aE AG Se Sale Gare RE Raia N i aeee cere ile ee S| PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY bp Arthur H. Hiorns ae gollen DBookswww. forgotienbooks. org ISBN 9781440056994Rorgotten Books This is a Forgotten Books Library high-quality e-book from www.forgottenbooks.org Thank you for supporting Forgotten Books by purchasing this e-book. This e-book may not be distributed. If you wish to share this e-book with friends or other people, please give them the free low-quality version from www.forgottenbooks.org This book is also available in print as high-quality paperback from www.amazon.comVERTICAL LINES The vertical black lines appearing on most pages are deliberate. This is required to stop people from selling printed copies of our e-books. Our own printed books do not have these watermarks. TERMS & CONDITIONS This e-book may not be distributed. This e-book may not be modified in any way. This e-book may be printed for personal use only. No pages may be extracted or removed from this e-book. This e-book may not be included in any commercial package. This e-book may not be sold. Copyright © 2010 Forgotten Books AGorgotten Books FREE BOOKS www.forgottenbooks,.org You can read literally thousands of books for free at www.forgottenbooks.org (please support us by visiting our web site) © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgForgotten Books takes the uppermost care to preserve the entire content of the original book. However, this book has been generated from a scan of the original, and as such we cannot guarantee that it is free from errors or contains the full content of the original. But we try our best! “Pow yay sc, het emt bs Resuty beng, fur nese ‘raed ect de Ca ths ure et hose opr Row shave decal Bieri preney. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org© 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org© 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgPRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgBY THE SANE AUTHOR, ELEMENTARY METALLURGY For Uaa op Srupuxrs, Globe gvo, Price 3s. With Illustrattona, Third sdtition, Conplelely Revtsead. EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. Price 13, Second Edition, TRON AND STEEL MANUFAGIURE. BAT-LOOK POR LAGINNERS. Globe ato. “Pelee 3a. ed. With Tilwstratlons. Fosrih dition. MIXED METALS OR METALLIC ALLOYS. Globe 8ro. Price 6s. With [lustrations. Third Edition, Complrtety Devtard, “Tha heat hook on alloys to be met with lo the Engl: Tauguage.”- net mle Neus, METAL COLOURING AND BRONZING. Globe sro. Erice 63, Second Kdizien. “The pecullarity and gyects) cdvautage of the book jis (te practicabllity."—Caemical Trade Jonmat, PRACTICAL METALLURGY AND ASSAYING. A TRXT-BOOM POR THE LER oF TRACHEBA, BtCDENTS, AXD ASSAYED. me Bvo. Os, Third Edition, Completely Revised 8 beak may be regarrtod as 9 mest valuable contribution 1 the oo, of Practical MetsMurgy."=Dlechanical Fovid, METALLOGRAPHY. AS )yrRopcctios 20 THE Segny oF THR SenccTres oF MEgTaLs, CHIEFLY B¥ TDE Arp ov TOE Micaascors, Glove Bro, Ga. STEEL AND TRON FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS. Mitustrated. Globa dve. Ifa. Gd, Second Silition, Completely Revised. PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY. Wich IMustratlous. Second Edition, Globe bye, Prica Ga. LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO. LTD. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgPRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY BY ARTHUR H? HIORNS LATE HEAD OF METALLURGY DEPARTMENT, BIRMINGHAM NUNICIPAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL SECOND BDITION COMPLETSLY REVISED AND BNLARGED MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org© 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgPREFACE. Tee Author's work on Elementary Metallurgy having been received with considerable favour by Teachers and Students of eat, be bas been encouraged to produce the present volume, which is an attempt to present a more extended view of the principles of Metallurgy, including, as far as possible, the new theories which bave been introduced in recent years. For those who have not ready access to the Journals of the Scientific aud Industrial Societies, or the time to study minately the great roass of detailed information contained therein, the abridged accounts presented ih this book wil, it is hoped, be found useful Ib also ainis at giving in a simple and succinct form the views of modern Metaliurgists, and the methods of pre- cedare in the extraction of various metals from their ores, with the ases and peoperties of the same when isolated. For convenience of study and as a means of ready reference the work is divided inte a number of chapters, where information of au allied kind is brought together. The physical) propertics of the metals sre considered Grst; thea the chemical principles involved in the various © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgvi PREFACE. processes are explained; the information Metallic Alloys is placed together ; this ig description of fluxes, slags, and refractory nature and mode of preparation of differes concerning the sueceeded by a materials ; the nt kinds of fuel are next referred to; then follows a more detailed deserip- tion of the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Lead, Copper, Zine, Tin, Nick minium, Antimony, Arsenic, and Bismuth 1, Cobalt, Alu- The Author desires gratefully to acknowledge the assistance derived from the works of Eissler, Howe, Mendeleef, Percy, Peters, Richards, Roberts-Austen, Rose, etc.; also fromm Watts’ Dictionary of Che mistry, Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, the Journals of the Iron aud Steel Institute, aud various papers fully record his deep obligation to his ¢ and articles in Neague, Mr. J. the ourrent scientific papers. He would - most thauk- H. Stansbie for his kindness in readiug 4 e proof sheets. ARTHUR EL HIORNS, Avcus?, 1895. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. Iy this edition the book has Lcen completely revised, some paragraphs have been modified ands considprable amount of additional matter and illustrations added. ARTHUR H. HIORNS. Fennoaxy. 1914. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgCONTENTS. race CHAPTER |L ISTBODUCTION— Definition—Metallurgical Terms+ tion— Regulus and Speise—Caleination—Roasting —Omdising Agents—Distillation aod Sublimatioa—Liquation—Scoriica- tion — Cupellation —Amalgamation +-Cementation—Bfetallur- gical Processes, Ore —Smelting—Redae- CHAPTER iL Physical Properties of Metals—Occlasi: Tongbness — Nalleability — Das Specific Heat—Hardness—Britdleny Boxerumcn—Condectity Yat lisation—Influence of Heat—Weldi: Microscopic Examination, —Flaaticity—Tonacity— ity ~ Specific Gravily— sa—Odonr and Taste— ies of Fractare—Cryital- —Forging—Solderizg— CHAPTER I Chemical Principles—Atomic Weigh in. —Equations—Oxsgen— Hydrogen—Nitrogen—Silicon —Cur} ine— Chromium — Manganese—Cad. inm — Strontiuts— Calciam—Sodi Rubidium, and Cacsinam—Chemi: Molecules—Equivalent Weights—' Equations~-Solation—Crystsltisats ~Pariodic Law © 2010 Forgotten Books —Phosphorus—Chior- ium —Ma gnesium—Bar- i— Potassiam—Lithiuw, al Affivity—Atoms and thermal Properties and n— Ditusion—~ Aljotropy w www. forgottenbooks. orgviii CONTENTS. rao CHAPTER LY. Alloys|— Copper Alloys — Brass—Brase Salders— Bronze—Gun Méts]—Bell Metal—Speculum Metat—Aluminium Rronsce— Afjnganese Bronze—-Nickel Alloya—Germsan Silver—Lead Alloys—Type Metsl—Shot Metal—Pewter—Soft Soldere— Fasible Alloys—Antimany Alloys—G old Alloys—Silvor Alloys —molgams—Lron Alloya—Ferro-Manganeso—Ferro-Nickel —(|Ferro-Chrome — Ferro-Tungsten — Ferro: Copper — Forro- Alpminium—Forro- Vanadium, . - 52 CHAPTER V. Flux. oica of Fluxes—Caleulation of Fluxea—Slags—Sil{cates — Refractory Materisle—Querte—Alumins—Line and Mag- negia—Fire-clay—Cracibles—Fire-bricks, . + + CHAPTER VL Furnsocs— Hearth — Blast — Roverberatory — Mlectric—Draught, Natural and Forced—Hot Air, - = - - - + 8 CHAPTER Vil. Fuel—Calorific Powor—Crlorific Intonsity—Py rometr, ‘5$—Dorille’s, Le] Chatelier's, Siomons’, and Cerou-Le Chatolicr’s Pyro- rogters —Wood—Peat—Lignito—Cosl—Anthrecite—Petroleurn —Gas—Table of Fuels—Charcoal—Coke—Ceke Pile and Kiln—Boobive, Cox's, Tomcson’s, Appelt's, Coppéc's, and Carvé’s Ovens—Desulphurisation—Guseous Fuel—Siemons’ Wilson's Producers— Water Gas, and Dellwick-Floisber Prolucar,- = . - eee + 90 CHAPTER VIII, Tron Ores—Chemistry of Iron—Lron Compounde-Properties of Iron—Direct Methods—Catalan, Chenot’s, Hlnir's, Husgafvel’s, and Siomens' Proeesses—Pig Iron—Freparation of Iron Orea Eatin South ‘Wales, Siers, Swedish, and Hoffman's Caleiucra, : : soe ee FL © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org