303 64 14.0
D4 C3 T2 I 4.6 8.0 0.020 232 100 8.7
D5 C4 T2 I 4.6 8.0 0.026 177 160 4.4
D7 C5 T3 II 4.6 8.0 0.032 144 320 3.2
D8 C6 T4 III 4.1 6.8 0.035 117 400 2.2

11
CHARACTERISTICS

STRUCTURIX D2
Extremely fine grain film with very high contrast. Ideal for exposures
requiring the finest possible detail rendering.

STRUCTURIX D3 s.c. STRUCTURIX D4 s.c.

Single coated films with very high image quality, (accurate interpretabili-
ty,) high contrast and pleasant image tint. The ideal films for optical
enlargements. The colorless back coating prevents film curl under all
conditions.

STRUCTURIX D3
Ultra fine grain film with very high contrast. This film obtaines a very
high detail perceptability which meets the requirements of the most
critical NDT applications. For exposure with lead screens using either
X-ray, gamma rays or radiation from megavolt equipment.

STRUCTURIX D4
Extra fine grain film with very high contrast. Suitable for a wide variety
of critical applications. For exposure with lead screens using either
X-ray, gamma rays or radiation from megavolt equipment.

STRUCTURIX D5
Very fine grain film with high contrast. Excellent for visualization of dis-
continuities. This film is intended for use with lead screens using either
X-ray or gamma rays.

STRUCTURIX D7
Fine grain film with high contrast and high speed. Designed for direct
exposure or with lead screens. For exposure with lead screens using
either X-ray or gamma rays.

STRUCTURIX D8
Medium grain film with high contrast and very high speed. Suitable for
a variety of applications. This film can be used for direct exposure, or
with lead screens. It gives good image quality with short exposure
times. If even higher speed is required, fluorescent screens, in combi-
nation with Structurix F8 (not D8) should be used.

12
APPLICATIONS

• electronic components
• composite materials
• castings (light metals and alloys)
• multiple film techniques

• electronic components • inspections whereby optical enlargement is required

• composite materials • multiple film techniques
• neutron radiography

• electronic components • nuclear quality

• composite materials • aerospace and aircraft industry
• castings • multiple film techniques
• very high quality welds

• electronic components • defence and nuclear industry

• composite materials • aerospace and aerospace industry
• castings • multiple film techniques
• very high quality welds

• welding • aerospace and aircraft industry

• castings • multiple film techniques
• shipbuilding

• welding and casting • composite materials

• defence industry • multiple film techniques
• aerospace and aircraft industry

• concrete and heavy construction work

• castings
• multiple film technique

13
EXPOSURE DIAGRAMS
Exposure diagrams can be very useful for setting Steel (Fe) • Type of X-ray tube:
the correct exposure. The diagrams shown here constant potential
are meant only as a guide, as the correct expo- • Pb-screens
sure will mainly depend on the variations of the • Density: 2
object, the exposure equipment used and on the • FFD: 1m
processing conditions. • Autom. proc.:
8 min. cycle G 135,
28°C (82.4°F).

STRUCTURIX D2 STRUCTURIX D3 STRUCTURIX D4

kV 140 160 180 200 220 240 kV 120 140 160 180 200 220 kV 100 120 140 160 180 200
100 100 100
90 260 90 90 220
m.A.min

m.A.min

240
m.A.min

80 80 80
70 70 70
60 60 60
50 50 50
40 40 260 40

30 30 30
260

20 20 20

10 10 10
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40

STRUCTURIX D5 STRUCTURIX D7 STRUCTURIX D8

kV 100 120 140 160 180 200 kV 100 120 140 160 180 200 kV 100 120 140 160 180
100 100 100
90 90 90
m.A.min

m.A.min
m.A.min

80 80 80 200
70 70 70
60 60 60
50 220 50 50
40 40 40
220
30 240 30 30

220
20 20 240 20
260
240
10 10 260 10
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7 260
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40

14
 Aluminium (AI) • Type of X-ray tube:
constant potential
• Density: 2
• FFD: 1m
• Autom. proc.:
8 min. cycle G 135,
28°C (82.4°F).

STRUCTURIX D2 STRUCTURIX D3 STRUCTURIX D4

kV kV kV
50 70 90 110 130 50 70 90 110 50 70 90 110
100 100 100
90 90 90
m.A.min

m.A.min
m.A.min

80 80 80
70 70 70
60 60 130 60
50 50 50 130
40 40 40

30 30 30

20 20 20

10 10 10
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

STRUCTURIX D5 STRUCTURIX D7 STRUCTURIX D8

kV kV kV
50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90
100 100 100
90 90 90
m.A.min

m.A.min

m.A.min

80 80 80
70 70 70
60 110 60 60
50 50 50
40 40 40
110
30 30 30 110
130
20 20 20

130

10 10 10 130
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

15
Selenium 75
1000

GBq.h

Ci.h
10000

100
D2
D3

D4
D5
1000
D7 D8
10

Pb screens
100 Density 2
SFD 1m

1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
mm Fe

Iridium 192
1000
GBq.h

Ci.h

10000
D2
D3
100
D4 D5

1000 D7 D8

10

Pb screens
100 Density 2
SFD 1m

1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
mm Fe

Cobalt 60
1000
GBq.h

Ci.h

10000

D2
100 D3

D4
D5
1000

D7 D8
10

Pb screens
100 Density 2
SFD 1m

1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
mm Fe

16
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
STRUCTURIX F8
Designed as a high quality film for
fluorometallic (RCF) screen expo-
Sensitometric curves with
Relative exposure factor RCF fluorometallic screens.
with fluorometallic screens
depends on:
• temperature 3,5

Density
sure when the speed obtainable • radiation energy F8 + RCF
3
with Pb screen system is insuffi- • exposure time
D8 + Pb
cient or radiation safety is of prime (see page 20 for more details) 2,5

importance. 2
When maximum speed is impor-
Sensitive to all UV and blue-emit- tant the use of very fast screens Blue base 1,5
ting screens. Calcium tungstate such as the Agfa NDT 1200
1
with lead or lead oxide backing, so screen can further reduce the
called fluorometallic screens exposure time 3 to 6 times com- 0,5

(STRUCTURIX RCF Screens) are pared to RCF screens. 0

-0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
most suited for industrial applica-
F8 is the ideal fast, high contrast, (at 200 kV, Log. rel. exp.
tions.
high definition film for fluorescent F8 + RCF,
F8 with fluorescent screens is used screen applications. 5 sec.)
in a variety of heavy construction
When higher sharpness is required
applications, concrete, in line
we advise the use of D8 with Pb
examination of piping, where
screens.
X-ray energy has to be limited,
flash radiography and microfocus
enlargement techniques.
F8
STRUCTURIX F8 is well-suited for High speed, high contrast fine grain film,
off-shore pipelines and similar for exposures in combination with
applications. fluorometallic (RCF) screens or
fluorescent screens
Those areas need short exposure
• high system speed is main requirement
time through the use of fluoro-
• on stream corrosion/erosion
metalic screens and fast processing
radiography
cycles.
• concrete and heavy constructions
F8 is preferably processed in short • low dosage output, e.g. microfocus
cycle (90 sec.). If needed standard
8 min. cycle can be used alterna-
tively.

17
STRUCTURIX
INTENSIFYING
SCREENS
The STRUCTURIX range offers two
intensifying screens. The STRUC-
TURIX RCF fluorometallic screen
and the high speed STRUCTURIX
NDT 1200 fluorescent screen.
STRUCTURIX intensifying
screens: Advantages
The STRUCTURIX fluorometallic
(RCF) and fluorescent screens
(NDT 1200) based on the conven-
tional phosphor material calcium
tungsten (CaWO4) reduce radia-
tion exposure, and/or the neces-
sary level of radiation energy. They
detect the radiographic penetra-
tion of thick objects.
Being a more productive and
effective testing method the use of
the STRUCTURIX RCF and NDT
1200 screens reduces the exposure
equipment load.
The flexible screen enables radiog-
raphy of curved objects.
STRUCTURIX intensifying
screens: features
When excited by X-rays or
gamma-rays the STRUCTURIX
RCF fluorometallic screen becomes
blue emitting. The screen has an
incorporated filter of lead oxide for
scattered radiation. The emission
spectrum is matched to the spec-
tral sensitivity of the STRUCTURIX
F type films. The strong fluores-
cent STRUCTURIX RCF screen
offers the ideal compromise
between detail perceptibility and
working efficiency. The extra
strong Electron-Beam-Cured (EBC)
protective coating and the poly-
ester support make the screen par-
ticularly durable.
One of the most important applica-
tions of the STRUCTURIX RCF
screens lies in the inspection of off-
shore pipelines. Combining the
screen sensitivity and rapid process-
ing of the STRUCTURIX F8 film
provides an ideal film-screen sys-
tem. In the in line as well, the use of
the STRUCTURIX RCF-screen in
combination with the STRUCTURIX
F8 film means a considerable
amount of time-saving.
The blue emitting STRUCTURIX
NDT 1200 fluorescent screen has
an extremely high absorption and
conversion efficiency together with
acceptable detail perceptibility. The
combination with a STRUCTURIX
F8 film makes this film-screen
system convenient for high-energy
applications like the non-destruc-
tive testing of heavy specimens,
the examination of large concrete
structures (bridges and buildings).
The STRUCTURIX NDT 1200
screen can also be a solution for
flash radiography by which expo-
sure times are extremely short and
for microfocus-enlargment tech-
niques by which radiation doses
are very low.

18
Treatment of STRUCTURIX Relative Exposure Factor Spectograms
intensifying screens When making exposures with fluo- 400
The STRUCTURIX screens should rescent screens it is important to uJ )
S = (cm
200
be protected from moisture, heat understand the potential impact of
and ultra-violet radiation. Dust and variables such as temperature, expo- 100 100
marks should be removed from the sure energy and exposure time: 80 80
60 60
screen immediately using an
• Intensifying screens fluoresce 40 40
approved Screen Cleaner. The Agfa
more brilliantly at low tempera-
Screen Cleaner obviously cleans the 20 20
ture. Therefore the screen effi-
screen but also contains an anti-
ciency will drop with increasing 10 10
static element which provides dirt 8 8
temperature.
and dust on the screen caused by 6 6
• With increasing energy, the
static electricity. 4 4
absorption of fluorescent screens
is reduced and, as a result, the 2 2

intensifying effect is diminished.

• Due to the “reciprocity effect” 300 350 400 450 500 550
with fluorescent screen systems,
the gain in exposure time com- Spectral sensitivity of
pared to lead screen systems, STRUCTURIX F8
diminishes with increasing expo- (for density 1.0 above fog)
sure length. Relative emmission spectrum of
intensifying screens

Relative Exposure

F8 D7

100 kV NDT 1200 0.010

RCF 0.030
No screen 1.000

300 kV NDT 1200 + Pb 0.008

RCF 0.022
Pb 1.000

Ir 192 NDT 1200 + Pb 0.007

RCF 0.035
Pb 1.000

Co 60 NDT 1200 + Pb 0.006

RCF 0.040
Pb 1.000

19
THE RIGHT PACKAGING FOR EVERY
STRUCTURIX FILM
Agfa has a very wide range of dif-
ferent forms of packaging, which
are in accordance with the ISO
5655 norm. For every application
of industrial radiography there is
the right STRUCTURIX film in the
right packaging. No object is too
large or too small, an X-ray film of
the appropriate size is available for
every exposure. STRUCTURIX
films are supplied in all standard
sheet and roll sizes (special sizes on
demand) and in darkroom or day-
light packaging.
PRACTICAL
D AY L I G H T
PA C K A G I N G
Time saving
Agfa packages its STRUCTURIX
films on ultramodern packaging
machines. This ready to use pack-
aging can be placed directly on the
object to be X-rayed. This saves
valuable time which would other-
wise be used to place the film
manually in cassettes in the dark-
room.
Improved quality
Agfa packages all its films auto-
matically in an ISO 9001 environ-
ment using new lead screens for
every packaging. This method
guarantees optimal quality. By
excluding all so called film faults,
such as dust in the packaging and
faults caused by the lead. Reshots
due to these faults are a thing of
the past.
More economical
The “time is money” principle
means that ease of use, both dur-
ing exposure and in the darkroom,
and the avoidance of reshoots lead
to increased productivity.
On all daylight film packages the
film type is clearly marked. “Pb”
means the film is sandwiched
between lead screens (.001”/
0.027 mm). Daylight packed
sheets have a center cross on the
envelope to allow for easy posi-
tioning. Sheets are provided in an
easy to use strong fliptop box.
Rolls are supplied in a rigid dis-
penser box.
20
SHEET FILM IN
D AY L I G H T
PA C K A G I N G
P b VA C U PA C
Completely light tight,
airtight and moisture-
A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N
proof
Pb VACUPAC is the perfect day-
light packaging.
The STRUCTURIX X-ray films with
Pb screens, with a standard thick-
ness of 0.027 mm, are vacuum
packed in a completely light tight,
airtight and moistureproof foil
complex. The foil, a spin off from
space technology, is a metalized
polymer involving the deposition
of vaporized aluminium under
vacuum. The synthetic foil ensures
that VACUPAC can be used under
extremely dirty and damp condi-
tions. Pb VACUPAC is ideal for
applications with energies higher
than 100 kV.
Optimal image quality
As a result of the vacuum, contact
between the STRUCTURIX film
and the lead screens is perfect
guaranteeing optimal image defini-
tion. Even if VACUPAC is placed
around a spherical or curved work-
piece, film/screen contact is
retained fully.
Easy to use
Either side of the wrapper can be
placed on the object to be tested.
A center cross on the envelope
allows easy positioning.
In addition, VACUPAC can be
opened in one movement thanks
to the easy peel-off effect.
 Pb ETE
(EDGE T0 EDGE)

The edge to edge Pb

versions are still available
A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N
for the less popular sheet
sizes for which a VACUPAC ver-
sion does not exist. A specific
advantage of the edge to edge is
the double sided edge. This makes
it possible to place the film against
or between elements of a work-
piece easily and accurately.
Opening the edge to edge pack-
aging is easy: by tearing open the
wrapper using the thread included
for this purpose, the film is easy to
remove via the long side. The Pb
edge to edge version is designed
for exposures with energies higher
Extra vacuum protection
than 100 kV and isotopes.
Each pack of 100 sheets is also
supplied “in vacuo” to preserve
the vacuum well beyond the
expiry date.

DW ETE
(EDGE T0 EDGE)

Light tight, moistureproof and

greaseproof packaging without Pb
screen. Ideal for exposures using
radiation energy lower than 100
kV. The envelopes can easily be cut
and taped for use in odd shaped
angles and corners. They are also
easy to tape to the workpiece.

21
R O L L S I N D AY L I G H T
PA C K A G I N G :
Whether you have to X-ray
pipelines, pressure vessels, air-
planes or storage tanks, with the
roll film packaging you can deter-
mine the length of film yourself so
that your radiographs can be made
in one piece.
Easy to use
Cassettes are not necessary with
ROLLPAC packaging. The film is
packed in accordance with the
edge to edge system with which
ROLLPAC can be placed accurately
on the object, for example a long
weld, to be tested, or right into the
corner of a flange. ROLLPAC is
placed around the object and
attached with adhesive tape.
Identification of the exposure needs
only occur once. This time saving
ROLLPAC packaging is supplied in
a convenient dispenser box.
Can be opened quickly and
easily
The special design of the ROLL-
PAC wrapper means that it can be
opened quickly and easily. The film
is removed by taking the unprinted
wrapper together with the lead
screen and the film in one hand
and the printed wrapper and the
other lead screen in the other. In
this way the film can be easily
stripped from the packaging.
The packaging of Rollpac in wider
formats (>10cm) has a tearstrip on
either side of the wrapper.
This enables the film to be
removed from the packaging easily
and above all quickly.
Length indication
on the wrapper
This allows you to easily determine
where to cut the film, it enables
you also to see how much film is
left. The film can be cut to any
length. This should be done in the
darkroom.
22
P b R O L L PA C
Light tight, moisture-
A N A G FA
proof and greaseproof
The film is sandwiched
I N N O VAT I O N
between two .001”/0.027 mm
lead screens. ROLLPAC packaging
is completely light tight. Because
the packaging is also resistant to
moisture and grease it may come
into contact with damp or greasy
objects without affecting the film.
Optimal image quality
The unique way of packaging
ROLLPAC on our ROLLPAC
machines ensures that excellent
contact between the film and lead
foil is retained when applied to
spherical or tubular objects, even
those with a small diameter.
Because the screens are only used
once optimal results are guaran-
teed.
D W R O L L PA C
DW ROLLPAC packaging
is specifically intended for
A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N

material testing using low

to very low radiation energy
(<100 kV).
Widths-up-to 35 cm (14 inches)
are available.

For testing at higher radiation

energy levels (>100 kV), e.g.
welding in boilers, storage tanks
and pipelines, Pb ROLLPAC is
used.

R O L L PA C P R E C U T
Even more economical
If specially ordered, the
A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N

films in ROLLPAC packag-

ing can also be supplied in precut
lengths from 70 cm (27.5”) on.
This exclusive form of packaging
saves you a considerable amount
of time and money. Ideal for
pipeline projects, which generally
consist of large series of pipes of
the same diameter. We can supply
ROLLPAC precut in the length
required for your project.

23
 SHEET FILM IN
DARKROOM
PA C K A G I N G

Films for use with reloadable metal NIF

or plastic cassettes and exposure (NON INTERLEAVED FILMS)
holders. The high level of dark-
room lighting tolerated by STRUC- This is the most economic way to
TURIX D films allow more com- buy sheet film. The intrinsic film
fortable loading and unloading quality is the same as that of
conditions. prepacked film. Sheets of film are
packed per 100 (except extremely
Film type and size are clearly
large sizes) in a paalpo bag inside
marked on bottom, top and side
a cardboard box.
of each box for easy storage.
The paalpo bags allow for easy
In the first instance, darkroom film removal and re-closure.
packaging appears to be the most
economical solution because this is
the cheapest to buy. However,
before deciding on what to use,
the total radiography cost should
be considered. The film handling
costs, for example in the dark-
room, and the cost of reshoots are
important factors to consider. The
extra cost of cassettes and screens
should also be taken into account. FW
The total of this cost price calcula- (FOLDER WRAPPED)
tion also depends of course on the
local conditions. Each film is wrapped in a paper
folder to prevent handling faults in
The conclusion is therefore: “less
the darkroom. The paper folders
costly is not always economical”
can also be used to make it easy
A quality evaluation can also be
to store the films and protect them
made in addition to this cost eval-
after processing. This form of
uation. VACUPAC image quality
packaging is also a solution when
cannot be obtained with the stan-
boxes remain in use for some time
dard cassette system.
after opening in areas with a high
relative humidity and temperature
as it prevents the films from stick-
ing together.
Sheets of film are packed per 100
in a sealed bag and placed in a
strong cardboard box.

24
 ROLLS IN
DARKROOM
PA C K A G I N G :

BLR
(BULK LOAD ROLL)

Packaging with bare film on a

cardboard core. This film can be
cut to any length and loaded with
or without lead screens in reload-
able cassettes, in the darkroom.
Available in a standard width of
70 mm and in lengths of 550 ft.
(167.75 m) and 1000 ft. (305 m).

TA I L O R M A D E
PA C K A G I N G

In addition to the aforementioned

standard products special orders
can also be made, such as non
standard sheet sizes, other forms
of packaging, e.g. Bi and Tri Packs.
For the special order procedure,
please contact your Agfa agent.
Bipack is an ETE daylight packag-
ing containing 2 films. The Tripack
contains 3 films in one envelope.
Combinations with lead screens
are possible. Bipacks can also be
supplied in DW Rollpac packaging.

25
OPTIMAL STORAGE OF STRUCTURIX FILMS

Handling and storage of X-ray film

is a very important aspect of the
radiographic process. Guidelines
are given in several international
standards e.g. ASTM E1254-98.
The recommendations for unex-
posed X-ray film are described in
the paragraphs below.
First of all, storage facilities for
unexposed X-ray films should pro-
vide adequate protection from any
penetrating radiation. If the films
are stored for longer than 3
months, background radiation may
not exceed 90 nGy/h (18 x 10-10
C/Kg/h). Films in containers sealed
by the manufacturer should be
stored with the films on edge,
whenever possible. Storage tem-
perature should be between 40°F
(4.4°C) and 75°F (23.8°C) at a rela-
tive humidity range of 30 to 60 %.
As higher temperatures accelerate
certain physicochemical processes
in the emulsion, STRUCTURIX
films should always be stored in a
cool place (within the above men-
tioned temperature range).
While films in opened packages
are also affected by humidity, it is
advisable to ensure that the rela-
tive humidity in the storage room
remains under 60 %.
It is also recommended that the
films are not stored in the immedi-
ate vicinity of X-ray chemicals.

If STRUCTURIX films are handled

and stored in accordance with the
directions given above, Agfa guar-
antees their good quality at least
until the expiry date on the box.

26
STRUCTURIX
EQUIPMENT

The Agfa STRUCTURIX NDT sys-

tem consists of an innovative
assortment : films, equipment and
chemicals are perfectly geared to
one another. That is why the
STRUCTURIX processors are sup-
plied as a standard 100 secs.
immersion in each processing sec-
tion, with developer and fixer tem-
peratures controlled at 82.4°F
(28°C).
Together with STRUCTURIX films,
Agfa STRUCTURIX processors and
STRUCTURIX chemistry are widely
used in industrial radiography as a
total system. The satisfaction of
our customers is the best example
of the reliability and performance
of the STRUCTURIX equipment.
Several decades of experience and
know-how in equipment design
and construction are the basis.
Moreover all STRUCTURIX NDT
equipment comply with VDE, UL
and CSA safety regulations and are
EMC-compliant according to VDE.
All units are supplied with the GS
label and CE label as well as the
CE Declaration of Conformity and
are manufactured to ISO 9001.
These are extra proofs of our com-
mitment to quality and reliability.

27
STRUCTURIX NDT Si

ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY

GO HAND IN HAND

Building on its years of experience,

Agfa now introduces the STRUC-
TURIX NDT Si film processor. The
NDT Si film processor forms the
basis of a NEW Structurix High
Capacity Film System that boasts a
revolutionary design and takes X-
ray film processing to the next level.
The STRUCTURIX NDT Si is a
leading-edge processor that brings
speed, operational flexibility,
money-saving innovations, and
environmentally friendly design
together in a single package.
Agfa is an industry leader in
processors that use a leading edge
"Cascade-Fixing" system.
Featuring a double-fixing tank, the
• Lower warehousing and handling High Capacity
STRUCTURIX NDT Si generates
costs and less packaging waste The throughput or processing
improved results, yet requires few
due to the need for fewer rate, of the STRUCTURIX NDT Si
resources to achieve those results.
chemicals is designed to meet the needs of a
Comprised of Optimized Film, • Substantially lower costs for wide range of users, including
industrial Chemistry, and a New energy and water usage those with large film processing
Processor, the High Capacity Film • At the same time, the Structurix demands and companies with
System extracts the maximum in High Capacity Film System is high production peaks. Set to an
economic and ecological benefits certified to the following eight-minute cycle, the NDT Si
by delivering: Industrial Film Systems boosts the processing speed to 20
Classification Standards inches of film per minute, or 70
• Higher processing "throughput"
(100 sec developer immersion films (size 14x17") per hour.
(on the order of 20 percent)
time, G 135, 82.4°F)
when compared to its predeces-
• EN 584-1
sor, the NDT3
• ASTM E-1815
• A reduction of fixer replenish-
• ISO 11699-1
ment is possible. Check with
• JIS-K7627
your local legislation require-
ments.
• Optimized archiving results
• Less handling of the products
• Dramatically lower silver level in
the waste water, representing a
reduction of 90 to 95 percent
• Fewer chemical waste resulting
in lower disposal cost

28
 A NEW
REVOLUTIONARY
TECHNOLOGY
"CASCADE FIXING"
Agfa’s new Cascade Fixing System
delivers consistently high-quality
images. What makes the system
special is that it delivers those
images at a higher throughput
rate, while reducing the environ-
mental impact. Thanks to a design
that features two successive fixing
tanks that are replenished on the
counter-flow principle, the
STRUCTURIX NDT Si significantly
reduces the silver residue present
in the waste water.
The exposed film is first developed
in the developer tank and then
rinsed in the intermediate-washing
tank. Intermediate washing
ensures that little of the developer
solution carries into the fixing
tanks, thus keeping the ‘fixer bath’
in optimum condition. At the same
time, the intermediate washing
process helps to prevent faults
from occurring on the film being
developed.
The operating method of
the Cascade Fixing System is
simple but effective.
The film is 100 percent fixed in
the first fixer tank and rinsed in
the second fixer tank. With fixer
replenishment being executed in
the second fixer tank, the concen-
tration of silver in that tank stays
low. As the silver carryover into the
water tank is minimal, waste water
from the STRUCTURIX NDT Si
processor readily complies with
stringent standards for silver
content.
1 2 2
D IW F1 F2 W
3
Silver recovery is also optimized respect to drying rates and film
by the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’s sizes, so that no matter which
design. The first fixer tank being option is selected it delivers the
replenished by overflow from the same high-quality output.
second fixer tank, nearly all of the
silver released in the fixing stage Precise Replenishment
ends up in the overflow from the The design of the STRUCTURIX
first tank, providing optimum sil- NDT Si minimizes replenishment
ver recovery. This unique film pro- demands thanks to a unique scan-
cessing system ensures that the ning feature. Instead of relying
amount of silver in the wash only on a measurement of film
water is up to 25 times lower than length, the STRUCTURIX NDT Si
found in conventional processing precisely maps the film surface
systems. area by using 11 detection rollers,
assuring accurate minimum
Superior Image Quality replenishment usage.
The STRUCTURIX NDT Si was
designed to satisfy applications
that demand the highest image
quality. Agfa’s innovative rack con-
struction and roller configurations
contribute significantly to the top-
of-the-line performance delivered
by the NDT Si. A "smart" micro-
processor embedded in the NDT Si
controls all process functions and
ensures superior film drying at an
even rate under all ambient condi-
tions. The STRUCTURIX NDT Si
offers maximum flexibility with
29
Minimum Processing Costs
The more precise that control of
the replenishment process is, the
lower the consumption of process-
ing chemicals is, and thus the
lower costs are. One of the key
ways the STRUCTURIX NDT Si
achieves this low-cost profile is by
automatically switching to standby
mode once all films have left the
processor. Thus electricity is saved
and water conserved. Moreover,
the less water used for processing
(13l/m2) the greater the environ-
mental benefits.
The design of the STRUCTURIX
NDT Si incorporates a low-energy
infrared drying technology.
Additionally, when in standby
2 3 4 5a
1 4
7 7
15
12 13
mode the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’s
drive cycle activates its rollers for
short periods. This means that ener-
gy consumption is minimized and
the life of the processor maximized.
Processing Cycles
The NDT Si’s microprocessor also
features six pre-programmed pro-
cessing cycles that vary from 2.5
to 12 minutes. As with all Agfa
processors, standard cycles are
easily set. Once the desired cycle
time has been selected, the other
processing parameters – namely
temperature, dryer level, fixing
temperature, and replenishment
rate – are adjusted automatically
by the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’s
microprocessor.
5b 6 10
7 7
11
9
8 6
16
14a
14b
30
Variable speed mode is another
proprietary feature of the
STRUCTURIX NDT Si. Along with
the standard cycle settings, the
NDT Si’s processing speed can also
be manually adjusted in 30-second
steps (2.5 - 12 min.). In addition
these settings can be locked and
protected by a password.
Reliable Electronics
The STRUCTURIXNDT Si’s high-
performance microprocessor is
durable, featuring the reliability
and security and ease of operation
for which Agfa products are
famous.
Operating diagram:
1 Film feed table
a LCD display
b Menu selection
c Increase setting
d Decrease setting
2 Film area scanning
3 Developer tank
Intermediate wash tank
5a Fixer tank F1
5b Fixer tank F2
Final wash tank
7 Removable top rack parts
8 Distribution rollers
9 Infrared dryer
10 Film output
11 Film receiving tray
12 Replenishment pump for developer
13 Replenishment pump for fixer
14a On/off switch
14b Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)
15 Three-way valves for draining
the machine tanks
16 Overheating protectors
for developer and fixer
User Comfort becomes a very practical daylight
Three-way drainage valves are a processing system. The Feeder will
new feature of the STRUCTURIX automatically follow the processing
NDT Si that makes it simple and speed of the NDT Si, even after
easy for photochemicals and clean- the processor’s speed is adjusted.
ing chemicals to be diverted to the And when an NDT Si is used with-
correct collection tank or drain. out a feeder, an optional ‘light-
tight’ cover is available from Agfa.
Ease of Maintenance In this configuration, once films
The STRUCTURIX NDT Si was are positioned on the film feed
designed as the ultimate in ease- table the cover may be closed and
of-maintenance systems. The top the darkroom illuminated.
sections of the NDT Si’s racks can
be easily removed for separate
cleaning, eliminating the need to
remove an entire rack from a
tank. While the film sensor rollers
on the feed tray require regular
cleaning, the STRUCTURIX NDT
Si’s design makes even this task a
breeze. The rollers can be readily
reached by removing the feed
tray. And to prevent growth of
algae, the wash water automati-
cally drains when the NDT Si is
switched off.

Clear Operating Panel

The operating panel provides clear
displays about all processing
parameters. Incremental controls
are available for the temperature
of both the dryer and developer.
Messages may be displayed in 12
languages.

Adjustable Film Receiving Tray

The film tray of the STRUCTURIX
NDT Si may be easily adjusted to
any sheet film size, welding for-
mats, and roll film of up to 16 ft
in length. Processed films are
always collected in the correct
order in the multifunctional output
tray.

Unique Daylight System

When combined with the
STRUCTURIX Feeder, the NDT Si

31
STRUCTURIX NDT U

UNIVERSAL
RELIABILITY

With the STRUCTURIX NDT U

you have at your disposal the
most universal processor from our
assortment. STRUCTURIX NDT U
combines simplicity, reliability and
universal use in one processor. It is
specially designed for customers
with medium sized quantities of
film.
The ease of use, the ease of main-
tenance and the fact that it is
usable for almost every application
are the main advantages of the
STRUCTURIX NDT U.
The high reliability of our proces-
sors and our years of practical
experience have led to the devel-
opment of this unique processor.

Reliable
The STRUCTURIX NDT U is a
dependable processor, no matter
where it is installed. Built with
solid components, the construction
uses only simple and modern tech-
niques.
Universal use
The STRUCTURIX NDT U is very
versatile: it processes sheet film as
well as roll film up to 5 metres.
The standard version of the NDT
U can easily be switched to an off-
shore version by using a longer
developer rack. This suits the spe-
cific off-shore conditions and satis-
fies the demands with regard to
processing time (90 sec.) and relia-
bility. Easy trouble shooting and
repair make this processor espe-
cially suitable for use on remote
sites. Moreover the built in devel-
oper cooler allows operation in
warm climats.
User-friendly Selectable processing cycles
Thanks to the functional design Upon delivery the STRUCTURIX
the processor operation is easy to NDT U is set at the cycle time of
control. An audio and visual signal 8 minutes. An optional cycle time
indicates when the next film can from 1.5 to 12 min., can be set
be fed into the processor. quickly and simply by an approved
service technician.
The dryer level and the developer
temperature level can simply be
Minimal running costs
set in steps.
During film processing only an
ecologically justified volume of
Perfect processing quality
water per m2 of film being
The design of the STRUCTURIX
processed is used. The consump-
NDT U is based on the core tech-
tion of electricity is also particularly
nology used for STRUCTURIX
low, due to the infrared drying sys-
processors, which is why high film
tem, among other elements.
quality can be guaranteed. Three
infrared drying units ensure uni-
form drying, in accordance with the
principle of direct heat absorption.
The fixer has its own heater ele-
ment which reduces the fixer
warm up time considerably. This
temperature control guarantees
the film archival quality.

32
Replenishment by area
Forward of the film feed slot 5
magnetic rollers accurately measure
the surface area of the film. This
unique film area scanning ensures a
more precise economic and ecolog-
ic replenishment operation than if
the film were only scanned length-
wise.
Low heat emission
The infrared drying system not
only guarantees the uniform dry-
ing of your films but also means
that a minimal amount of heat is
produced in the darkroom. So, a
pleasant working temperature is
maintained.
automatic daylight film feeding Accessories
system. • Darkroom panel
• Feed tray cover (light tight)
Feed tray cover (light tight)
• Replenishment tanks 2x8 gallons (30 l)
The STRUCTURIX NDT U can easi-
or 2x20 gallons (80 l)
ly be equiped with a light tight
• External speed control
feed tray cover.
• Feeder speed adaptor kit
Once the films are positioned on
the film feed table, the light tight
cover can be closed. From then on Peripherals
the darkroom can be illuminated. • STRUCTURIX Feeder (50/60 Hz) with
In addition, the feed tray cover Universal or Fliptop magazine
prevents the intrusion of dust.

Adaptable film receiving tray

Depending on the kind of film
processed, the tray can be adjust-
ed for roll film or sheet film.

Automatic daylight feeding

The STRUCTURIX NDT U can easi-
ly be fitted with the STRUCTURIX
feeder. Just remove the feedtray
and connect the feeder in its place.
With the STRUCTURIX FEEDER
you can convert the STRUCTURIX
NDT U into a unique, practical

33
Features Advantages

• Mainly electro-mechanical functions • High functional reliability

• Processing cycle time:
choice between 5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12 min.
for off-shore applications
choice between 1.5/2.5 min.
• Lower liquid level in the processor tanks
• Double liquid overflow (on both sides of each processing tank)
• Extra floor closing plate and air filter
• Not sensitive to voltage fluctuations (which can occur in an
industrial environment)
• Choice of development time while keeping the required image
quality
• Prevents the liquids from overflowing the tank
• Sufficient drainage with abnormal sea state on large movement
• Optimal protection from the intrusion of so-called off-shore dust
into the processor

3 4 5 6
1
7 7 7

Operating diagram:

1 Film feed table

2 Control panel
9 3 Film area scanning
4 Developer tank
5 Fixer tank
10
6 Wash tank
7 Removable upper racks
8 Infrared dryer
9 Film receiving tray
10 Processor drain

34
STRUCTURIX NDT M eco

C O M PA C T A N D
ECOLOGICAL

The STRUCTURIX NDT M eco

processor is the smaller version of
the NDT Si. This compact film
processor occupies a minimal
amount of space in your darkroom.
The STRUCTURIX NDT M eco is
versatile, in the laboratory or trans-
portable in a mobile site darkroom.
It processes sheet film as well as
roll film up to 16”(5 metres).
Specially designed for consumers
of small and medium sized quanti-
ties of film. The ease of use and
the problem free maintenance
make the STRUCTURIX NDT M
eco an extremely user-friendly and
reliable processor.
Ecological design
The STRUCTURIX NDT M eco also
lives up to expectations ecologically
with:
• the economical consumption of
water and electricity
• the infrared drying which reduces
the amount of heat produced in
the darkroorn to a minimum
• the optimal replenishment system
as a result of film surface scanning
• the intermediate washing system
which ensures that there is hardly
any carry-over of developer into
the fixing tanks, thus keeping the
fixer bath in optimum condition.
This system also prevents develop-
ment faults occuring on the film.
Exact replenishment
Forward of the film feed slot, 5
magnetic rollers accurately meas-
ure the surface area of the film.
This unique film area scanning
ensures a precise economic and
ecologic replenishment operation.
Cascade fixing
The cascade fixing system is an
entirely new concept for processing
X-ray films. The STRUCTURIX
NDT M eco processor is built with
two successive fixing tanks replen-
ished on the counterflow principle.
The result is nothing less than revo-
lutionary in terms of the amount of
silver in the wash water.
The cascade fixing principle is basi-
cally very simple: the exposed film
is first developed in the developer
tank and then washed in the inter-
mediate wash tank.
The film is then 100% fixed in the
first fixer tank and rinsed in the sec-
ond fixer tank. Since fixer replenish-
ment is carried out in the second
fixer tank, the concentration of sil-
ver in this tank remains very low.
There is also very little carry-over of
silver into the water tank, so that
the waste water complies with the
most stringent standards.
This unique film processing system
ensures that the amount of silver in
the wash water is up to 25 times
lower than found in conventional
processing systems.

35
Minimal running costs
The accurate replenishment, as
described above, implies low
chemical consumption.
In addition, during film processing
only an ecologically justified
volume of water is used and the
consumption of electricity is
particularly low due to the infrared
drying system.
3 4 5a 5b
1 2
Low heat emission
The infrared drying system ensures
uniform drying of your films and
keeps heat accumulation in the
darkroom to a minimum.
As a result, a convenient working
temperature is maintained.
User information
The display shows information on
the process, such as actual devel-
oping temperature. The dryer level
can be set incrementally.
6
7 8
10
9
36
Accessories
• Feed tray cover (light tight)
• Support
• Replenishment tanks of 8 gallons
(30 litres)
• Darkroom panel
Operating diagram:
1 Film feed table
2 Film area scanning
3 Developer tank
4 Intermediate wash area
5a Fixer tank F1
5b Fixer tank F2
6 Final wash tank
7 Infrared dryer
8 Film output
9 Film receiving tray
10 Overheating protectors for developer and fixer
STRUCTURIX FEEDER

A U T O M AT I C F I L M
FEEDING AND
D AY L I G H T S Y S T E M S

The STRUCTURIX FEEDER con-

verts the STRUCTURIX processors
NDT Si and NDT U into a unique
and practical daylight system. At
the press of a button you can feed
in 240 films fully automatically!
With the STRUCTURIX FEEDER
you can save even more time and
expense in the darkroom.

Complete daylight system

The STRUCTURIX FEEDER feeds
Multiple film sizes Dimensions
film into the processor in the day-
All film sizes from 2.4" to 17" without with film
light thus keeping work in the
(6 to 43 cm) wide and from 4.7" film magazine magazine
darkroom to an absolute mini-
to 19" (12 to 48 cm) long can be Length* 12.5"/15.6” 24,8"/29.5”
mum.
accommodated. 32/42 cm 63/75 cm
Width 21” 21”
Timesaving The handy film magazine, in which
53.5 cm 53.5 cm
The compact STRUCTURIX FEED- up to 4 film lanes can be set up,
Height 10.8” 10.8”
ER feeds the exposed films into makes the STRUCTURIX FEEDER
27.4 cm 27.4 cm
the processor fully automatically. ideal for processing films of welds.
Up to 240 films per magazine
User-friendly (60 films/4 lanes max. width 3.9") Weight
Thanks to the unique portable film can be loaded! Feeder: 48.5 lbs.(22 kg)
magazine the films, grouped per Feeder with
film size per project and per work Reliable film magazine: 55 lbs.(25 kg)
piece, can be loaded easily in any When the FEEDER is switched on
darkroom. The film magazine acts it carries out a self-diagnosis. Power Supply
as a perfect miniature darkroom When in operation built in elec- 110 V-240 V, 50/60 Hz
so that all further activities can tronic checking functions guaran- Separate mains connection.
take place in daylight, including tee high reliability. In this way, for
* depending on the feeder type
automatic film feeding into the example, a double film is detected,
processor. returned and fed in again
separately without any interven-
tion from the user.

Simple installation
Because of its light weight, the
STRUCTURIX FEEDER can be
mounted on (or removed from) the
STRUCTURIX processors NDT Si
and NDT U quickly and easily.

37
Choice between
two magazines
The STRUCTURIX FEEDER is sup-
plied without a magazine. You
now have the choice between two
types of magazine: the Universal
or the Fliptop. Which one you
prefer will depend on the type of
work performed and the formats
of the films to be processed.
The unloading procedure is similar
for both magazines for daylight
handling.
The Fliptop magazine can remain
in the FEEDER when loading the
films, avoiding the repeated
manipulation of the magazine.
This prevents wear and tear of
equipment and facilitates the task
of the operator.
The Universal magazine can be
opened completely so that it can
easily be set up for different film
sizes, even the smallest ones. Once
the films are loaded in the maga-
zine, it acts as a light tight
container.
Universal magazine Fliptop magazine
Film sizes: min. 2.3” x 4.7” (6 x 12 cm) 2.3” x 4.7” (6 x 12 cm)*
max. 17” x 19” (43 x 48 cm) 17” x 19” (43 x 48 cm)
(*) from 7” (18 cm) length on,
loading without removing the
magazine
Loading capacity: 60 films/stack 60 films/stack
max. 4 lanes max. 4 lanes
Priority film loading: possible easy
time consuming fast
Use: • decentralized loading • loading on the feeder
• transportable • non transportable
• on-site work • in-house work
(inspection companies) (manufacturing companies)
38
STRUCTURIX DRYER

FAST AND Easy-to-operate

EFFICIENT FILM
DRYING
The STRUCTURIX DRYER is very
useful for NDT stations without
automatic processors. The STRUC-
TURIX DR is a very reliable, practi-
cal unit that will dry your films
quickly and without problems. The
DRYER is inexpensive and eco-
nomical to run.
Compared with the conventional
drying cabinet, the STRUCTURIX
DRYER offers the following advan-
tages: the films dry more rapidly;
the unit is compact and easy to
move; drying starts at once with
no warm-up required; the heat
output is low, helping your dark-
room to stay cool.
Simply insert the thoroughly
washed X-ray film into the DRYER
and after a few minutes the dry
film will emerge. It is important to
use a fixer with hardener, such as
STRUCTURIX G 335. The STRUC-
TURIX DRYER is provided with a
wash tank for the film to pass
through prior to drying.
The film passes through the wash-
ing tank, then into the drying sec-
tion. Most water is removed from
the film by means of squeegee
rollers prior to the drying section.
In the drying section, the film is
hot air dried from both sides and is
then fed into the adjustable collec-
tion tray.
Excellent results
The STRUCTURIX DRYER guaran-
tees fast and even drying of X-ray
films. It produces excellent results,
especially when G 335 fixer is
used.

Technical specifications
Dimensions
Length: 23.6” (60 cm)
with extended
receiving tray: 32.7” (83 cm)
Width: 24.8” (63 cm)
Height: 13.8” (35 cm)
with bottle: 17.9” (45.5 cm)
Weight: 53 lbs. (24 kg)
Electrical
connection: 220-240 V/50/60 Hz
(fuse 10 A)
Power: max. 1600 W
(USA model: 120 V / 60 Hz)
Recommended
speed level: level 1
Recommended
dryer level: level 5

39
 Technical specifications STRUCTURIX NDT Processors
Table below shows standard values (modifications possible)

NDT Si NDT U NDT M eco

Preprogrammed Cycles 6 1 1
Optional Cycles min. 2.5 upto 12 3 upto 12 3 up to 12
(steps of 30 sec.) (steps of 1 min.) (steps of 1 min.)
OS-cycles : 1.5/2/2.5
Standard Processing Cycle min. 8 8 8
Immersion time D/F1/F2/W sec. 100/100/67/67 100/100/-/100 100/100/72/72
Capacity film/hour (8 min. cycle)
3.5 X 17 in. (4 films side by side) 280 106 92
14 X 17 in. 70 34 30
Transport speed cm/min. 51 23 20
Film sizes Format min in. 23/8x53/4 23/8x53/4 23/8x53/4
Width min in. 1.3 1.3 1.3
max in. 17 17 17
Length min in. 5 5 5
max (1.3” wide) ft. 16 16 6
with (≥2.3 ” wide) ft. 16 16 16
/
Rollfilm curl O in. >12 >12 >12
Tank capacities
Developer tank gallons 9.8 (37 l) 6.3 (24 l) 2.6 (10 l)
Fixing tank (F1/F2) gallons 9.8/7.1 (37/27 l) 5.3 (20 l) 2.6/2.3 (10/9 l)
Final wash tank gallons 7.1 (27 l) 5.3 (20 l) 2.3 (9 l)
Standard Consumption
Developer ml/m2 900 900 900
Fixer ml/m2 1200 1200 1200
Water litre/m2 13 13 13
Chemistry developer G 135 + G 135s G 135 + G 135s G 135 + G 135s
fixer G 335 G 335 G 335
Dimensions Length in. 63.7 (162 cm) 47.2 (120 cm) 57 (145 cm)
bottom in. 43.7 (111 cm) 28.7 (73 cm) 33.8 (86 cm)
Width in. 27.9 (71 cm) 26.7 (68 cm) 25.9 (66 cm)
Height in. 48.5 (123 cm) 41.3 (105 cm) 23.6 (60 cm)
Surface on floor sqf. 8.5 5.3 6
Weight Empty lb. 657 (298 kg) 385 (175 kg) 257 (117 kg)
With chemicals lb. 939 (426 kg) 551 (250 kg) 352 (160 kg)
Power supply Ampère 16 16 12
Hertz 50 / 60 50 / 60 50 / 60
Volt 208 / 230-240 200 / 240 100/120/200/208/230-240

40
STRUCTURIX
CHEMICALS

STRUCTURIX chemicals are Safety seal

designed to obtain the best pro-
The concentrate bottles are fitted
cessing quality with STRUCTURIX
with a safety seal. This seal is
X-ray films. Together with the films
welded to the bottle during pro-
and processors they form part of
duction to form a perfect air-tight
the dedicated Agfa NDT systems.
seal. When you remove the screw
cap, a skin of polyethylene remains
Handy packaging
on the neck of the bottle. That's
Agfa has introduced shipping car-
why a bottle can be placed upside
tons for its products, made from
down on a mixer.
60% recycled materials. The card-
board shipping cartons are user-
"exp. date"
friendly: each carton has two han-
Agfa also introduced an indication
dles which make it easier to trans-
for the shelf life of the STRUC-
port. In addition, all boxes are
TURIX NDT chemicals. The
color coded with colored adhesive
'exp.date' mentioning the year
tape so that the content can easily
and the month of expiry, can be
be identified. Red is used for boxes
found on all the STRUCTURIX
containing developer, blue is the
NDT shipping cartons as well as on
color for boxes containing fixer,
the concentrate bottles.
brown is used for all the other
chemicals.
Safety measures
Consult the Material Safety Data
Recyclable bottles
Sheets (MSDS) for information on
The STRUCTURIX NDT chemicals
safety, health and environmental
are supplied in containers made
aspects of the chemicals. Follow
from clear polyethylene. The labels
the safety instructions. Follow the
on the containers are made of
user instructions on the bottles.
clear polyethlylene.
Make sure there is adequate air
exchange in the preparation room
in order to prevent too high con-
centration of chemical fumes
building up.
An air exchange of 10 times the
room volume per hour is required.
Consult your local Agfa represen-
tative if in doubt.

41
MANUAL
PROCESSING
• STRUCTURIX G 128 developer
• STRUCTURIX G 335 fixer
STRUCTURIX
G 128 DEVELOPER
Developer for the manual process-
ing of industrial X-ray fils. G 128 is
a one-part bath and is available in a
quantity of 4x1 gal. (4 x 3.78 litres)
concentrate and will make a total
of 20 gallons working solution.
STRUCTURIX
G 335 FIXER
STRUCTURIX G 335 Fixer can be
used for manual processing appli-
cations. G 335 fixer is a 2 part
(5 Qt + 32 oz bottle) concentrate
and will make 5 gallons of ready
to use fixer. G 335 fixer is pack-
aged in 2 x 5 Qiuart quantities to
produce 10 gallons of working
solution.
AUTOMATIC CLEANING
PROCESSING PRODUCTS
• STRUCTURIX G 135 developer
• STRUCTURIX G 135 starter
STRUCTURIX
• STRUCTURIX G 335 fixer
DEVCLEAN
DEVCLEAN is a highly efficient,
STRUCTURIX two-part maintenance product for
G 135 DEVELOPER the thorough cleaning of the
developing area of both processors
Developer for the automatic pro-
and tanks along with the acces-
cessing of industrial X-ray films.
sories used for manual develop-
G 135 consists of three parts (A, B,
ment. Silver deposits and sludge on
and C) which must always be used
all parts are dissolved effortlessly,
together. G 135 is available in a
completely and rapidly.
quantity of 2 x 5 qt. Part A con-
centrate (4.73 litres), 2 x 8 oz. 5+5 litres (part A/B) are diluted to
(236.5 ml) part B concentrate and make 30 litres of ready to use
2 x 16 oz. (473 ml) part C concen- solution.
trate will make 10 gallon working
solution. One A, one B and one C
will make 5 gallons of working
STRUCTURIX
solution.
FIXCLEAN
AGFA offers its own liquid cleaning
The G 135 S starter solution is
product for regular maintenance of
supplied separately in bottles of 32
fixer and wash water areas in
oz. (946 mal). When making up
processors and chemistry mixers:
the developer, 3 oz. (90 ml) starter
FIXCLEAN. This cleaning com-
solution per 1 gal. (3.8 litres)
pound is based on sodium hydrox-
working solution is added.
ide. It is not only highly efficient,
This developer is very stable, both but it does not contain any chlo-
in the concentrated and the ready- rine based substances, so that the
to-use form, thanks to efficient rinsing water can normally be
protection form oxidation. drained as waste water.
5 litres of FIXCLEAN are diluted to
STRUCTURIX make 50 litres of ready to use
G 335 FIXER solution.
STRUCTURIX G 335 Fixer can be
used for automatic processing
applications. G 335 fixer is a 2 part
(5 Qt + 32 oz bottle) concentrate
and will make 5 gallons of ready-
to-use fixer. G 335 fixer is pack-
aged in 2 x 5 Quart quantities to
produce 10 gallons of working
solution.
42
STRUCTURIX QUALITY
ASSURANCE

During the 1980’s there was a Standard for Control of film

growing awareness of the need to processing by means of refer-
“value and manage” QUALITY of ence values
products and services. Companies ASTM E94 states: “To produce a
installed Quality Systems to control satisfactory radiograph, the care
all the activities of their organiza- used in making the exposure must
tion. QA manuals and programs be followed by equal care in pro-
were written. Suppliers were audi- cessing. The most careful radi-
ted to assure conformity of incom- ographic techniques can be nulli-
ing products and parts. The ISO fied by incorrect or improper dark-
9000 standards were developed to room procedures.”
provide uniform, worldwide quality
Therefore EN 584 and ISO 11699
assurance requirements. The
consist of two parts. EN 584-2 and
European Union adopted these
ISO 11699-2 describe how the
standards as part of their modular
user should control his processing
approach to “conformity assess-
system. For instance, to guarantee
ment” procedures, for several
the designed film system perform-
product categories. This includes
ance, calibrated pre-exposed strips
the development of standards
provided by the film manufacturer,
(specifications), which define what
have to be used.
the purchaser wants and what the
supplier agrees to provide, as well Agfa has designed a set of practi-
as quality system registration (cer- cal, dedicated tools for the
tification) which increases confi- radiographer to control and to
dence in the supplier’s ability to prove compliance of his entire
produce consistent quality. system.
Compliance with the ISO 9001
Quality Management System
demonstrates Agfa’s goal of con-
tinuously striving for the highest
product quality.
The quality requirements are typi-
cally most rigorous for regulated
products that have a major impact
on health and safety i.e. film radio-
graphic systems. This is the main
reason for making available the
necessary QC tools in film radio-
graphy to comply with QA specifi-
cations and guarantee the required
consistent performance. These
tools can only give satisfying sup-
port if they are dedicated, easy to
use, precise and cost effective at
the user’s level.

43
STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC STRIP
The STRUCTURIX Certified PMC
strip is a handy, fast and reliable
tool for monitoring the quality of
the film processing system, and to
prove compliance with existing
standards on systems classifica-
tions.
X-ray pre-exposed film strips
These X-ray pre-exposed film strips
are produced under Agfa’s Quality
Management System (Q.M.S) con-
ditions according to ISO 9001.
Contents
Every STRUCTURIX Certified PMC
pack contains:
• 25 X-ray exposed, undeveloped
PMC strips in individual daylight
packaging. Each strip bears a
unique serial (ID) number, even
after processing.
• PMC chart to record test results.
• Instructions for use.
• Certificate EN 584-2 for compli-
ance and ISO 11699-2.
Purposes
The purpose of these PMC strips
are:
• to demonstrate conformity with
the certified Agfa STRUCTURIX
standard film system, as laid
down in European standard EN
584 part 2 and ISO 11699-2
(Processing Monitoring Control)
• to monitor the performance of
the STRUCTURIX processing sys-
tem, in order to guarantee con-
sistent high quality
• to enable early corrective actions
to be taken in case of deviations
STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC
STRIPS according to EN 584-2 and
ISO 11699-2.
Example of Agfa’s pre-exposed PMC-strip
with reference to EN 584-2 and ISO 11699-2
THIO-TEST
FOG+BASE
speed index Sr : average value of
net densities of step X
contrast index Cr :
positive difference of the average
densities of step X and X + 4
44
STRUCTURIX PMC STRIPS without
certificate that can be used to
monitor the performance of the
STRUCTURIX processing system
in order to guarantee consistent
quality.
Every STRUCTURIX PMC pack
contains:
• 50 X-ray exposed, undeveloped
PMC strips in individual daylight
packaging.
• PMC chart to record test results.
• Instructions for use.
X
X +
4
Reference Reference
speed step contrast step
contrast
STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED DENSTEP
The STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED
DENSTEP is a density step wedge
film to verify the calibration of
optical transmission densitometers
used in the NDT X-ray field.
Each STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED
DENSTEP is :
• packed in a light-tight water-
proof package to guarantee a
shelf life of at least 4 years
• a calibration certificate
• and a copy of the NIST certifi-
cate S.R.M. 1001
The density values reported, cross
referenced by serial number to the
certificate, are traceable to NIST
(the United States National
Institute of Standards and
Technology) through traceable cal-
ibrations of the instrumentation
and procedures in accordance
with our ISO 9001 approved
QA system.
45
STRUCTURIX THIO-TEST

Archivability check
Finally the archivability of the
processed film is evaluated by
measuring the residual thiosul-
phate in the emulsion layers.
The Agfa STRUCTURIX Thio-Test
provides the means for performing
the control of fixing and washing
as described in EN 584-2 and
ISO 11699-2.

The STRUCTURIX Thio-Test kit

consists of :
• the Thio-Test Color Stepwedge
with 4 steps, which relate to the
archivability expressed in number
of years.
• one dropper bottle of Thio-Test
reagent, of 35 ml (about 1.000
drops)
The Agfa Thio-Test correlates also
perfectly with other international
standards (ISO/ANSI) for deter-
mining the archival quality of
industrial X-ray film.
It is a quick and simple method to
determine the ”Life Expectancy”
of processed films and warns of
poorly fixed and/or washed films.

46
ISO 9001 QUALITY LABELS FOR AGFA NDT

ISO seems to have become a con-

stant theme. And justifiably so -
we always maintained that obtain-
ing an ISO certificate was only the
beginning.
Agfa was the first radiographic film
manufacturer to achieve ISO certi-
fication for its STRUCTURIX films
in 1990. Since then we have come
a long way.
We can now proudly say that the
entire STRUCTURIX system - films,
equipment and chemistry - is pro-
duced with a Quality Management
System approved to ISO 9000.
That’s your guarantee of the high
consistency of the Agfa STRUC-
TURIX products.

47
CONCLUSION
For the first time ever, a harmo-
nized model for the classification
of film systems has been intro-
duced worldwide. The objective
parameters identifying film system
performance for ISO, CEN, ASTM
or JIS utilize the same fundamental
criteria. This will make film radio-
graphy totally ready for the global
requirements placed on it into the
future!
Through the set of proposed or Quality Assurance and control of
official standards in combination the radiographic film system are
with the classification certificates, part of the total Quality
radiographic users are able to cer- Management. Each step in the
tify that they use classified film chain must be maintained to arrive
systems with a guaranteed intrinsic at the final goal QUALITY.
minimum imaging performance.
Thus the control of film processing
will produce the expected opti-
mum film performance in every
day practice.
48
PERSONAL NOTES

49
PERSONAL NOTES

50
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AgfaNDT.com

Agfa NDT Inc.

50 Industrial Park Road
Lewistown, Pa. 17044
U.S.A.
Phone: 866 AGFA NDT
(866 243-2638)
www.AgfaNDT.com

The information in this brochure is given by Agfa in

good faith and reflects the latest situation.
Agfa reserves the right to make changes
without prior notification.

ROLLPAC, STRUCTURIX and VACUPAC are trademarks

of Agfa-Gevaert N.V., Belgium.
AGFA and the Agfa-Rhombus are trademarks
of Agfa-Gevaert AG, Germany.

Printed in Belgium
Published by Agfa-Gevaert N.V., B-2640 Mortsel-Belgium
NETTC USA 01 2002/09