Give example in industry that using distillation, extraction, drying, humidification,

leaching and describe the reason to use of that kind of separation process

-Distillation

-Crude oil refinery. Primary separation of crude oil to readily available product is a
widely known chemical process involved using distillation. The purpose of this stage is to
separate grade of hydrocarbons. Distillation method is chosen as crude oil is consisted of many
nonpolar hydrocarbons that dissolves to each other, which makes extraction is not compatible.
Yet, their physical property of different length and structure of hydrocarbon allows them to
obtain different boiling point, in which will make a multistage fractional distillation a good
choice.

The Saturated Hydrocarbons, or Alkanes

Melting Boiling
Molecular State at
Point Point
Formula o 25oC
Name ( C) (oC)
methane CH4 -183 -164 gas
ethane C2H6 -183 -89
propane C3H8 -190 -42
butane C4H10 -138 -0.5
pentane C5H12 -130 36
hexane C6H14 -95 69
heptane C7H16 -91 98
octane C8H18 -57 125
nonane C9H20 -51 151 liquid
decane C10H22 -30 174
undecane C11H24 -25 196
dodecane C12H26 -10 216
eicosane C20H42 37 343
Solid
triacontane C30H62 66 450
Source: http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/501hcboilingpts.html

-Extraction

-Extraction of essential oil for perfume. Extraction can be performed in several phase
either it is liquid-liquid, liquid gas and solid-liquid. Essential oil for perfume is usually obtained
from flowers and other aromatic sources through hydrodistillation. However if we want to yield
high quality perfume, that has excellence odour, the chemical could be destroyed in high
temperature. Using liquid-liquid extraction such as using petroleum ether and hexane as solvent
could be an alternatice despite its inferiority in term of economical factor to distillation method.
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The principle of extraction rely on solubility of desired compound in the solvent. The
hydrophobic nature of essential oil in certain flowers could benefit from this process. After that,
the solvent is evaporated. It means unlike distillation, which all compounds are volatile in certain
temperature, the evaporation uses an approach in which the solvent could evaporate leaving a
“unvolatile” substance.

-Drying

-Food industry such as coffee and milk. Drying principle is to reduce moisture from
substance by relying on its moisture equilibrium. The yield is solid with low moisture. This
method is widely used in food industry as a method of preservation. It is chosen because its
easiness and low cost.

-Paper industry. The quality of paper and its strength depends on drying process. Drying
is useful to determine its moisture content.

-Humidification

-Spray chamber. Usually humidifcation is used in conditioning gas by spraying it with

water. By spraying the gas will be saturated with water and cool down.

-Electronic And High Tech Industry. Humidification of room could also benefit high tech
industry as it involved many flamable surface, electrostatic discharge is a disastrous event that
may lead to fire. In that case, humidity of room could significantly reduce the electrostatic
discharge that is more likely in dry space with 45% humidity (source:
https://www.hygromatik.com/en/electronics-high-tech-manufacturing-industry)

-Leaching

-Cyanide in gold industry. Leaching is applied to extract desirable product by dissolving

it with liquid from solid material. Gold ore is available in many stone with great impurity, and to
obtain the precious metal, cyanide is used to dissolved the desirable gold in form of AuCN.

-Espresso. Coffee grinding is one of the oldest leaching application. By grinding coffee
beans and dissolved the coffee and caffeine using hot water, we can drink espresso. The method,
like others, is chosen as it is reliable, easy, and cheap.

Chooce a commercial chemical. Find its price as technical grade and pure. Explain the
production process used and give analysis to the price gap

There are several grade in chemical, including technical, analytical, and food grade. The
most referred usually is technical and analytical. Analytical has higher concentration and thus
higher price. In Indonesia, the selling price for technical ethanol that is 80% is about IDR

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35750/L, while the absolute alcohol(99%) is about IDR 455000/L. (Data :
http://www.phyedumedia.com/2016/02/jual-bahan-kimia-laboratorium-sekolah.html). I look up
for the investigation on the price and operation cost. It is revealed that even between 96% and
99% alcohol, there is amountful price gap. I retrieve calculation from publication by Nicola
Budimir, etc. (2011), we got the price of rectified alcohol 96% and 99% slight different.

While its operation cost can be estimated to be this amount

It is found out that to obtain this 99%, the ethanol undergo additional process through
permeation, azeotropic distillation, and other purifying method. This method has additional cost
at about 0,0,12-0,044 €/lAA. Indeed, just by increasing concentration by 3%, the production cost
could be affected by an increase of 9% in 2008.

Calculate boiling point and binary mixture when flash vaporized using software and
analytical method

-binary mixture: benzene and toluene

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 Calculating boiling point from Clausius Clapeyron equation, given data of pressure vapor and
heat of vaporization[data from WEBBOOK NIST]

Benzene at 1 atm
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 30,8 𝑚𝑜𝑙

At T=25,5°C ,Pvap= 0,147 atm

𝑃2 ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 1 1
So by plugging ln (𝑃1) = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
𝑅

1 30800 1 1
ln ( )= ( − )
0,147 8,314 273 + 25,5 𝑇2

We obtain Tboil at 1 atm is 80,1°C

Toluene
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 33,18 𝑚𝑜𝑙

At T=25,5°C ,Pvap= 0,0446 atm

𝑃2 ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 1 1
So by plugging ln (𝑃1) = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
𝑅

1 33800 1 1
ln ( )= ( − )
0,048 8,314 273 + 25,5 𝑇2

We obtain Tboil at 1 atm is 110,8°C

Building diagram x-y using boiling point data

I use excel to build the x-y. First we must know what is known including:

-Antoine equation parameter

-Boiling point of benzene and toluene(I adjust several calculation so that it is closer to parameter
I use)

We can obtain from Antoine equation vapor pressure at certain temperature for each component.
Then with the basis 1 for benzene, I calculate x1 and y1 in each temperature, in order to build
equilibrium curve. By applying Raoult’s law, I use excel solver to change x1 so that ∑y=1 at
respective temperature. As I assume the pressure is at 1 atm or 760±0,5 mmHg we can calculate
𝑃1,𝑠
y1=𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 × 𝑥1

𝑃2,𝑠
Then for sigma y= y1+𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 × (1 − 𝑥1)

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Then I solve it via excel solver.

Other alternative, we can simply plug this equation

𝑃 −𝑃
X = 𝑃𝑇 −𝑃𝐵
𝐴 𝐵

𝑃𝐴 𝑋
Y= 𝑃𝑇

The detail could be retrieved in attachment:

Manual_jessica_1606883064.xlsx

Psat Psat
T(c) benzene(mmHg) toluene(mmHg) x1 y1 sigma y
80,1 760,2225675 291,276612 1 1 1
85 883,1483904 344,0015893 0,772001 0,896831 1,000001
90 1024,23493 405,5289072 0,573284 0,772376 1,000001
95 1182,45462 475,6600376 0,40261 0,626222 1
100 1359,184613 555,2439494 0,254967 0,45585 1
105 1555,844444 645,1731645 0,126335 0,258552 1
110,64 1803,423171 760,2014422 0 0 0,999972

x-y diagram of benzene

1.2

0.8

0.6
benzene vle
0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Flashing benzene toluene mixture

There is a mixture of 50%n benzene and 50% n benzene at 1 atm. We’re interested to increase
the benzene concentration at vapor. If the incoming liquid is then vaporized 40%. What is the
composition and temperature of exiting vapor and liquid?

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Basis benzene, feed 100 kmol/h

Zf=0,5

P = 1 atm

D=40 kmol/h

W=60 kmol/h

Analytic method with assistant of excel

I build two diagram and analytically make a polynomial regression to relate x to y VLE.

In C15, I fill the regression from the curve that is y=13,33x2 - 43,51x + 110,4 while the x at c15
is independent variable we could change

In D15, I fill the operating line y=-w/d (xf-zf)+zf , while the xf is the cell D14. The solver is like
this

So to find the intersection the Yop at C15 and Yb at D15 is equal at the same point. So if we
subtract their value, it will be equal to zero, by changing the independent variables Xop and Xb. I
add constraint that both of X should be equal to as we’re seeking for the intersection.

This data will be used in excel to seek intersection between operating line and VLE curve. By
solver, I obtain

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 x-y diagram of benzene
1.4
1.2 y = -0.8704x2 + 1.8314x + 0.0237
R² = 0.997
1
0.8 benzene vle
0.6 45 line
0.4 op line
0.2 Poly. (benzene vle)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.2
-0.4

benzene toluene
x 0,412882 0,587118
y 0,630677 0,369323

While T-x-y diagram regression will obtain me the temperature of the exit

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 120

100

80
y = 13.332x2 - 43.514x + 110.43
R² = 0.9997 x
60
y
Poly. (x)
40

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

As this is the regression of liquid phase, we plug Xw to x here and get T=94,707°C

All of this could be acquired from attachment Manual_jessica_1606883064.xlsx

Using Unisim

Follow up all the necessary component that is benzene and toluene. Then input the known
variable after insert the stream and separator.

Attached file:benzenetolueneflash_jessi_1606883064

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T= 94,1°C

Xbenzene= 0,4075

Xtoluene= 0,5925

Ybenzene= 0,6387

Ytoluene= 0,3613

Flashing c2,c3 and c4 mixture

In a distillation column, we want to separate ethane from LPG compound such as propane and
buthane. Ethane will be sent to steam cracking unit to make ethylene. We wish that the ethane
will be richer in in vapor than in liquid from initial mixture of 50%n ethane, 25%n propane and
25% n butane at 1 atm, is flashed at T= -50°C. What is the composition and flow rate of exiting
liquid? Do we achieve our objective to acquire vapor rich of ethane?

Analytic method with assistant of excel

First we build a table consisting of known data such P total, zf, and each P vapor at T= -50°C.

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Then we plug at y
𝑊
𝑍𝐽,𝑓 ×( +1)
𝐷
Yj,d = 𝑊
1+
𝐷 𝑀𝑗

Xj,w = Yj,d / Mj

by setting sigma x and sigma y equal to 1, we will find W/D, also x and y of each component.

Here is the solver

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the equation yields:

w/d= 0,63594
y x
0,734494 0,131265 ethane
0,213321 0,307676 propane
0,052185 0,561059 n-butane

By using basis feed 100 kmol/h

We can solve by plugging F=W+D and F Zf =Yd D+ Xw W

Then we got

D=61,14 kmol/h

W=38,86kmol/h

Attachment : Manual_jessica_1606883064.xlsx

Using Unisim

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Attached file:c2c3nc4_jessica_1606883064

W=39,01kmol/h

D=60,99 kmol/h

Basis 100 kmol/h

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Xc2=0,1343

Xc3=0,3065

Xc4=0,5592

Yc2=0,7339

Yc3=0,2138

Yc4=0,0522

From both method, we find out that ethane fraction is significantly larger in vapor than in liquid.
We conclude that flashing in given manner could accomplish the mission.

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