IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO.
2, APRIL 2008
IEEE Guide for Braced Insulator Assemblies for
Overhead Transmission Lines 60 kV and Greater
IEEE Task Force 15.09.09.07, Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee
A. C. Baker, R. A. Bernstorf, E. del Bello, R. J. Hill, B. King, A. J. Phillips, D. G. Powell, D. Shaffner,
G. A. Stewart, and T. Grisham
Abstract—Guidelines for the application of braced high voltage
insulator assemblies are presented. Different types of braced insu-
lator assemblies are described and the operating characteristics of
each are given.
Index Terms—Braced insulator assemblies, braced posts, hor-
izontal vees wind stability, insulated cross-arms, longitudinal re-
straint assemblies.
I. INTRODUCTION
A RMLESS construction provides line designers with an in-
sulation option offering narrow line corridors compared to
free-swinging vertical strings of suspension insulators. Some-
times dual strings of suspension insulators in the form of vee-
strings are used to limit swing angles, but such an assembly
requires long cross-arms to accommodate the vees. Horizontal
line posts control the conductor attachment point under all de-
sign loads, resulting in the narrow line corridor. Other advan-
tages of armless construction include a smaller required shield
angle and reduced overturning moment at the base of the sup-
port structures.
Span lengths and conductor size may, however, be unsatis-
factorily limited by the maximum allowed bending load for a
horizontal line post in a particular application. In such cases,
a brace, in the form of a suspension insulator attached to the
line end of the horizontal post insulator and tied back, at an ap-
propriate angle, to the support structure can be used to increase
the load carrying capacity of the post insulator. Depending on
the exact dimensions and strength of the individual components,
the load carrying capacity of the braced assembly can be several
times that of a single horizontal line post insulator.
In general, a braced insulator assembly has a post insulator, or
strut member, and a brace, or suspension insulator member, but
there are different configurations for the attachment points. The
proper application of braced insulator assemblies is dependent
on the strength of the components and the types of attachment to
Manuscript received March 17, 2006; revised October 6, 2006. Paper no.
TPWRD-00133-2006.
Task force of Working Group 15.09.09, Working Group on Insulator Strength
Ratings and Mechanical Performance.
R. A. Bernstorf, Chair, is with Hubbell Power Systems, Wadsworth, OH
44281 USA.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.909103
0885-8977/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
785
the support structure employed. Application guidelines for the
different types of braced insulator assemblies are given in this
guide.
II. BRACED INSULATOR ASSEMBLIES
Braced insulator assemblies are of two types: 1) assemblies
with the post rigidly attached to the support structure, and un-
able to rotate about the attachment point in response to un-
balanced longitudinal conductor loads and 2) assemblies with
posts nonrigidly attached to the support structures by means
of an articulated fitting which can rotate about the attachment
point. Common terms for assemblies of the first type are “braced
posts” or “rigid or fixed-base horizontal vees.” Assemblies of
the second type have been referred to as “pivoting horizontal
vees” or simply as “horizontal vees.” In this guide, assemblies
of the first type are referred to as braced posts and those of the
second type are horizontal vees.
The individual insulator components can be ceramic or com-
posite insulators. Ceramic insulators are porcelain or glass in-
sulators though only porcelain has been used for ceramic posts
in the U.S. Other common terms used for composite insulators
are nonceramics or polymers.
A typical line post insulator is shown in Fig. 1(a), while
a braced post insulator assembly with a suspension insulator
added as a brace appears in Fig. 1(b). For these two types of
insulators, the base of the line post is rigidly attached to the
support structure, and any unbalanced longitudinal conductor
loads would apply a bending load to the post insulator.
Providing an articulated fitting to attach the post insulator to
the support structure as shown in Fig. 2 allows the insulator as-
sembly to swing in the direction of an unbalanced longitudinal
load, adding sag in the forward span and reducing it in the back-
ward span. The resulting lower conductor tension in the forward
span, and higher tension in the backward span, counteracts the
unbalanced longitudinal load causing the displacement.
III. MECHANICAL LOADS
Loading analysis of a horizontal vee type of braced insulator
assembly with its post member nonrigidly attached to the sup-
port structure provides the most general equations for braced in-
sulator assemblies. In this case (see Fig. 3), the postmember
has an articulated attachment to the pole (point a), and the brace,
also articulated, is attached to a fixed short stub arm (point b)
to provide an inclined axis of rotation for the insulator as-
sembly.
786 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 2, APRIL 2008

Fig. 3. Horizontal vee-type braced insulator assembly.

rotate about the inclined axis (c-c) and in so doing, the con-
(a)
ductor attachment point (point d) will rise in space. The vertical
load component perpendicular to the inclined axis provides a
self restoring force, returning the assembly to its original po-
sition once the longitudinal imbalance is removed. As the in-
sulator assembly rotates, sag is increased in the forward span
and reduced in the backward span, decreasing conductor tension
in the former, and increasing it in the latter. This self-restoring
feature is a critical feature for this type of braced insulator as-
sembly.
Loads in the brace and post components of the assembly de-
pend on the applied loads, the magnitudes of the included
and inclined angles, and the angle between the inclined
axis of rotation and the brace component.
For balanced longitudinal loads , an applied ver-
tical (weight) load V, and horizontal (wind and line angle) load
H shown in Fig. 3, the compression load in the post (P) and the
tension load in the brace (B) insulator components are given in
(1) and (2)
(b)

Fig. 1(a). Horizontal line post insulator. (b) Braced post insulator assembly. (1)

(2)

If the assembly is also subjected to an unbalanced longitu-

dinal load, it will rotate about the inclined axis (c-c) in the direc-
tion of the higher load through an angle as shown in Fig. 4.
The unbalanced longitudinal load required to produce an
along-the-line displacement D of the insulator assembly is

(3)

The length of a line from the conductor attachment point in

Fig. 3 to the inclined axis, and perpendicular to it, is the distance
in Fig. 4. The displacement D of the assembly is therefore

Fig. 2. Horizontal vee insulator assembly. (4)

If the length of the brace component in Fig. 3 is , then

Since the post base is articulated, any unbalanced longitudinal
conductor load will cause the insulator assembly to (5)
BAKER et al.: IEEE GUIDE FOR BRACED INSULATOR ASSEMBLIES
Fig. 4. Angular displacement of a horizontal vee subjected to an unbalanced
longitudinal conductor load.
Fig. 5. Vertical (weight) load versus horizontal (wind and line angle) load for a
typical 230-kV horizontal vee assembly. Note that the direction of the horizontal
load is toward the support structure.
The longitudinal load required to produce the displacement is
(6)
On the other hand, a braced post insulator assembly, with its
fixed base post member, subjected to an unbalanced longitudinal
conductor load will experience a bending load in that direction
on the post member. Any longitudinal displacement in this case
is due only to the deflection of the post insulator. Fixed base
braced post insulator assemblies are usually equipped with com-
posite insulator components because less flexible ceramic insu-
lators would tend to break.
Maximum vertical working loads, as a function of applied
horizontal loads, for a typical 230-kV horizontal vee insulator
assembly is given in Fig. 5. In this example, the post and brace
are both composite insulators.
The polymer post insulator component here is an ANSI 29.17
Class 250-70 insulator, and the brace is an ANSI C29.11 Class
60-7 polymer suspension (both have section lengths of about
2.03 m), with an assembly included angle of 50 , and inclined
angle of 15 . The maximum tension working loads for the in-
dividual post and suspension are 33 kN and 56 kN, respectively
[1], [2].
Since the base attachment for the post member is completely
articulated, a minimum vertical load is required (see dashed line
in Fig. 5) to prevent compression loading of the suspension in-
sulator acting as the brace. Suspension insulators, both ceramic
and composite, are not designed to accommodate compression
loading.
787
Fig. 6. High line angle braced post insulator assembly.
TABLE I
COMPONENT LOADING OF BRACED POST ASSEMBLY
Comparing Fig. 5 with the maximum 4.4 kN cantilever
working load for an individual ANSI C29.17 Class 250-70
line post demonstrates increased load carrying capacity of the
braced assembly.
The post member of a braced post insulator assembly is usu-
ally installed at a small positive angle (angle in Fig. 3). How-
ever, to prevent damage to the post member, it is necessary that
sufficient clearance be provided between the conductor clamp,
along with the associated fittings, and the post insulator when
the conductor swings toward the support structure under the
maximum design wind speed. In some cases, such as for a high
inside line angle, the post member must be installed at a nega-
tive angle as shown in Fig. 6 to provide the needed clearance for
the conductor clamp and the other fittings.
Braced post assemblies have a nonrotating base assembly and
so can be installed at an inclined angle of 0 . Equations (1) and
(2) can be simplified as shown in Table I for different configu-
rations of a fixed base braced post insulator assembly.
788
Fig. 7. Horizontal vee insulator assemblies displaced by unbalanced longitu-
dinal load.
IV. HORIZONTAL VEE INSULATOR ASSEMBLY STABILITY
The ability of a horizontal vee-type braced insulator as-
sembly to rotate in response to an unbalanced longitudinal
conductor loads restricts the rigid post member to either tension
or compression which is an especially important consideration
for ceramic post insulators, which are less flexible. Unbalanced
longitudinal loads at a conductor attachment point may result
from such things as improper installation (e.g., sagging and
clipping-in errors), unequal ice loading in adjacent spans, ex-
treme conditions (e.g., objects blown into the conductors during
tornadoes, etc.), and in addition for horizontal vee lines, high
cross-wind loads along the line sufficient to move the conductor
in a series of adjacent spans toward the support structures.
As for any type of insulator assembly, conductors in adja-
cent spans cannot be adequately supported on horizontal vees if
they are not properly sagged and if the conductor clamps are not
mounted and attached to position the insulator assembly stati-
cally in a vertical plane containing the support structure.
For stringing operations where the blocks are supported on
horizontal vee assemblies, special care may be required at inside
line angle points to restrain the insulator assembly from rotating
in the direction of the line pull. This can be accomplished by
temporarily tying the conductor attachment point to a stationary
point to prevent rotation of the insulator assembly. A common
practice is to use a truck or another vehicle as the tie-to point.
A very high wind load toward the structure (Load H in Fig. 3)
may rotate a horizontal vee insulator assembly as shown in
Fig. 7, and if the rotation is sufficient, the conductor may come
into contact with the structure and be damaged. Conductor
sags/tension reactions usually prevent such large wind induced
rotations of the insulator assembly. However, if a large number
of adjacent spans between points of longitudinal restraint
(i.e., deadends) are exposed to winds that are high enough,
longitudinal displacements for each individual span in the same
direction accumulate and may allow one or more insulator
assemblies to rotate sufficiently to result in conductor-structure
contact.
For a horizontal vee in the displaced position as indicated
in Figs. 4 and 7, if the vertical load component ex-
ceeds the horizontal load component , the insulator as-
sembly, and therefore the entire line, is stable. If on the other
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 2, APRIL 2008
hand, , the system stability depends on the
line parameters.
To determine the wind loading stability limit for a given hor-
izontal vee line, an analysis of the simultaneous displacement
of each horizontal vee insulator assembly in a series of spans
between points of longitudinal restraint is required.
For a displaced insulator assembly at equilibrium, the con-
ductor tension differential in adjacent spans for each conductor
support point is set equal to the wind induced displacing force
((3)) within an acceptable small error for the analysis. The
wind induced force causing a given displacement is a func-
tion of the stiffness of the horizontal vee assembly with respect
to the wind loading, that is
(7)
where
(8)
An iterative solution is required for the line section simultaneous
equations generated.
This subject has been analyzed with the following conclu-
sions [3].
• Depending on the insulator assembly dimensions and line
parameters, transmission lines supported on horizontal
vees may have a wind stability limit much lower than the
maximum wind loading criteria typically considered for
line design.
• A transmission line supported on horizontal vee insulator
assemblies subjected to unbalanced longitudinal conductor
loads will have its insulator assemblies displaced in the di-
rection of the higher load, until a new equilibrium position
is established for each conductor attachment point in the
system.
• In order for an assembly to move, sag must be pulled out of
the span on one side and added on the other. These changes
counteract the unbalancing force by introducing a differen-
tial tension which acts to restore the system to its original
position.
• To determine if a line is stable, equilibrium conditions must
be established for each conductor support point in the line.
These equations are nonlinear and thus an iterative solution
method is required.
• The wind stability limit for horizontal vee transmission
lines can be raised by
• Increasing the inclined axis of rotation angle or the
included angle (see Fig. 3).
• Increasing the vertical load [e.g., by using heavier con-
ductors (with lower diameter/mass ratio)].
• Increasing conductor tension.
• Reducing span length.
• Limiting the number of adjacent tangent spans between
deadends.
• Utilizing, in place of conventional deadends, points of
longitudinal restraint provided by insulator assemblies
specifically designed for this application. Examples of
insulated cross-arms where the articulated base post in-
sulator is replaced by a nonrotating arrangement of two
post insulators are shown in Figs. 8 and 9.
BAKER et al.: IEEE GUIDE FOR BRACED INSULATOR ASSEMBLIES
Fig. 8. Insulated cross-arm providing longitudinal restraint for a 345-kV hori-
zontal vee line [3].
Fig. 9. Insulated cross-arm.
In order to ensure insulation of transmission lines on hori-
zontal vees, experience has shown that wind limit as to line
stability should be assessed during the design stage, to make
sure this limit is higher than the maximum wind speeds ex-
pected in service [3], [4]. This is especially true if the new line
route transverses an open area where high cross-winds could
impact long segments of the line between deadends. As stated
above, an effective way to increase the wind stability limit for a
given line is to reduce the number of spans between deadends.
Since only wind induced longitudinal loads are of interest, in-
sulated cross-arm-type insulator assemblies, instead of normal
full-strength deadends, can be used to segment the line.
Insulated cross-arms to reduce the number of spans between
points of longitudinal restraint for two 345 kV horizontal vee
lines are shown in Figs. 8 and 9.
An example of the efficacy of reducing the number of spans
between points of longitudinal restraint is demonstrated in
789
Fig. 10. Stability versus number of spans [3].
Fig. 11. Wind stability limit (km/hr) versus the number of spans.
Fig. 10 from [3]. The line here was a 345 kV with a bundle
conductor of two 954 MCM ACSR 45/7 subconductors per
phase on 244 m spans. The conductor design tension was 20%
of ultimate, and a final tension at 90 was used in the analysis.
The effect of increasing the assembly inclined axis of rotation
angle ( in Fig. 3) from 20 to 30 is also shown. The insulated
cross-arm assembly shown in Fig. 8 was used to segment this
line into fewer spans between points of longitudinal restraint
to increase its wind stability limit ( 100 mph) after the line as
originally built was extensively damaged at winds less than 50
mph.
The wind stability limit in miles per hour as a function of
the number of spans between deadend locations for a typical
138 kV, a 230 kV, and a 345 kV line are given in Fig. 11. For
each braced insulator assembly, the number of standard porce-
lain suspensions units in the brace is given along with the in-
cluded angle and inclined angle ( and , respectively, in Fig. 3)
for the insulator assembly.
As shown in Figs. 10 and 11, extreme caution is required with
respect to the wind stability limit for horizontal vee lines with
ten or more spans between points of longitudinal restraint.
V. COMBINED LOADING LIMITATIONS
The ability of a braced insulator assembly to withstand the
combined effects of weight loads (V), and wind and line angle
loads (H) is dependent not only on the type and configuration of
790 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 2, APRIL 2008

the assembly, but also on the strength and type of insulator com- TABLE II
ponents used; in particular, the type of post insulator component. CRITICAL BUCKLING LOADS
For all configurations of braced insulator assemblies, the brace
is a suspension insulator designed only for tension loading re-
gardless of whether it’s a ceramic or composite insulator. Care
must be taken that the brace is not subjected to compression
loading in service.
An articulated base mounting, with pinned connections for
both ends of the post insulator is a characteristic of a horizontal
vee braced insulator assembly. For such an arrangement, the
loads on the post component, neglecting eccentricity effects, are
tension or compression loads. Provided any compression loads
are below the load where the post starts to buckle, the applica-
tion of ceramic or composite post insulators is only limited by
their respective compression (or tension) ratings.
Braced post insulator assemblies have a fixed base, and there-
fore are unable to rotate to relieve an unbalanced longitudinal
load; i.e. such a load applies a bending load to the post insulator,
in addition to the normal weight load. Some longitudinal loads
may be applied suddenly and result in impact loading on the
post insulator. Prior to the introduction of composite insulators,
braced insulator assemblies were always horizontal vee-type as-
semblies to avoid subjecting the ceramic post insulator to such
dynamic bending loads. Porcelain post-type insulators, referred
to as strut insulators, and specifically designed only for ten- Fig. 12. Buckling loads as a function of length for composite braced insulator
assemblies with 63 mm diameter pultruded fiberglass rod post members com-
sion/compression were commonly used. pared to buckling for noneccentric, axial compression loading of the post insu-
Composite post insulators deflect under bending loads lator with pinned ends.
without damage provided the bending load does not exceed
the maximum rated working load of the post. However, a lon-
gitudinal deflection does impose additional bending moments End attachment detail (i.e., if the ends are pinned or fixed) has
from the lateral displacement of normally axial loads. The phe- a large effect on buckling resistance. If only noneccentric axial
nomenon is well documented for single unbraced composite loading is considered, fixed base braced post assemblies can
line post insulators and all manufacturers supply combined accommodate higher compression loads on the post insulator
load curves for these composite insulators. A similar situation member than horizontal vee-type assemblies. This is because,
occurs for composite braced post insulator assemblies with in the case of the latter assembly, one end is pinned and the
fixed bases. From [5] considering an assembly configuration as other fixed, while both ends are pinned in the other case. For
shown in Table I(b), the bending moment on the composite post noneccentric, axially applied compression loading, the buckling
member, of bending length d, modulus of elasticity E, and a loads for posts, with a modulus of elasticity E and moment of
moment of inertia I, from an unbalanced longitudinal load L is inertia I, are given in Table II [6].
The flexural rigidity of a post insulator is dependent on
(9) its material and geometry. The modulus of elasticity for ceramic
posts are 2 to 3 times that for pultruded fiberglass rod composite
post insulators and, for the same given geometry, will have a
This bending moment must not exceed the maximum working
correspondingly higher buckling load. It must be noted that the
load rating for the post member or
moment of inertia for a circular cross section, typical for both
ceramic and composite posts, is a function of the post diameter
(10)
to the fourth power and may be a much larger factor to consider.
Also as shown in Fig. 1(b), the suspension brace is usually at-
where RCL is the rated cantilever working load rating of the
tached to the line end of the post member in such a way that the
post insulator.
component of the brace load in the direction of the post applies
an eccentric compression load to the post. Actual buckling loads
VI. POST INSULATOR BUCKLING LOAD are then expected to be lower than those indicated in Table II.
Average results for a series of buckling tests performed on
Applied loads can result in either a compression load in the both fixed base and horizontal vee-type composite braced insu-
post, as shown in Fig. 3, or a tensile load if the transverse wind lator assemblies with a 63 mm diameter pultruded fiberglass are
and/or line angle load is in the opposite direction. In compres- given in Fig. 12 along with buckling calculated for a horizontal
sion, the post member is essentially a long column and its resis- vee-type assembly as given in Table II [7]. The effect of eccen-
tance to buckling must be considered. tricity on the results is clear.
BAKER et al.: IEEE GUIDE FOR BRACED INSULATOR ASSEMBLIES
Considering even the reduced buckling strength for the in-
sulator assemblies tested, the buckling strengths obtained were
above the tension/compression rating typical for the post insu-
lator member of braced insulator assemblies. For cases where
the compression load for a given application and post length
would lie in the region to the right of the solid line curve in
Fig. 12, the insulator manufacturer should be contacted for se-
lection of an appropriate strength post insulator component.
VII. CERAMIC AND COMPOSITE INSULATORS
Braced post insulator assemblies may have ceramic or com-
posite insulator components. Some ceramic struts are designed
for tension/compression loading only and are not suitable for ap-
plication in fixed base-type assemblies. The total bending load
on a fixed base-type post insulator is the resultant of any unbal-
anced longitudinal load and the vertical weight load. In addition
to requiring that this resultant load not overload the post, if the
post insulator is a ceramic post, it is important that the longi-
tudinal load is not be an impact load, such as may occur under
broken conductor conditions [8]. The usual practice is to require
that only composite post insulators be used in fixed base-type
assemblies.
Care must be taken while handling and installing the insu-
lator assemblies and conductors to avoid damage. A reference
is made to the IEEE Guide for Application of Composite Insula-
tors [9] and to NEMA Standards Publication HV-2 [10] for the
proper handling and installation of insulators.
VIII. ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The proper coordination of the electrical strength of the brace
and post insulator components is the only insulation issue for a
braced post insulator assembly compared to using the compo-
nents as individual insulators. The insulators must individually
be adequate to withstand power frequency and impulse elec-
trical stresses. Sufficient insulation leakage distance is the most
important criteria for good power frequency performance [11].
The shorter leakage distance of the two insulator components of
a braced insulator assembly is the leakage distance of the whole
assembly.
The use of corona rings may be necessary depending on the
voltage level and insulator design. Corona rings grade the elec-
tric field reducing or preventing discharge activity. For ceramic
units discharge activity may only result in audible noise and
radio interference. However, with composite insulators, exces-
sive discharge activity under either dry or wet conditions may
result in damage to the weathershed material or end fitting seals.
Composite insulator manufacturers provide recommendations
on whether rings are necessary and on what size to apply de-
pending on the voltage level, insulator design, altitude, and en-
vironmental conditions.
Corona rings may be required only for the suspension unit
or for both the suspension and posts units, depending on the
voltage level. In most cases, the corona ring recommendations
for a suspension unit are the same as if it is by itself (e.g., in
an I-string). This is not the case, however, for post units where
corona rings may be recommended for a stand-alone applica-
tion, but not when included in a braced insulator assembly. In
791
this case, the suspension unit corona ring may provide adequate
grading for the post also. At higher voltages special one-piece
corona rings have been designed to grade both the post and sus-
pension units.
The impulse performance of an insulator assembly is depen-
dent mainly on its dry arc distance, which is meant to be the dry
arc distance of the whole assembly, not just the individual insu-
lator components.
IX. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
Horizontal vee insulator assemblies are designed to be free
to rotate and sometimes swing during construction. Some as-
semblies come with a pin to be inserted into the articulated at-
tachment of the post member in order to prevent the assembly
from rotating during construction. If such an arrangement were
not used, guys ahead of and back of the stringing point might
be required to prevent assembly rotation during construction.
Stringing at an inside angle location can be particularly trouble-
some unless such stay guys are used. With the exception of pro-
viding such guying, standard installation methods as described
in current IEEE Standards for constructing transmission lines
are applicable to lines insulated on braced insulator assemblies
[12]–[14].
Normal maintenance methods are applicable for lines insu-
lated on braced insulator assemblies. If the assembly is to be hot-
line washed, usual practices may be employed [15]. To prevent
over-spray flashovers, the post component should be washed
first, followed by the brace.
REFERENCES
[1] ANS for Insulators-Composites-Suspension Type, Amer. Nat. Std.
ANSI C29.12, Amer. Nat. Std. Inst., New York.
[2] ANS for Insulators-Composites-Line Post Type, Amer. Nat. Std. ANSI
C29.17.
[3] A. C. Baker, P. E. Murray, and J. D. Mozer, “Computer aided analysis
of wind loads on horizontal vee type transmission line systems,” IEEE
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1982.
[4] “U.S. utility sets standard for urban line design,” INMR Quarterly Rev.,
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[5] “Composite line post insulators for a.c. overhead lines with a nominal
voltage greater than 1000 V,” IEC Publ. 61952.
[6] S. Timoshenko and D. H. Young, Elements of Strength of Materials.
New York: Van Nostrand, 1962.
[7] R. A. Bernstorf, Fiberglass Structural Members Utilized in the Hori-
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[8] J. T. Burnham, P. S. Givens, and T. M. Grishham, “High strength
polymer post insulators enable economical transmission lines with low
environmental impact,” presented at the IEEE Trans. Dist. Conf., 1994,
Paper no. 0-7803-1883-8.
[9] IEEE Guide for Application of Composite Insulators, IEEE Std. 987.
[10] NEMA Application Guide for Ceramic Suspension Insulators NEMA
Std. Publ. HV-2. Washington, DC.
[11] K. C. Holte et al., “Application of insulators in a contaminated en-
vironment,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-98, no. 5, pp.
1676–1695, Sep./Oct. 1979.
[12] IEEE Guide to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Con-
ductors, IEEE Std. 524.
[13] IEEE Guide to the Assembly and Erection of Metal Transmission Struc-
tures, IEEE Std. 951.
[14] IEEE Guide to the Assembly and Erection of Concrete Pole Structures,
IEEE Std. 1025.
[15] IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines,
IEEE Std. 516.