E.

RUTHERFORD
Rutherford became known as the father of nuclear physics
studies the components and interactions of the atomic nucleus.
1911, he theorized that atoms have their charge focused in a
very small nucleus. performed the gold foil experiment,
determined that atoms contained a very small, positively
charged core at the center, called this core the nucleus, came
up with the nuclear model of the atom (with electrons orbiting
around the nucleus. *Nuclear Atomic Model- had two flaws
1st: Compact nucleus with positive protons, the protons should
repel one another
2nd: Attraction between electrons and protons through empty
space
* Important because it gaves us a nucleus
 JJ.THOMSON
Used a CRT to experimentally determine the charge to mass ratio (e/m)
of an electron =1.759 x 108 coulombs/gram. He found the first
evidence of isotopes.Contribution:
1. Thompson discovered the natural radioactivity of potassium (K) in
1905.
2. 1906: determined that hydrogen had only one electron per atom.
performed a CRT experiment and determined that the ray was
composed of negative particles, call these electrons, determined the
mass-charge ratio for an electron, came up with the "plum pudding"
model of the atom* "Plum-pudding model" (aka Chocolate Chip
model) - model of atom- 1st electrical nature to model
* discovering both electron (1st) and proton proving atom is divisible
(now have subatomic particles)
* Charge to mass ratio
 N. BOHR
Developed an explanation of atomic structure
that underlies regularities of the periodic table of
elements. His atomic model had atoms built up
of successive orbital shells of electrons. Bohr
developed the Bohr model (shows the atom as
small with a positively charged nucleus
surrounded by an electron). developed the
quantized orbit model of the atom, electrons can
only reside in certain energy levels
E. GOLDSTEIN
 JAMES CHADWICK
Using alpha particles discovered a neutral atomic particle
with a mass close to a proton. Thus was discovered the
neutron. Proved that the nucleus also contained a neutral
particle called the neutron discovered the neutron
 DEMOCRITUS
first proposed the idea that all matter was made up of
tiny indivisible particles called atomos. Democritus was said the
world was made of only two things: “The vacuum of empty space
and the fullness of matter.” All matter consisted of particles, so
small that nothing smaller could be imagined. These particles
were indivisible, the word atom itself mans “that which cannot
be cut.” These atoms were eternal, unchangeable, and
indestructible. Beside this great theory, his idea were based
strictly on deductive reasoning, not on experimenting and
testing.
 J. DALTON
Dalton’s most influential work in chemistry was his atomic theory. The
theoretical foundation of Dalton’s atom theory was mainly based on the law of
conservation of mass and the law of definite proportional), both of which had
already been established, and the law of He based his theory of partial pressures
on the idea that only like atoms in a mixture of gases repel one another, whereas
unlike atoms appear to react indifferently toward each other. multiple
proportions) which was developed by Dalton himself.
The atom of Democritus may be said to be as a kind of miniature of matter.
Dalton uses the term ‘particle’ for what we now call a ‘molecule’, the smallest
part of a substance. He uses the word ‘atom’ to refer to the tiniest part of a
simple body or an element. Hence the number of the type of atoms is equal to
that of the type of matter. On the other hand, Dalton’s atom is a constituent of
matter, and many compounds are formed by the combination of a limited
number of atoms.
Dalton uses the term ‘particle’ for what we now call a ‘molecule’, the smallest
part of a substance. He uses the word ‘atom’ to refer to the tiniest part of a
simple body or an element. Hence the number of the type of atoms is equal to
that of the type of matter. On the other hand, Dalton’s atom is a constituent of
matter, and many compounds are formed by the combination of a limited
number of Atom