Recloser - Fuse Protection Miscoordination

April 5, 2019

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 Offline methods of R-F Coordination

3 Online R-F Coordination Ideas

4 Relay- Relay Coordination Literature

5 Future Work

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Tradiotional Fuse - Recloser Coordination

When a fault is suspecetd, the recloser in fast mode is set to operate

first to give the fault a chance to self clear ( Fuse saving scheme)
If it sustains, the fault is permanent and fuse should operate
If the fuse fails to operate, the recloser willback it up by operating in
its slow mode
Feeder relay will operate only if both the recloser and fuse fails
The characteristic curve of the relay lies above all the other curves
providing the ultimate backup

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Recloser - Fuse Miscoordination 2

Time - Current Characteristics of Recloser and Fuse1

The fault current passing through the devices must be between Ifmin
and Ifmax to maintain the coordination
If the DG is installed downstream to Relay and Recloser:
Fault current may go out of the limits set by Ifmin and Ifmax
The recloser current ( IR) may become less than fuse current ( IF)
1
Chaitusaney and Yokoyama, “Prevention of reliability degradation from
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Why Reclosers?

80 to 90 % of the faults in the overhead transmission lines are

transient in nature
This can be cleared by reclosing operation
The fast mode of the recloser must be coordinated with the
downstream fuses

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When DG comes

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A

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A

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FCL 1

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FCL 2

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FCL 3

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DG Sizing 1

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DG Sizing 2

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Opti 1

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Opti 2

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Over Current Protection Device Characterisitcs

Recloser
An example of IEEE Standard of Recloser with very inverse characteristic is
A
trecl = [ + B]TDS (1)
MP −1
Isc
Where M = Ipickup

Fuse
Time-Current characteristics of fuse in log-log graph is

log (tfuse ) = a ∗ log (IfuseSC ) + b (2)

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Modified Char

In the proposed characteristic a voltage magnitude term is added to

the standard IEC or IEEE term

Recloser
An example of IEEE Standard of Recloser with very inverse characteristic is
A Vscpu
trecl = [ + B] ∗ [ (k∗V ) ] ∗ TDS (3)
MP−1 e scpu

where:
Vscpu = pu value of the faulted phase voltage magnitude measured at the
recloser location

If a three phase recloser is used, the operating time is calculated for

all the three phases and the lowest among them is chosen

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Importance of the modification

The inclusion of the voltage term modifies the operating time of the
recloser
The voltage drop at the recloser location is proportional to the fault
location
A fault closer to the recloser causes a significant voltage drop and a
large fault current and vice versa
The DG presence has a very little effect on fault current for faults
near to the recloser
For remote faults, DG reduces the fault current and increases the
recloser operating time
For remote faults, the fuse current is increased by DG
This disparity due to DG is overcome by the fault location based
operating time of the recloser

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Setting of k value

The value for constant k should be set according to fault type

Hence, a fault classification is required before using this characterisitc
The type of fault has effect on k value when the fault voltage
magnitude is high, i.e for remote faults
A fault is applied at the end of the feeder to calculate the k value for
different types of faults

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Conclusion

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FPI 1

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FPI 2

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Problems

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A

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A

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N-SCs for OC relay Coordination

The standard characteristics for over current devices was apt for
conventional power systems
With large amount of DG integrations comes bidirectional power flow,
blinding of protection etc.
Non standard characteristics are tried as solutions to this new
challenges
The methods of application of non standard characterisitcs for over
current relay coordination can be classified mainly into 4 categories:
1 Using electrical parameters
2 Mathematical approaches
3 Manipulating standard curves
4 Other non standard approaches

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Using Electrical Parameters

In the past the relays used only fault current value to detect a fault
Now, DOCRs have become more accessible, have CTs and VTs and
hence voltage value is also available
Researchers have shown that by including voltage or admittance
values in addition to current measurements help in mitigating some
effects by DGs

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C2

Current based
Instead of keeping A a constant it is changed dynamically with
measured current
A (If ) = A * e (- CIf )

Combine adaptive relay concept and non-standard approaches ( I pick

up as a function of load current)
Curve fitting approaches vased on polynomial equation

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C3

A
trecl = [ + B] ∗ TDS (4)
MP−1
A Vscpu
trecl = [ + B] ∗ [ (k∗V ) ] ∗ TDS (5)
MP−1 e scpu

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C4

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A

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A

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A

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A

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A

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A

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A

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A

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Here is text2 .

2
Gopalan, Sreeram, and Iu, “A review of coordination strategies and protection
schemes for microgrids”.
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Chaitusaney, Surachai and Akihiko Yokoyama. “Prevention of reliability
degradation from recloser–fuse miscoordination due to distributed
generation”. In: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 23.4 (2008),
pp. 2545–2554.
Gopalan, Sachit A, Victor Sreeram, and Herbert HC Iu. “A review of
coordination strategies and protection schemes for microgrids”. In:
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 32 (2014), pp. 222–228.

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Thank You!

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