The specified allowable normal stress is 15.000 ksi.

The specified
allowable shear stress is 0.000 ksi.

The minimum required section modulus necessary to keep the

normal stresses below the 15.000 ksi allowable stress limit is 1.280 in³.
Standard steel shapes with a section modulus greater than or equal to
1.280 in³ are identified. These shapes are then sorted according to
their weight per foot of length, from the lightest shape to the heaviest
shape. Since the engineer seeks to construct the most economical
structure, the best shape for a beam is usually the lightest shape that
satisfies the allowable normal stress limit. (note: there are other
considerations such as beam deflections than can influence the best
shape for a beam.)

The following standard steel shapes will be acceptable for the

specified bending moment:

S3x5.7
max = 11.429 ksi
M8x6.5
max = 4.156 ksi
S3x7.5
max = 9.846 ksi
S4x7.7
max = 6.316 ksi
M10x8
max = 2.747 ksi
W6x9
max = 3.453 ksi
M10x9
max = 2.474 ksi
S4x9.5
max = 5.664 ksi
S5x10
max = 3.902 ksi
W8x10
max = 2.458 ksi

Note: These beam design calculations are based on elementary allowable stress design
assumptions. Other factors may influence the suitability of a beam shape for its intended use. The
results obtained in this routine should be used for

ESFUERZOS PRINCIPALES
Section properties for the shaft are as follows:
OD = 20.0 mm
ID = 0.0 mm
c = 20.0 mm / 2
= 10.0 mm
Area = (20.0 mm)2 / 4
= 314.2 mm2
J = (20.0 mm)4 / 32
= 15,708.0 mm4
I = (20.0 mm)4 / 64
= 7,854.0 mm4
S = 7,854.0 mm4 / 10.0 mm
= 785.4 mm3
Q = (20.0 mm)3 / 12
= 666.7 mm3

For stress element A (on the top of the shaft):

The force Px= -39.9 N creates the following stresses:

a) A uniformly distributed axial compression normal stress. The

magnitude of the normal stress is given by:

|x| = |Nx| / Area

= 39.9 N / 314.2 mm2
= 0.1269 MPa
b) Although Px creates a moment about the y axis, it produces zero
flexural stress on stress element A because z = 0 at this location. In
other words, element A is on the neutral axis for moments about the y
axis.

__________________________________________________

The force Py = -196.0 N creates the following stresses:

a) A linearly distributed tension normal stress due to a bending

moment about the z axis. The magnitude of the normal stress is given
by:

|x| = |Mz y|/ I

= (200.0 mm)(196.0 N)(10.0 mm) / 7,854.0 mm4
= 49.906 MPa

The direction of the stress is shown on the stress element.

b) A shear stress due to a torsional moment about the x axis. The

magnitude of the shear stress is given by:

|T| = |T|c / J
= (130.0 mm)(196.0 N)(10.0 mm) / 15,708.0 mm4
= 16.219 MPa

Sign convention: Generally, the proper shear stress direction is

determined by inspection. The direction of the stress is shown on the
stress element.

c) Although Py creates shear stress in the shaft, the transverse shear

stress on element A in the y direction is zero at this location. When
subjected to a shear force in the y direction, the outermost surfaces of
the shaft in the y direction are free of shear stress.

__________________________________________________

Summary for stress element A (on the top of the shaft): The normal
stresses for the combined loading can be determined by superimposing
the individual cases. For stress element A (on the top of the shaft), the
total normal stress acting on the element is a tension stress of 49.779
MPa. The shear stresses for the combined loading act in the positive z
direction on the positive x face of the element. The magnitude of the
shear stress is 16.219 MPa.

The principal stresses for the element are

1 = 54.597 MPa
and
2 = -4.818 MPa

The maximum in-plane shear stress is

 = 29.708 MPa
and the absolute maximum shear stress equals the in-plane shear
stress. This condition occurs when 1 and 2 have opposite signs.

__________________________________________________

For stress element D (on the +z side of the shaft):

The force Px= -39.9 N creates the following stresses:

a) A uniformly distributed axial compression normal stress. The

magnitude of the normal stress is given by:

|x| = |Nx| / Area

= 39.9 N / 314.2 mm2
= 0.1269 MPa

b) A linearly distributed compression normal stress due to a bending

moment about the y axis. The magnitude of the normal stress is given
by:

|x| = |My z| / I
= (130.0 mm)(39.9 N)(10.0 mm) / 7,854.0 mm4
= 6.599 MPa

The direction of the stress is shown on the stress element.

__________________________________________________

The force Py = -196.0 N creates the following stresses:

a) Although Py creates a moment about the z axis, it produces zero

flexural stress on stress element D because y = 0 at this location. In
other words, element D is on the neutral axis for moments about the z
axis.
b) A shear stress due to a torsional moment about the x axis. The
magnitude of the shear stress is given by:

|T| = |T|c / J
= (130.0 mm)(196.0 N)(10.0 mm) / 15,708.0 mm4
= 16.219 MPa

Sign convention: Generally, the proper shear stress direction is

determined by inspection. The direction of the stress is shown on the
stress element.

c) A transverse shear stress due to the 196.0 N shear force. The

magnitude of the shear stress is given by:

|V| = |Vy|Q / I t
= (196.0 N)(666.7 mm3) / [(7,854.0 mm4) (20.0 mm)]
= 0.8318 MPa

Sign convention: Generally, the proper shear stress direction is

determined by inspection. The direction of the stress is shown on the
stress element.

__________________________________________________

Summary for stress element D (on the +z side of the shaft): The
normal stresses for the combined loading can be determined by
superimposing the individual cases. For stress element D (on the +z
side of the shaft), the total normal stress acting on the element is a
compression stress of 6.726 MPa. The shear stresses for the combined
loading act in the negative y direction on the positive x face of the
element. The magnitude of the shear stress is 17.051 MPa.

The principal stresses for the element are

1 = 14.017 MPa