Algebra PDF

Algebra
Exclusively for My Review Coach online LET review. Not for redistribution. © 2014 My Review Coach of Philippines.
Coefficients and variables
2a, 3a
4m, n
7x2, 3x2, ‐x2
2
8a , 8a
PRACTICE
(Evaluation of expressions)
Evaluate for a = ‐3 and b = ‐2.
2a2 + b2
3a – 2b
(‐a)2
2[a2 + 3(a – 4b)]
3a2b – 4ab3 – 2a2b2
PRACTICE
Simplify these expressions:
2x + 3x + 7 + y
(5x – 2) plus (7x – 8)
(3x – 9) less (2x + 5)
5 – [3x – 2 + {x – (6 – 2x)}]
Mathematical expressions
• is – was – will be – has: 
• plus – sum – more than – greater than –
farther than – years from now – increased by
– exceeds by: 
• decreased by – minus – less than – diminished
by – younger than – years ago – subtracted
from: 
• divided by – quotient – per: 
PRACTICE
• One‐half of the sum of a and b
• Seven more than thrice a number x
• Ten more than twice a number x
• The cost of n apples at p pesos each
• The width of a rectangle if the area is 3x + 4
and the length is 5
PRACTICE
• A number increased by 9 equals 28.
• 5 less than twice a number is equal to 3 more
than the same number
• The money Myra has after buying x books at y
pesos each, if she had x pesos originally
Laws of exponents
• A power is an b mb n  b m n
expression involving (b m ) n  b mn
repeated
bm mn
multiplication.
n
 b ; hence b 0
1
• base: b; power or b
exponent: m or n (ab) m  a mb m
m
 
m
a a
• Take note!    m
b b
a 1 0
n 1 a0 1
a  n ; since n  n
a a
1
a a a
PRACTICE
(‐2xy)4 5a * 2a2
6b2 / 2b (3x)‐1
5x‐2y‐1 (6 / x2y)2
t 0
4 2
 2 x    3x 
 y   4y 
   
PRACTICE
Write the following as a power of 3:
9  27  3  81
Scientific notation
• Write numbers as the product of a number less than
10 and a power of 10.
• The sign of the exponent is NEGATIVE when the
original figure is less than 1 and POSITIVE when more
than 1.
245  2.45  10 2
3
0.0056  5.6  10
PRACTICE
Use scientific notation to calculate
(3400000)(0.00002)
170000000
Factoring polynomials
• Factor out the common monomial factor
• Difference of two squares
a  b  (a  b)(a  b)
2 2
• Perfect square trinomial
a  2ab  b  (a  b)
2 2 2
• FOIL method and quadratic polynomials
(a  b)(c  d )  ac  (ad  bc)  bd
standard form : ax  bx  c
2
PRACTICE: Products
(4a – 3)2 (d + 2e)2

(a2 + 2)(a2 – 2) (a + c)2
(m + n)2 (x2 + c2)2
(z – 6)(z – 3) (4x + 2)(5x – 3)
PRACTICE: Factors
15x2 – 10xy x2 + 7x + 10

2x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 x2 – 15x + 54
36x2 – 49 x2 + 12x + 36
2
5a – 5c 2 2
4x + 4x + 1
x2 + 6x + 9
PRACTICE
3(x + 2) = 5x + 2
5 + 5(x + 2) – 2x = 3x + 15
3 2 1
x  x
2 3 5
2
1
3 x
2 x  10
Notes in solving word problems
• Consecutive numbers: x , x  1, x  2
• Consecutive
even/odd numbers: x , x  2, x  4
• Mixture (e.g., of coins, vehicles, chemicals):
total amt = number of coins * denomination
number of feet/wheels = animals/vehicle * #
of feet/wheels of each
distance
• Motion: speed 
time
part of a job done by one person (in 1 day/hour) 
1
• Work: number of days/hours it takes the person to complete
• Age: add when it says “# of years from now”
and subtract when it says “# of years ago”
• Interest I  Prt
r nt
• Compound interest A  P(1  )
n
or future value FV  PV (1  r ) t
• Continuous compound interest
A  Pe rt
• In interest formulas
– P is the principal
– r is the rate, which is always in annual terms
– n is the number of times of compounding in a year
– e is a constant, equal to 2.71828…
• Percent change
new  original
% change 
• Discount
original
Discount  rate  original price

Discounted price  original price  discount
• Commission
Commission  rate  total earnings
• Direct variation y  kx
– Variable y varies at the same rate as variable x
k
• Inverse variation y
x
– As variable x increases, y decreases and vice‐versa
• Joint variation
– More than one variable is involved in a direct
variation
PRACTICE
• Forty pesos less than ½ of Arvin’s weekly
salary is P800. How much does he earn each
week?
• Karl is 4 years older than Danny. Eight years
ago, Karl was twice as old as Danny. What are
their ages now?
PRACTICE
• The length of a rectangle is 25 cm more than
its width. If the perimeter is 98 cm, determine
its dimensions.
• If Andrew can do a job in 8 hours and Bobby
can do the same job in 12 hours, how long
would it take them working together?
Functions
• A function is a set of ordered pairs such that
for each first component, there is at most one
value of the second component
• Three things that specify a function:
– Domain
– Range
– A rule which assigns to each member of the
domain exactly one member of the range
Functions
• Domain
– set of all first components in each element of the
set
• Range
– set of all the second components in each element
of the set
• When y is a function of x, the set of values of x
is the domain of the function and the set of
values of y is the range of the function.
References and further reading
British Broadcasting Corporation. (2012). GCSE Bitesize: Maths. Retrieved 27
December 2012, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/
maths/
Fisico, M., L. Sia, J. Ho, Z. Maralit, J. Tan, . . . J. Rosello, & R. Franco. (1998).
21st Century Mathematics Series. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc.
Pierce, Rod. (2012). Math Is Fun. Retrieved 28 December 2012, from
http://www.mathsisfun.com/index.htm
Stapel, E. (2012). The Purplemath Forums. Retrieved 27 December 2012, from

http://www.purplemath.com/index.htm

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Algebra

(4a – 3)2 (d + 2e)2

15x2 – 10xy x2 + 7x + 10

Discount  rate  original price

Stapel, E. (2012). The Purplemath Forums. Retrieved 27 December 2012, from

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