Lethality Table

for any chosen reference temperature, and for any selected z value,
recorded at temperature intervals of 0.1 oC.
Summary:
Addition of Lethalities is an traditional method to calculate the F value, received by a heated product.
It requires time-temperature recordings of the coldest spot in the food product, preferably at small
time intervals. Also a Lethality Table is needed of the correct reference temperature and the
intended z value. This Excel document produces such a Lethality Table, for every chosen reference
temperature, and for any z value, with temperature steps of 0.1 ⁰C. After a brief explanation of the
equations behind a Lethality Table, two extensively worked examples show how to use such tables:
Example 1 calculates the received F value, and the microbial spoilage rate, of a sterilized packaged
food; in Example 2 a Lethality Table is used to calculate the received F value, and the
% nutrient or enzyme, retained in a liquid food, after pasteurization in a heat exchanger.
Using a Lethality Table to calculate the F value is, unfortunately, a very tedious activity.
Therefore both Worked Examples 1 and 2 also outline the application of two (down-loadable)
Excel programs, e.g. F-SPOIL.xls and Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls, which much more rapidly calculate
the received F value, the microbial spoilage rate, and the % nutrient retention in a heated food.

Lethality Table
for any chosen reference temperature, and for any selected z value,
recorded at temperature intervals of 0.1 oC.
Februari 23, 2015; Version 1.2 Protected STANDARD version j.w.mrouweler@freeler.nl

for z ≤ 20 C
o
Janwillem Rouweler
Input:
yellow = type the required temperatures → Reference temp. = 122 ºC
blue = calculated lethality factor z value = 11 ºC
if z > 20 oC: see tab "Extended"
 Lethality factor (LF) (blue) at a product temperature in column A, recalculated to reference temp. 122 o
C.
So: 1 minute at the temperature in column A, is equivalent to the blue number of minutes at reference temp. 122 o
C.
Example: 1 min. at 124.4 o
C causes the same microbial reduction as 1.65 min. at 122 o
C.
Temp → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
o
C↓ Lethality factors ↓
94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
97 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
98 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
99 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
100 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
101 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
102 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
103 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
104 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
105 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
106 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
107 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
108 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
109 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08
110 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10
111 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12
112 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
113 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18
114 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23
115 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28
116 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.34
117 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
118 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52
119 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64
120 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79
121 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98
122 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21
123 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.46 1.49
124 1.52 1.55 1.58 1.62 1.65 1.69 1.72 1.76 1.80 1.84
125 1.87 1.91 1.95 2.00 2.04 2.08 2.12 2.17 2.22 2.26
126 2.31 2.36 2.41 2.46 2.51 2.57 2.62 2.67 2.73 2.79
127 2.85 2.91 2.97 3.03 3.10 3.16 3.23 3.30 3.37 3.44
128 3.51 3.59 3.66 3.74 3.82 3.90 3.98 4.07 4.15 4.24
129 4.33 4.42 4.51 4.61 4.71 4.81 4.91 5.01 5.12 5.23
130 5.34 5.45 5.56 5.68 5.80 5.93 6.05 6.18 6.31 6.44
131 6.58 6.72 6.86 7.01 7.15 7.31 7.46 7.62 7.78 7.94
132 8.11 8.28 8.46 8.64 8.82 9.01 9.20 9.39 9.59 9.79
133 10.00 10.21 10.43 10.65 10.87 11.10 11.34 11.58 11.82 12.07
134 12.33 12.59 12.86 13.13 13.41 13.69 13.98 14.27 14.58 14.88
135 15.20 15.52 15.85 16.18 16.53 16.88 17.23 17.60 17.97 18.35
136 18.74 19.13 19.54 19.95 20.37 20.81 21.25 21.70 22.15 22.62
137 23.10 23.59 24.09 24.60 25.12 25.65 26.19 26.75 27.31 27.89
138 28.48 29.08 29.70 30.33 30.97 31.62 32.29 32.97 33.67 34.38
139 35.11 35.85 36.61 37.39 38.18 38.99 39.81 40.65 41.51 42.39
140 43.29 44.20 45.14 46.09 47.07 48.06 49.08 50.12 51.18 52.26
141 53.37 54.50 55.65 56.83 58.03 59.26 60.51 61.79 63.10 64.43
142 65.79 67.19 68.61 70.06 71.54 73.05 74.60 76.18 77.79 79.43
143 81.11 82.83 84.58 86.37 88.20 90.06 91.97 93.91 95.90 97.93
144 100.00 102.12 104.28 106.48 108.73 111.03 113.38 115.78 118.23 120.73
145 123.28 125.89 128.56 131.27 134.05 136.89 139.78 142.74 145.76 148.84
146 151.99 155.21 158.49 161.84 165.27 168.76 172.33 175.98 179.70 183.50
147 187.38 191.35 195.39 199.53 203.75 208.06 212.46 216.95 221.54 226.23
148 231.01 235.90 240.89 245.99 251.19 256.50 261.93 267.47 273.13 278.90
149 284.80 290.83 296.98 303.26 309.68 316.23 322.92 329.75 336.72 343.85
150 351.12 358.55 366.13 373.88 381.78 389.86 398.11 406.53 415.13 423.91
151 432.88 442.03 451.38 460.93 470.68 480.64 490.81 501.19 511.79 522.61
152 533.67 544.96 556.49 568.26 580.28 592.55 605.09 617.89 630.96 644.30
153 657.93 671.85 686.06 700.57 715.39 730.53 745.98 761.76 777.87 794.33
154 811.13 828.29 845.81 863.70 881.97 900.63 919.68 939.13 959.00 979.28
155 1000.00 1021.15 1042.75 1064.81 1087.34 1110.34 1133.82 1157.81 1182.30 1207.31
156 1232.85 1258.93 1285.56 1312.75 1340.52 1368.87 1397.83 1427.40 1457.59 1488.43
157 1519.91 1552.06 1584.89 1618.42 1652.65 1687.61 1723.31 1759.76 1796.99 1835.00
 158 1873.82 1913.45 1953.93 1995.26 2037.47 2080.57 2124.58 2169.52 2215.41 2262.28
Temp ↑ Lethality factors ↑
o
C → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Theory behind the construction of a Lethality Table:

Each Lethality Factor LF in the lethality table converts the bacterial killing effect (= “lethal effect”)
of 1 minute of heating at a particular product temperature Tp, to the “equivalent” number of minutes
of heating at a selected reference temperature Tref.

LF = “Equivalent number of minutes at Tref” means: LF = the number of minutes at reference

temperature Tref which have the same (= equivalent) bacterial killing effect as 1 minute of heating
at the particular temperature Tp.

Equation: LF = 10[(Tp - Tref)/z] min.

Example A: Calculate the Lethality Factor LF at the particular temperature Tp = 118 ⁰C, if the
micro-organism to be destructed has a Decimal Reduction Time of D11122 = 0.4 min.
From D11122 we can colclude: the reference temperature is Tref = 122 ⁰C; the z is z = 11 ⁰C.

Answer A: Use equation: LF = 10[(Tp - Tref)/z] min.

with:
LF = required Lethality Factor at the particular temperature of 118 ⁰C;
Tp = particular temperature = 118 ⁰C (given);
Tref = reference temperature = 122 ⁰C (given);
z = 11 ⁰C (given).
Substitution in the equation above: LF = 10[(118 - 122)/11] = 10-4/11 = 0.433 min.

This means: 1 minute of heating at Tp = 118 ⁰C causes the same microbial destruction (if z = 11 oC)
as 0.433 min. of heating at Tref = 122 ⁰C.
So in a Lethality Table of Tref = 122 ⁰C and z = 11 ⁰C, the lethality factor LF at 118.0 ⁰C will
be LF = 0.433 min.

Example B: The Lethality Factor LF = 0.433 min. can also be used to convert the
microbial D value of D11122 = 0.4 min. to a D value at another temperature, for example to
the D at 118 oC.
Conversion equation is: D11118 = D11122 / LF.
Substitution of D11122 = 0.4 min. and LF = 0.433 results in: D11118 = 0.4 / 0.433 = 0.92 min.
So D11122 = 0.4 min. is equivalent to D11118 = 0.92 min.

Example C: Also: The Lethality Factor LF = 0.433 min. can be used to convert the
heat process value F of F11122 = 9.0 min. to a F value at another temperature, for example to
the F at 118 oC.
Conversion equation is: F11118 = F11122 / LF.
Substitution of F11122 = 9.0 min. and LF = 0.433 results in: F11118 = 9.0 / 0.433 = 20.9 min.
So F11122 = 9.0 min. is equivalent to F11118 = 20.9 min.

WORKED EXAMPLES
Worked Example 1:
Use lethality tables to calculate the received heat process value F and the spoilage rate
of a packaged food after sterilization: thus apply the "addition of lethalities" method.

1a) Make an appropriate Lethality Table, and use it to calculate the heat process value
F0 (= F10121.1), received by a packaged food during the heating process of fig. 1;
thus calculate the F value at reference temperature Tref = 121.1 oC and with z = 10 oC of fig. 1.
Fig. 1: Temperature measurements in core of product at time intervals of 30 sec.
Time Core Time Core Time Core
temp. of temp. of temp. of
product product product
[h:min:s] [oC] [h:min:s] [oC] [h:min:s] [oC]
0:00:00 17.92 0:15:00 113.58 0:30:00 96.71
0:00:30 17.94 0:15:30 114.68 0:30:30 92.59
0:01:00 17.96 0:16:00 115.52 0:31:00 88.63
0:01:30 17.9 0:16:30 116.18 0:31:31 83.86
0:02:00 17.9 0:17:00 116.69 0:32:00 79.03
0:02:30 17.96 0:17:30 117.21 0:32:30 74.22
0:03:00 18.17 0:18:00 117.7 0:33:00 69.51
0:03:30 18.65 0:18:30 118.12 0:33:30 65.57
0:04:00 19.68 0:19:00 118.44 0:34:00 62.44
0:04:30 21.67 0:19:30 118.7 0:34:30 59.26
0:05:00 24.74 0:20:00 118.94 0:35:00 56.06
0:05:30 28.5 0:20:30 119.11 0:35:30 52.63
0:06:00 33.34 0:21:00 119.24 0:36:00 49.68
0:06:30 39.43 0:21:30 119.4 0:36:30 47.88
0:07:00 45.83 0:22:00 119.52 0:37:00 44.89
0:07:30 52.4 0:22:30 119.63 0:37:30 42.8
0:08:00 58.92 0:23:00 119.7 0:38:00 41.15
0:08:30 65.48 0:23:30 119.82 0:38:30 39.83
0:09:00 71.97 0:24:00 119.9 0:39:00 38.56
0:09:30 78.16 0:24:30 118.59 0:39:30 36.93
0:10:00 83.67 0:25:00 117.79 0:40:00 35.92
0:10:30 88.65 0:25:30 119.23 0:40:30 35.3
0:11:00 92.91 0:26:00 119.34 0:41:00 34.43
0:11:30 96.74 0:26:30 118.91 0:41:30 33
0:12:00 100.21 0:27:00 117.84 0:42:00 31.72
0:12:30 103.22 0:27:30 116.09 0:42:30 31.07
0:13:00 105.78 0:28:00 113.24 0:43:00 29.95
0:13:30 108.09 0:28:30 109.26 0:43:30 29.3
0:14:00 110.09 0:29:00 105.14 0:44:00 28.64
0:14:30 112.05 0:29:30 100.94
1b) For the food in fig. 1, calculate the spoilage rate by the non-pathogenic, spoilage spore-former
Clostridium sporogenes, wich has a decimal reduction time D = 1.2 min. at reference temp. 121.1 oC
and a z = 10 oC. Initial number of C. sporogenes spores in the food: 100 spores per whole package.

1c) Verify the "addition of lethalities" calculations with a calculation using F-SPOIL.xls:
1c-1) For the food in fig. 1, use computer program F-SPOIL.xls, down-loadable from www.Academia.edu or
www.Researchgate.net, to calculate the F value at reference temperature Tref = 121.1 oC and with
z = 10 oC; and at the same time let F-SPOIL.xls calculate the spoilage rate by the non-pathogenic,
spoilage spore-former Clostridium sporogenes, wich has a decimal reduction time D = 1.2 min. at
reference temperature 121.1 oC and a z = 10 oC. Initial number of C. sporogenes spores in the food:
100 spores in each whole package.

1c-2) Compare the received F value and the spoilage rate, both calculated by F.SPOIL.xls, with
the answers on questions 1a) and 1b), calculated by using lethality tables.

Answer 1a)
Step 1: To find the heat process value F of the heating process in fig. 1, at reference temperature 121.1 oC
and z = 10 oC, a Lethality Table is required of reference temperature Tref = 121.1 oC and a z = 10 oC.
Use the red outlined Lethality Table at the top of this Excel document.
In the yellow Input cells, type the reference temp. and the z : Input:
Reference temp. = 121.1 ºC
z value = 10 ºC
This immediatelly results in the following Lethality Table:

Lethality Table In this EXAMPLE table ALL CELLS

are protected, even the yellow input cells!
for any chosen reference temperature, and for any selected z value,
recorded at temperature intervals of 0.1 oC.
Februari 23, 2015; Version 1.2 Protected STANDARD version j.w.mrouweler@freeler.nl
 for z ≤ 20 oC Janwillem Rouweler
Input:
yellow = type the required temperatures → Reference temp. = 121.1 ºC
blue = calculated lethality factor z value = 10 ºC
if z > 20 oC: see tab "Extended"
Lethality factor (blue) at a product temperature in column A, recalculated to reference temp. 121.1 o
C.
So: 1 minute at the temperature in column A, is equivalent to the blue number of minutes at reference temp. 121.1 o
C.
Example: 1 min. at 125.4 o
C causes the same microbial reduction as 2.69 min. at 121.1 o
C.
Temp → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
o
C↓ Lethality factors ↓
95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
98 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
99 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
100 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
101 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
102 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02
103 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
104 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
105 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
106 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
107 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05
108 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
109 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08
110 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10
111 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12
112 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
113 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19
114 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.24
115 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.30
116 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38
117 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48
118 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.60
119 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.76
120 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95
121 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.20
122 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.38 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.51
123 1.55 1.58 1.62 1.66 1.70 1.74 1.78 1.82 1.86 1.91
124 1.95 2.00 2.04 2.09 2.14 2.19 2.24 2.29 2.34 2.40
125 2.45 2.51 2.57 2.63 2.69 2.75 2.82 2.88 2.95 3.02
126 3.09 3.16 3.24 3.31 3.39 3.47 3.55 3.63 3.72 3.80
127 3.89 3.98 4.07 4.17 4.27 4.37 4.47 4.57 4.68 4.79
128 4.90 5.01 5.13 5.25 5.37 5.50 5.62 5.75 5.89 6.03
129 6.17 6.31 6.46 6.61 6.76 6.92 7.08 7.24 7.41 7.59
130 7.76 7.94 8.13 8.32 8.51 8.71 8.91 9.12 9.33 9.55
131 9.77 10.00 10.23 10.47 10.72 10.96 11.22 11.48 11.75 12.02
132 12.30 12.59 12.88 13.18 13.49 13.80 14.13 14.45 14.79 15.14
133 15.49 15.85 16.22 16.60 16.98 17.38 17.78 18.20 18.62 19.05
134 19.50 19.95 20.42 20.89 21.38 21.88 22.39 22.91 23.44 23.99
135 24.55 25.12 25.70 26.30 26.92 27.54 28.18 28.84 29.51 30.20
136 30.90 31.62 32.36 33.11 33.88 34.67 35.48 36.31 37.15 38.02
137 38.90 39.81 40.74 41.69 42.66 43.65 44.67 45.71 46.77 47.86
138 48.98 50.12 51.29 52.48 53.70 54.95 56.23 57.54 58.88 60.26
139 61.66 63.10 64.57 66.07 67.61 69.18 70.79 72.44 74.13 75.86
140 77.62 79.43 81.28 83.18 85.11 87.10 89.13 91.20 93.33 95.50
141 97.72 100.00 102.33 104.71 107.15 109.65 112.20 114.82 117.49 120.23
142 123.03 125.89 128.82 131.83 134.90 138.04 141.25 144.54 147.91 151.36
143 154.88 158.49 162.18 165.96 169.82 173.78 177.83 181.97 186.21 190.55
144 194.98 199.53 204.17 208.93 213.80 218.78 223.87 229.09 234.42 239.88
145 245.47 251.19 257.04 263.03 269.15 275.42 281.84 288.40 295.12 302.00
146 309.03 316.23 323.59 331.13 338.84 346.74 354.81 363.08 371.54 380.19
147 389.05 398.11 407.38 416.87 426.58 436.52 446.68 457.09 467.74 478.63
148 489.78 501.19 512.86 524.81 537.03 549.54 562.34 575.44 588.84 602.56
149 616.60 630.96 645.65 660.69 676.08 691.83 707.95 724.44 741.31 758.58
150 776.25 794.33 812.83 831.76 851.14 870.96 891.25 912.01 933.25 954.99
151 977.24 1000.00 1023.29 1047.13 1071.52 1096.48 1122.02 1148.15 1174.90 1202.26
152 1230.27 1258.93 1288.25 1318.26 1348.96 1380.38 1412.54 1445.44 1479.11 1513.56
 153 1548.82 1584.89 1621.81 1659.59 1698.24 1737.80 1778.28 1819.70 1862.09 1905.46
154 1949.84 1995.26 2041.74 2089.30 2137.96 2187.76 2238.72 2290.87 2344.23 2398.83
155 2454.71 2511.89 2570.40 2630.27 2691.53 2754.23 2818.38 2884.03 2951.21 3019.95
156 3090.30 3162.28 3235.94 3311.31 3388.44 3467.37 3548.13 3630.78 3715.35 3801.89
157 3890.45 3981.07 4073.80 4168.69 4265.80 4365.16 4466.84 4570.88 4677.35 4786.30
158 4897.79 5011.87 5128.61 5248.07 5370.32 5495.41 5623.41 5754.40 5888.44 6025.60
159 6165.95 6309.57 6456.54 6606.93 6760.83 6918.31 7079.46 7244.36 7413.10 7585.78
Temp ↑ Lethality factors ↑
o
C → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Step 2: For each of the temperatures in fig. 1, find the corresponding Lethality Factor from the
Lethality Table above. Put each Lethality Factor in Fig. 2, in column "Lethality Factor".
For example: at time 0:00:00 in fig. 1, the core product temperature T = 17.92 oC.
According to the Lethality Table above, made for reference temperature 121.1 oC and z = 10 oC,
for each core product temperature lower than 98 oC, the lethality factor LF = 0.00.
Thus at a food core temperature T = 17.92 oC, the lethality factor = 0.
This means: 1 min. of heating at 17.92 oC is equivalent to 0 min. heating at 121.1 oC if z = 10 oC.
So in fig. 2 below, at core temperature T = 17.92 oC, write 0 in the column Lethality Factor.

Another example: at time 0:19:30 in Fig. 1, the core product temperature is T = 118.7 oC.
According to the Lethality Table above, for reference temperature 121.1 oC and z = 10 oC, at food
core temperature T = 118.7 oC, the Lethality Factor = 0.58.
This means: 1 min. of heating at 118.7 oC is equivalent to 0.58 min. heating at 121.1 oC if z = 10 oC.
So in fig. 2 below, at core temperature T = 118.7 oC, write 0.58 in the column "Lethality Factor".

Complete the Lethality Factor column in fig. 2 by using the Lethality Table of 121.1 oC and z = 10 oC.

Step 3: In fig. 1, the time interval between each next temperature is NOT 1 min. but only 0.5 min.
Thus the Actual lethality at each core temperature will be (Lethality Factor x 0.5).
Example: at time 0:19:30 in Fig. 1, the core product temperature is T = 118.7 oC, and the
corresponding lethality factor LF = 0.58 min. Thus the Actual lethality at that core temperature
is 0.5 x 0.58 = 0.29 min. See column Actual lethality in fig. 2.

Step 4: To find the received Heat Process Value F, add up the actual lethalities of
all time-temperature combinations; put the added lethality values at each core temperature
in the right hand "Heat Process Value F" column of fig. 2.
Example: at time 0:19:30, the total received heat process value F = 2.09 min.

Fig. 2: Calculation of the Heat Process Value F10121.1 by addition of lethalities

(For Lethality Factor at each product temperature: see at Lethality Table above).
Time Core Lethality Factor: Actual lethality at core Heat Process Value F
temperature 1 min. heating at the temperature. Note: time interval at reference temperature
of product core temp. is equivalent is only 0.5 min.; not 1 minute. 121.1 oC if z = 10 oC;
to .... min. heating at So: Actual Lethality = calculated by addition
121.1 oC, if z = 10 oC. lethality factor x 0.5 min. of all actual lethalities.
[h:min:s] [oC] [equivalent min. at Tref] [actual equivalent min. at Tref] [min. at 121.1oC; z=10oC]
0:00:00 17.92 0 0 0 min.
0:00:30 17.94 0 0 0 min.
0:01:00 17.96 0 0 0 min.
0:01:30 17.9 0 0 0 min.
0:02:00 17.9 0 0 0 min.
0:02:30 17.96 0 0 0 min.
0:03:00 18.17 0 0 0 min.
0:03:30 18.65 0 0 0 min.
0:04:00 19.68 0 0 0 min.
0:04:30 21.67 0 0 0 min.
0:05:00 24.74 0 0 0 min.
0:05:30 28.5 0 0 0 min.
0:06:00 33.34 0 0 0 min.
0:06:30 39.43 0 0 0 min.
0:07:00 45.83 0 0 0 min.
0:07:30 52.4 0 0 0 min.
0:08:00 58.92 0 0 0 min.
0:08:30 65.48 0 0 0 min.
0:09:00 71.97 0 0 0 min.
0:09:30 78.16 0 0 0 min.
0:10:00 83.67 0 0 0 min.
0:10:30 88.65 0 0 0 min.
0:11:00 92.91 0 0 0 min.
0:11:30 96.74 0 0 0 min.
0:12:00 100.21 0.01 0.005 0.005 min.
0:12:30 103.22 0.02 0.01 0.015 min.
0:13:00 105.78 0.03 0.015 0.03 min.
0:13:30 108.09 0.05 0.025 0.055 min.
0:14:00 110.09 0.08 0.04 0.095 min.
0:14:30 112.05 0.13 0.065 0.16 min.
0:15:00 113.58 0.18 0.09 0.25 min.
0:15:30 114.68 0.23 0.115 0.365 min.
0:16:00 115.52 0.28 0.14 0.505 min.
0:16:30 116.18 0.32 0.16 0.665 min.
0:17:00 116.69 0.36 0.18 0.845 min.
0:17:30 117.21 0.41 0.205 1.05 min.
0:18:00 117.7 0.46 0.23 1.28 min.
0:18:30 118.12 0.5 0.25 1.53 min.
0:19:00 118.44 0.54 0.27 1.8 min.
0:19:30 118.7 0.58 0.29 2.09 min.
0:20:00 118.94 0.6 0.3 2.39 min.
0:20:30 119.11 0.63 0.315 2.705 min.
0:21:00 119.24 0.65 0.325 3.03 min.
0:21:30 119.4 0.68 0.34 3.37 min.
0:22:00 119.52 0.69 0.345 3.715 min.
0:22:30 119.63 0.71 0.355 4.07 min.
0:23:00 119.7 0.72 0.36 4.43 min.
0:23:30 119.82 0.74 0.37 4.8 min.
0:24:00 119.9 0.76 0.38 5.18 min.
0:24:30 118.59 0.56 0.28 5.46 min.
0:25:00 117.79 0.47 0.235 5.695 min.
0:25:30 119.23 0.65 0.325 6.02 min.
0:26:00 119.34 0.66 0.33 6.35 min.
0:26:30 118.91 0.6 0.3 6.65 min.
0:27:00 117.84 0.47 0.235 6.885 min.
0:27:30 116.09 0.32 0.16 7.045 min.
0:28:00 113.24 0.16 0.08 7.125 min.
0:28:30 109.26 0.07 0.035 7.16 min.
0:29:00 105.14 0.03 0.015 7.175 min.
0:29:30 100.94 0.01 0.005 7.18 min.
0:30:00 96.71 0 0 7.18 min.
0:30:30 92.59 0 0 7.18 min.
0:31:00 88.63 0 0 7.18 min.
0:31:31 83.86 0 0 7.18 min.
0:32:00 79.03 0 0 7.18 min.
0:32:30 74.22 0 0 7.18 min.
0:33:00 69.51 0 0 7.18 min.
0:33:30 65.57 0 0 7.18 min.
0:34:00 62.44 0 0 7.18 min.
0:34:30 59.26 0 0 7.18 min.
0:35:00 56.06 0 0 7.18 min.
0:35:30 52.63 0 0 7.18 min.
0:36:00 49.68 0 0 7.18 min.
0:36:30 47.88 0 0 7.18 min.
0:37:00 44.89 0 0 7.18 min.
0:37:30 42.8 0 0 7.18 min.
0:38:00 41.15 0 0 7.18 min.
0:38:30 39.83 0 0 7.18 min.
0:39:00 38.56 0 0 7.18 min.
0:39:30 36.93 0 0 7.18 min.
0:40:00 35.92 0 0 7.18 min.
0:40:30 35.3 0 0 7.18 min.
0:41:00 34.43 0 0 7.18 min.
0:41:30 33 0 0 7.18 min.
0:42:00 31.72 0 0 7.18 min.
0:42:30 31.07 0 0 7.18 min.
0:43:00 29.95 0 0 7.18 min.
0:43:30 29.3 0 0 7.18 min.
0:44:00 28.64 0 0 7.18 min.
CONCLUSION 1a:
The heat process of fig. 1 results in a received Heat Process Value F of F0 = F10121.1 = 7.18 min.
See in fig. 2 at the bottom of the right column "Heat Processing Value F".
So the food in fig. 1 received a heat process, equivalent to 7.18 min. heating at 121.1 oC if z = 10 oC.

Answer 1b)
The spoilage rate by C. sporogenes of the packaged food of fig. 1 is equal to the total number of
spores of C. sporogenes in the package which survive the heating process.

The spoilage rate by spores of a particular micro-organism can be calculated by the equation:

F10121.1 = D10121.1 * [10log(initial number of spores) - 10

log(surviving number of spores)]

in which:
F10121.1 = heat process value F at reference temperature 121.1 oC and with z = 10 oC.

D10121.1 = Decimal reduction time of the particular microbial spores at reference

temperature 121.1 oC and with z = 10 oC.
= heating time at 121.1 oC, required to reduce the number of spores in the package
to one tenth, so to reduce the spore number to 10% of the initial spore number.
= heating time to destruct 90% of the initial number of spores in the package.
Initial number of spores = number of spores in the whole package, prior to the heat process.
Surviving number of spores (= spoilage rate of the package) = number of spores in the
whole package, after the heat process.

Both the reference temperature and the z value of F should be identical to those of D.
F, D, initial spore number, and surviving spore number all are related to the same micro-organism.

Given: For spores of Clostridium sporogenes:

D10 121.1 = 1.2 min. (if Tref = 121.1 oC, and z = 10 oC).
Initial number of spores, prior to heating = 100 in the whole package.
 The heating process resulted in a F10121.1 = 7.18 min. (see fig. 2) if Tref = 121.1 oC, and z = 10 oC.

Substitution of F, D, and initial spore number in the equation F = D*[10log(initial) - 10log(surviving)]

results in:
7.8 min. = 1.2 min. * [10log(100) - 10log(surviving)]
or: 7.18/1.2 = 10log(100) - 10log(surviving).
As 7.18/1.2 = 5.98, and 10log(100) = 10log(102) = 2
this gives: 5.98 = 2 - 10log(surviving).
Or: 10log(surviving) = 2 - 5.98 = -3.98 ≈ -4.0
If 10log(surviving) = -4.0, then (surviving) = 10-4 = 1/104 = 1/10 000 = 1 per 10 000.
This means: after heating, 1 package per 104 packages will contain 1 surviving, viable spore of C. sporogenes.

CONCLUSION 1b:
After the heat process of fig. 1, about 1 package per every 10 000 could be spoiled by C. sporogenes.
The spoilage rate by C. sporogenes after heating will be 1 package per 10 000 packages.

Answer 1c)
1c-1) From www.Academia.edu, or www.Researchgate.net, download Excel program F-SPOIL.xls.
See also the double outlined Example table below.
In the yellow input cells regarding F, type:
F: interval = 0.5 min. Constant interval between temperature measurements [in min.]

Tref = 121.1 C
o
Reference temperature for F-value [in oC]

z= 10 C
o
z-value for F-value [in oC]

In the yellow input cells regarding the micro-organism of concern, type:

Micro- D-value of m.o. = 1.2 min. D-value of micro-organism of concern [in min.]

orga- Tref of m.o. = 121.1 C

o
Reference temperature for D of micro-organism [in oC]

nism of z of m.o. = 10 C o
z-value for D-value of micro-organism [in oC]
concern: Initial number a = 100 total per can Initial total number of micro-organisms of concern in can
In the yellow column B "Input: core temperature T", type or paste the "core temp. of product" of
fig. 1 or of fig. 2. This results in:

F - SPOIL Version 2.5 (September 25, 2013)

CALCULATION OF F-VALUE, MICROBIAL SPOILAGE RATE, AND NUTRIENT
RETENTION FROM TIME-TEMPERATURE DATA, BY ADDITION OF LETHALITIES
Protected; no password HAS University of Applies Sciences; NL j.w.mrouweler@freeler.nl

In this EXAMPLE table, ALL CELLS

are protected, even the yellow input cells!

yellow cell = input values blue cell = calculation results; equations

NB: If the product in the can is a SOLID, please calculate the spoilage rate twice:
** first use the total initial number of micro-organisms in the can; the resulting number of spoiled cans b1 will be too high;
** next use the initial number of micro-organisms in 1 gram; the resulting number of spoiled cans b2 will be too low.
The correct number of spoiled cans, so the CORRECT SPOILAGE RATE b of the SOLID product then will be: b2 <

F: interval = 0.5 min. Constant interval between temperature measurements [in min.]
Tref = 121.1 o
C Reference temperature for F-value [in oC]
z= 10 o
C z-value for F-value [in C]
o

Micro- D-value of m. 1.2 min. D-value of micro-organism of concern [in min.]

organism Tref of m.o. = 121.1 o

C Reference temperature for D of micro-organism [in oC]

of z of m.o. = 10 o
C z-value for D-value of micro-organism [in oC]
concern: Initial number 100 total per can Initial total number of micro-organisms of concern in can

Input: Calculation results:

Time Core Lethality F-value (F for Spoilage rate b
temperature T factor micro- after heating
(= min. at Tref. of organism) [= number of
[min.] [oC] 121.1 o
C) [min.] surviving m.o. per can]
 0 17.92 4.8084E-11 2.4042E-11 2.4042E-11 1.0000E+02
0.5 17.94 4.8306E-11 4.81949E-11 4.81949E-11 1.0000E+02
1 17.96 4.8529E-11 7.24593E-11 7.24593E-11 1.0000E+02
1.5 17.9 4.7863E-11 9.63908E-11 9.63908E-11 1.0000E+02
2 17.9 4.7863E-11 1.20322E-10 1.20322E-10 1.0000E+02
2.5 17.96 4.8529E-11 1.44587E-10 1.44587E-10 1.0000E+02
3 18.17 5.0933E-11 1.70053E-10 1.70053E-10 1.0000E+02
3.5 18.65 5.6885E-11 1.98496E-10 1.98496E-10 1.0000E+02
4 19.68 7.2111E-11 2.34551E-10 2.34551E-10 1.0000E+02
4.5 21.67 1.1402E-10 2.91564E-10 2.91564E-10 1.0000E+02
5 24.74 2.3121E-10 4.07167E-10 4.07167E-10 1.0000E+02
5.5 28.5 5.4954E-10 6.81937E-10 6.81937E-10 1.0000E+02
6 33.34 1.6749E-09 1.51941E-09 1.51941E-09 1.0000E+02
6.5 39.43 6.8077E-09 4.92326E-09 4.92326E-09 1.0000E+02
7 45.83 2.9717E-08 1.97816E-08 1.97816E-08 1.0000E+02
7.5 52.4 1.3490E-07 8.72297E-08 8.72297E-08 1.0000E+02
8 58.92 6.0534E-07 3.899E-07 3.899E-07 1.0000E+02
8.5 65.48 2.7416E-06 1.76069E-06 1.76069E-06 1.0000E+02
9 71.97 1.2218E-05 7.86969E-06 7.86969E-06 9.9998E+01
9.5 78.16 5.0816E-05 3.32777E-05 3.32777E-05 9.9994E+01
10 83.67 1.8072E-04 0.000123636 0.000123636 9.9976E+01
10.5 88.65 5.6885E-04 0.000408063 0.000408063 9.9922E+01
11 92.91 1.5171E-03 0.001166588 0.001166588 9.9776E+01
11.5 96.74 3.6644E-03 0.002998776 0.002998776 9.9426E+01
12 100.21 8.1470E-03 0.007072297 0.007072297 9.8652E+01
12.5 103.22 1.6293E-02 0.015218777 0.015218777 9.7122E+01
13 105.78 2.9376E-02 0.029907026 0.029907026 9.4423E+01
13.5 108.09 5.0003E-02 0.054908752 0.054908752 9.0000E+01
14 110.09 7.9250E-02 0.094533819 0.094533819 8.3411E+01
14.5 112.05 1.2445E-01 0.15675955 0.15675955 7.4023E+01
15 113.58 1.7701E-01 0.245264998 0.245264998 6.2462E+01
15.5 114.68 2.2803E-01 0.359282101 0.359282101 5.0188E+01
16 115.52 2.7669E-01 0.497629183 0.497629183 3.8487E+01
16.5 116.18 3.2211E-01 0.658682623 0.658682623 2.8255E+01
17 116.69 3.6224E-01 0.839804122 0.839804122 1.9960E+01
17.5 117.21 4.0832E-01 1.043963815 1.043963815 1.3491E+01
18 117.7 4.5709E-01 1.27250791 1.27250791 8.7012E+00
18.5 118.12 5.0350E-01 1.524258215 1.524258215 5.3677E+00
19 118.44 5.4200E-01 1.79525866 1.79525866 3.1912E+00
19.5 118.7 5.7544E-01 2.082978628 2.082978628 1.8373E+00
20 118.94 6.0814E-01 2.387046129 2.387046129 1.0252E+00
20.5 119.11 6.3241E-01 2.703252055 2.703252055 5.5884E-01
21 119.24 6.5163E-01 3.029066252 3.029066252 2.9907E-01
21.5 119.4 6.7608E-01 3.367107739 3.367107739 1.5634E-01
22 119.52 6.9502E-01 3.714619898 3.714619898 8.0257E-02
22.5 119.63 7.1285E-01 4.071046413 4.071046413 4.0501E-02
23 119.7 7.2444E-01 4.433264393 4.433264393 2.0212E-02
23.5 119.82 7.4473E-01 4.80563038 4.80563038 9.8925E-03
24 119.9 7.5858E-01 5.184919168 5.184919168 4.7779E-03
24.5 118.59 5.6105E-01 5.465443156 5.465443156 2.7891E-03
25 117.79 4.6666E-01 5.698772846 5.698772846 1.7825E-03
25.5 119.23 6.5013E-01 6.023837691 6.023837691 9.5529E-04
26 119.34 6.6681E-01 6.357241076 6.357241076 5.0385E-04
26.5 118.91 6.0395E-01 6.65921539 6.65921539 2.8226E-04
27 117.84 4.7206E-01 6.895246911 6.895246911 1.7946E-04
27.5 116.09 3.1550E-01 7.052997142 7.052997142 1.3259E-04
28 113.24 1.6368E-01 7.134837968 7.134837968 1.1332E-04
28.5 109.26 6.5464E-02 7.167569777 7.167569777 1.0642E-04
29 105.14 2.5351E-02 7.18024542 7.18024542 1.0386E-04
29.5 100.94 9.6383E-03 7.185064565 7.185064565 1.0291E-04
30 96.71 3.6392E-03 7.18688414 7.18688414 1.0255E-04
30.5 92.59 1.4093E-03 7.187588785 7.187588785 1.0241E-04
 31 88.63 5.6624E-04 7.187871905 7.187871905 1.0235E-04
31.5 83.86 1.8880E-04 7.187966304 7.187966304 1.0234E-04
32 79.03 6.2087E-05 7.187997348 7.187997348 1.0233E-04
32.5 74.22 2.0512E-05 7.188007603 7.188007603 1.0233E-04
33 69.51 6.9343E-06 7.18801107 7.18801107 1.0233E-04
33.5 65.57 2.7990E-06 7.18801247 7.18801247 1.0233E-04
34 62.44 1.3614E-06 7.188013151 7.188013151 1.0233E-04
34.5 59.26 6.5464E-07 7.188013478 7.188013478 1.0233E-04
35 56.06 3.1333E-07 7.188013635 7.188013635 1.0233E-04
35.5 52.63 1.4223E-07 7.188013706 7.188013706 1.0233E-04
36 49.68 7.2111E-08 7.188013742 7.188013742 1.0233E-04
36.5 47.88 4.7643E-08 7.188013766 7.188013766 1.0233E-04
37 44.89 2.3933E-08 7.188013778 7.188013778 1.0233E-04
37.5 42.8 1.4791E-08 7.188013785 7.188013785 1.0233E-04
38 41.15 1.0116E-08 7.18801379 7.18801379 1.0233E-04
38.5 39.83 7.4645E-09 7.188013794 7.188013794 1.0233E-04
39 38.56 5.5719E-09 7.188013797 7.188013797 1.0233E-04
39.5 36.93 3.8282E-09 7.188013799 7.188013799 1.0233E-04
40 35.92 3.0339E-09 7.1880138 7.1880138 1.0233E-04
40.5 35.3 2.6303E-09 7.188013801 7.188013801 1.0233E-04
41 34.43 2.1528E-09 7.188013802 7.188013802 1.0233E-04
41.5 33 1.5488E-09 7.188013803 7.188013803 1.0233E-04
42 31.72 1.1535E-09 7.188013804 7.188013804 1.0233E-04
42.5 31.07 9.9312E-10 7.188013804 7.188013804 1.0233E-04
43 29.95 7.6736E-10 7.188013805 7.188013805 1.0233E-04
43.5 29.3 6.6069E-10 7.188013805 7.188013805 1.0233E-04
44 28.64 5.6754E-10 7.18801 7.188013805 1.0233E-04
44.5 7.7625E-13 7.188013805 7.188013805 1.0233E-04
45 7.7625E-13 7.188013805 7.188013805 1.0233E-04

CONCLUSION 1c-1:
* The total F0 value, calculated by F-Spoil.xls, is F0 = 7.188 min. (at ref. temp 121.1 oC; z = 10 oC).
(see column "F-value" in F-SPOIL.xls above).
* The spoilage rate b by C. sporogenes, calculated by F-SPOIL.xls, is 1.023 * 10 -4 = 1.02/10 000.
(see column "Spoilage rate b after heating = number of surviving m.o. per can" in F-SPOIL.xls above).
This means: after heating, about 1 package per 10 000 packages will still have a surviving, viable
spore of C. sporogenes.

Answer 1c-2) Comparing the calculation results of lethality addition with those of F-SPOIL.xls.

Fig. 3: Received F value, calculated by addition of lethalities obtained from a Lethality Table,
compared with received F value, calculated with Excel program F-Spoil.xls.
Also the spoilage rates of answers 1b (lethality table) and 1c-1 (F-Spoil.xls) are compared.
F value Spoilage rate by
F0 = F10 121.1 spores of "spoilage" micro-organism
[min.] Clostridium sporogenes
Values calculated by addition of
lethalities, using a Lethality Table; 1 spoiled package per
Next F substituted in equation 7.18 min. 10 000 sterilized packages
F = D*[10log(initial) - 10log(end)]
(see answers 1a) and 1b))

Values calculated by 7.19 min. 1 spoiled package per

Excel program F-SPOIL.xls 10 000 sterilized packages
(see answer 1c-1))

CONCLUSION 1c-2:
* Calculation of the received F value, either by the method of addition of lethalities (using Lethality
Tables), or by applying F-SPOIL.xls, resulted in the same received F value.
* Using F-SPOIL.xls requires considerably less working time than using the "addition of lethalities" method.
* F-SPOIL.xls calculates the received F, and at the same time also can calculate the spoilage rate
by a micro-organism;
if, however, the "addition of lethalities" method is used, estimation of the microbial spoilage rate does
require an extra (manual) calculation.

Worked Example 2:
Use lethality tables to calculate the received heat process value F, the spoilage rate and the
nutrient retention of a liquid food, pasteurized in a (plate) heat exchanger.

In a plate heat exchanger, raw milk of initially 2 oC is pasteurized.

The milk receives the time-temperature process as shown in fig. 4:

Fig. 4: Time-temperature profile of raw milk, pasteurized in a (plate) heat exchanger.

Time Milk
tempe-
rature
[s] [oC]
0 2
1 7
2 12
3 17
4 22
5 27
6 32
7 37
8 42
9 47
10 52
11 57
12 62
 13 67
14 72
15 72
16 72
17 72
18 72
19 72
20 72
21 72
22 72
23 72
24 72
25 72
26 72
27 72
28 72
29 72
30 72
31 72
32 72
33 67
34 62
35 57
36 52
37 47
38 42
39 37
40 32
41 27
42 22
43 17
44 12

2) Alkaline phosphatase is a thermo-labile enzyme in raw milk. It has a decimal reduction time
D5.670 = 0.55 min.; thus its D has a reference temperature of 70 oC, with a z = 5.6 oC.
The degree of destruction of alkaline phosphatase is used as an indicator for the "safety" of the
pasteurized milk: if alkaline phosphatase is "sufficiently" destructed during a pasteurization process,
the vegetative pathogenic micro-organisms in the milk definitely have been sufficiently destructed.

2a) Calculate which % of the initial 100% of milk enzyme alkaline phosphatase is still present after
the pasteurization process of fig. 4.
How to proceed: Use a correct Lethality Table, and apply the method of "addition of lethalities"
to first find the received F of the heating process.
Next calculate the % alkaline phosphatase surviving the pasteurization by using
F = D * [10log(initial % of enzyme) - 10log(% of enzyme surviving)]

2b) Use computer program Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls, down-loadable from www.Researchgate.net or

from www.Academia.edu, to calculate which % of the initial 100% of milk enzyme alkaline
phosphatase is still present after the pasteurization process of fig. 4.
Assume there is NO residence time distribution in the heat exchanger, so the
"correction factor for residence distribution" = 1.
Also assume: the "multiplication factor for initial fluid flow rate" = 1.

2c) Compare the received F value, and the % of alkaline phosphatase surviving the pasteurisation,
calculated by the method of addition of lethalities (see answer 2a),
with those values, calculated by Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls (see answer 2b).

Answer 2a)
Procedure: To find the % of alkaline phosphatase, present after the heating process in fig. 4,
you first have to calculate the F value of the process, with the same reference temperature and the
same z as those of the Decimal Reduction Time D5.670 of alkaline phosphatase. Thus calculate F5.670.

Then, solve equation F5.670 = D5.670 * [10log(initial % of enzyme) - 10log(% of enzyme surviving)];
this will result in the required end % of alkaline phosphatase after the heating process.

First: The F5.670 value, received by the food in fig. 4, can be calculated by addition of lethalities,
using a Lethality Table with reference temperature = 70 oC and a z = 5.6 oC. Such a table is required.

Next: for each of the milk temperatures, the Lethality Factor should be read from the lethality table.
As the time steps in fig. 4 are 1 second, so (1/60)th part of a minute, the actual lethality at each
product temperature can be calculated by multiplying the Lethality Factor by (1/60).

After that: by addition of all actual lethalities, the received F5.670 value can be calculated.

Step 1: Using the red-outlined Lethality Table at the top of this Excel document, make a
lethality table for reference temperature T = 70 oC, and for z = 5.6 oC:

Lethality Table In this EXAMPLE table ALL CELLS

are protected, even the yellow input cells!
for any chosen reference temperature, and for any selected z value,
recorded at temperature intervals of 0.1 oC.
Februari 23, 2015; Version 1.2 Protected STANDARD version j.w.mrouweler@freeler.nl

for z ≤ 20 C o
Janwillem Rouweler
Input:
yellow = type the required temperatures → Reference temp. = 70 ºC
blue = calculated lethality factor z value = 5.6 ºC
if z > 20 oC: see tab "Extended"
Lethality factor (blue) at a product temperature in column A, recalculated to reference temp. 70 o
C.
So: 1 minute at the temperature in column A, is equivalent to the blue number of minutes at reference temp. 70 o
C.
Example: 1 min. at 84.4 o
C causes the same microbial reduction as 372.76 min. at 70 o
C.
Temp → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
o
C↓ Lethality factors ↓
54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
57 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
58 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
59 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
60 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
61 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04
62 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
63 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08
64 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12
65 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19
66 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28
67 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.42
68 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.64
69 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96
70 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.39 1.45
71 1.51 1.57 1.64 1.71 1.78 1.85 1.93 2.01 2.10 2.18
72 2.28 2.37 2.47 2.57 2.68 2.80 2.91 3.03 3.16 3.30
73 3.43 3.58 3.73 3.88 4.05 4.22 4.39 4.58 4.77 4.97
74 5.18 5.40 5.62 5.86 6.11 6.36 6.63 6.91 7.20 7.50
75 7.81 8.14 8.48 8.84 9.21 9.60 10.00 10.42 10.86 11.31
76 11.79 12.28 12.80 13.34 13.89 14.48 15.09 15.72 16.38 17.07
77 17.78 18.53 19.31 20.12 20.96 21.84 22.76 23.71 24.71 25.75
78 26.83 27.95 29.13 30.35 31.62 32.95 34.33 35.77 37.28 38.84
79 40.47 42.17 43.94 45.78 47.71 49.71 51.79 53.97 56.23 58.59
80 61.05 63.62 66.29 69.07 71.97 74.99 78.14 81.42 84.83 88.40
81 92.11 95.97 100.00 104.20 108.57 113.13 117.88 122.82 127.98 133.35
82 138.95 144.78 150.86 157.19 163.79 170.66 177.83 185.29 193.07 201.17
83 209.62 218.42 227.58 237.14 247.09 257.46 268.27 279.53 291.26 303.49
84 316.23 329.50 343.33 357.74 372.76 388.41 404.71 421.70 439.40 457.84
85 477.06 497.08 517.95 539.69 562.34 585.95 610.54 636.17 662.87 690.69
86 719.69 749.89 781.37 814.17 848.34 883.95 921.06 959.72 1000.00 1041.97
87 1085.71 1131.28 1178.77 1228.25 1279.80 1333.52 1389.50 1447.82 1508.59 1571.91
88 1637.89 1706.64 1778.28 1852.92 1930.70 2011.74 2096.18 2184.17 2275.85 2371.37
89 2470.91 2574.63 2682.70 2795.30 2912.63 3034.89 3162.28 3295.01 3433.32 3577.43
90 3727.59 3884.06 4047.09 4216.97 4393.97 4578.41 4770.58 4970.83 5179.47 5396.88
91 5623.41 5859.45 6105.40 6361.67 6628.70 6906.94 7196.86 7498.94 7813.71 8141.68
92 8483.43 8839.52 9210.55 9597.16 10000.00 10419.75 10857.11 11312.83 11787.69 12282.47
93 12798.02 13335.21 13894.95 14478.19 15085.91 15719.13 16378.94 17066.44 17782.79 18529.22
 94 19306.98 20117.38 20961.80 21841.66 22758.46 23713.74 24709.11 25746.27 26826.96 27953.01
95 29126.33 30348.89 31622.78 32950.13 34333.20 35774.32 37275.94 38840.58 40470.90 42169.65
96 43939.71 45784.06 47705.83 49708.26 51794.75 53968.81 56234.13 58594.54 61054.02 63616.74
97 66287.03 69069.40 71968.57 74989.42 78137.07 81416.85 84834.29 88395.18 92105.53 95971.63
98 100000.00 104197.46 108571.11 113128.34 117876.86 122824.70 127980.22 133352.14 138949.55 144781.90
99 150859.07 157191.32 163789.37 170664.37 177827.94 185292.20 193069.77 201173.80 209618.00 218416.64
100 227584.59 237137.37 247091.12 257462.68 268269.58 279530.09 291263.27 303488.93 316227.77 329501.31
101 343332.00 357743.23 372759.37 388405.81 404709.00 421696.50 439397.06 457840.58 477058.27 497082.61
102 517947.47 539688.12 562341.33 585945.39 610540.23 636167.43 662870.32 690694.05 719685.67 749894.21
103 781370.74 814168.48 848342.90 883951.77 921055.32 959716.27 1000000.00 ### ### 1131283.44
104 1178768.63 1228247.01 1279802.21 1333521.43 1389495.49 1447819.05 1508590.71 ### ### 1706643.68
105 1778279.41 1852922.02 1930697.73 2011738.04 2096179.99 2184166.36 2275845.93 ### ### 2574626.80
106 2682695.80 2795300.95 2912632.65 3034889.32 3162277.66 3295013.08 3433320.02 ### ### 3884058.07
107 4047089.95 4216965.03 4393970.56 4578405.83 4770582.70 4970826.12 5179474.68 ### ### 5859453.92
108 6105402.30 6361674.27 6628703.16 6906940.49 7196856.73 7498942.09 7813707.38 ### ### 8839517.73
109 9210553.18 9597162.69 10000000.00 10419746.25 10857111.19 11312834.37 ### ### ### 13335214.32
110 13894954.94 14478190.47 15085907.09 15719132.38 16378937.07 17066436.81 ### ### ### 20117380.42
111 20961799.92 21841663.62 22758459.26 23713737.06 24709112.28 25746268.00 ### ### ### 30348893.19
112 31622776.60 32950130.79 34333200.18 35774323.39 37275937.20 38840580.69 ### ### ### 45784058.28
113 47705826.96 49708261.16 51794746.79 53968811.87 56234132.52 58594539.15 ### ### ### 69069404.92
114 71968567.30 74989420.93 78137073.77 81416848.14 84834289.82 88395177.34 ### ### ### ###
115 108571111.94 113128343.66 117876863.48 ### 127980221.40 133352143.22 ### ### ### ###
116 163789370.70 170664368.13 177827941.00 ### 193069772.89 201173804.23 ### ### ### ###
117 247091122.80 257462680.05 268269579.53 ### 291263265.49 303488931.87 ### ### ### ###
118 372759372.03 388405806.93 404708995.08 ### 439397056.08 457840582.79 ### ### ### ###
Temp ↑ Lethality factors ↑
o
C → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Step 2: For each of the product temperatures in fig. 4, find the corresponding Lethality Factor from
the Lethality Table printed above. Type these lethality factors in column "Lethality Factor" of fig. 5.

Step 3: In fig. 4, the time interval between each next temperature is NOT 1 min. but only (1/60) min.
Thus the Actual lethality at each milk temperature will be Lethality Factor x (1/60).
Type these values in column Actual lethality of fig. 5.
Step 4: To find the received Heat Process Value F, add up the actual lethalities of all
time-temperature combinations.
Type these added lethality values in the right hand column "Heat Process Value F" of fig. 5.

Fig. 5: Calculation of the received Heat Process Value F5.670 by addition of lethalities.
(For Lethality Factor at each product temperature: see at Lethality Table above)
Time Milk Lethality Factor: Actual lethality at core Heat Process Value F
tempe- 1 min. heating at the temperature. Note: time interval at reference temperature
rature milk temp. is equivalent is only (1/60th) min.; not 1 min. 70 oC if z = 5.6 oC;
to .... min. heating at So: Actual Lethality = calculated by addition
70 oC, if z = 5.6 oC. Lethality Factor x (1/60) min. of all actual lethalities.
[s] [oC] [equivalent min. at Tref] [actual equivalent min. at Tref] [min. at 70oC; z = 5.6oC]
0 2 0 0 0
1 7 0 0 0
2 12 0 0 0
3 17 0 0 0
4 22 0 0 0
5 27 0 0 0
6 32 0 0 0
7 37 0 0 0
8 42 0 0 0
9 47 0 0 0
10 52 0 0 0
11 57 0 0 0
12 62 0.04 0.000667 0.0007
13 67 0.29 0.004833 0.0055
14 72 2.28 0.038 0.0435
15 72 2.28 0.038 0.0815
16 72 2.28 0.038 0.1195
17 72 2.28 0.038 0.1575
18 72 2.28 0.038 0.1955
19 72 2.28 0.038 0.2335
20 72 2.28 0.038 0.2715
 21 72 2.28 0.038 0.3095
22 72 2.28 0.038 0.3475
23 72 2.28 0.038 0.3855
24 72 2.28 0.038 0.4235
25 72 2.28 0.038 0.4615
26 72 2.28 0.038 0.4995
27 72 2.28 0.038 0.5375
28 72 2.28 0.038 0.5755
29 72 2.28 0.038 0.6135
30 72 2.28 0.038 0.6515
31 72 2.28 0.038 0.6895
32 72 2.28 0.038 0.7275
33 67 0.29 0.004833 0.7323
34 62 0.04 0.000667 0.733
35 57 0 0 0.733
36 52 0 0 0.733
37 47 0 0 0.733
38 42 0 0 0.733
39 37 0 0 0.733
40 32 0 0 0.733
41 27 0 0 0.733
42 22 0 0 0.733
43 17 0 0 0.733
44 12 0 0 0.733

So during the pasteurization process of fig. 4 and fig. 5, the milk received a F value of
F5.670 = 0.733 min., thus an F value of 0.733 min. at reference temperature 70 oC and a z = 5.6 oC.
Or, in seconds: F5.670 = 0.733 * 60 seconds = 44.0 s at reference temperature 70 oC and a z = 5.6 oC.

Step 5: Now calculate the end% of alkaline phosphatase by using the equation
F5.670 = D5.670 * [10log(initial % enzyme) - 10log(end % enzyme)]
in which
F5.670 = 0.733 min. (= F, received by milk; see end of right hand column in fig. 5);
D5.670 = 0.55 min (Decimal Reduction Time of alkaline phosphatase; given);
 initial % enzyme = 100 (initial % of alkaline phosphatase in unheated, raw milk; given);
end % enzyme = ?? (= % of alkaline phosphatase, still present after the pasteurization).

Substitution of the values of F, D and initial % enzyme in the equation:

F5.670 = D5.670 * [10log(initial % enzyme) - 10log(end % enzyme)]
results in:
0.733 = 0.55 * [10log100 - 10log(end % enzyme)]
or: 0.733/0.55 = [2 - 10log(end % enzyme)], because 10log100 = 2
so: 10
log(end % enzyme) = 2 - (0.733/0.55) = 2 - 1.332 = 0.667
thus: If 10log(end % enzyme) = 0.667, then end % enzyme = 100.667 = 4.6 %

Conclusion 2a:
After the pasteurization process of fig. 4, the milk will contain only 4.6% of the initial 100%
of alkaline phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase retention is 4.6%.

Answer 2b)
Download Excel program Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls from www.Researchgate.net or www.Academia.edu:
PRIOR to any calculation, the top input table of Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls may look as follows:

BUILD-HEAT-EXCHANGER
Compose your own heat exchanger and make calculations

In this EXAMPLE table, ALL CELLS

are protected, even the yellow input cells!

Initial number D value Reference z value

in whole pack [in SEC] temp [oC] [oC]
F value to be calculated: XXX XXX 121.1 10
Micro-organism 1 1 7.9 140 13.1
Micro-organism 2 1000 12 121.1 10
Nutrient A 100% 7650 120 28.8
Nutrient B 100% 69780 160 32.8
Nutrient C 100% 30 120 56.8

Correction factor for residence time distribution 1) : 0.8 = Vav/Vmax

Multiplication factor for initial fluid flow rate through all sections1 x initial fluid flow

Step 1: in the yellow cells of the top input table, type: (see Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls below):
"F value to be calculated": Reference temp. = 70 oC; z value = 5.6 oC
No information is supplied about micro-organisms 1 and 2; so make these yellow cels empty.
Nutrient A: Replace "Nutrient A" by "Alkaline phosphatase";
initial number in whole pack is 100% (given); so do NOT try to change 100%.
D value = 0.55 min. (given); but D MUST BE in SEConds, so D = 0.55*60 = 33;
thus D value = 33 seconds, at reference temp. 70 oC and z = 5.6 oC (given).
No information is supplied about both Nutrient B and Nutrient C.
So make empty the yellow cells with values. See Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls below.

The "Correction factor for residence time distribution" = 1 (given).

The "Multiplication factor for initial fluid flow rate" = 1 (given).

Step 2: Information about the stages of the heat exchanger can be found in table and diagram fig. 4:
Stage 1 of the heat exchanger is called the Heating section (see diagram fig. 4).
So change text "Stage 1 of heat exchanger" into "Heating section".
The milk enters the heating section (Temp. In) at 2 oC; and departs from that section
(Temp. Out) at 72 oC (given).
The milk stays in the heating section from time = 0 seconds to time = 14 seconds, (given)
so the average residence time in the heating section is 14 seconds.
So type name "Heating section", temperatures In = 2, and Out = 72, and Average
residence time = 14 (see Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls below).

Stage 2 of the heat exchanger is called the Holding section (see diagram fig. 4).
The milk enters the holding section at 72 oC; and departs from that section at 72 oC (given).
The milk stays in the holding section from time = 14 seconds to time = 32 seconds, (given)
so the average residence time in the holding section is 18 seconds.
 Type name "Holding section", temperatures In = 72, and Out = 72, and Average
residence time = 18 (see Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls below).

Stage 3 of the heat exchanger is called the Cooling section (see diagram fig. 4).
The milk enters the cooling section at 72 oC; and departs from that section at 12 oC (given).
The milk stays in the cooling section from time = 32 seconds to time = 44 seconds, (given)
so the average residence time in the cooling section is 12 seconds.
Type name "Cooling section", temperatures In = 72, and Out = 12, and Average
residence time = 12 (see Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls below).

Stages 4 to 13 are not present (given). Thus do NOT change their names nor input values.

This results in:

BUILD-HEAT-EXCHANGER Version 2.5 (HAS University of Applied Sciences)

Compose your own heat exchanger and make calculations Protected; no password Janwillem Rouweler

In this EXAMPLE table, ALL CELLS

are protected, even the yellow input cells!

yellow = add figures April 02, 2013

Initial number D value Reference z value blue = calculation results
in whole pack [in SEC] temp [oC] [oC] B* total: a process with B* total = 1 produces a 9 log cycle reduction of thermophilic spores, assuming a z = 10.5 oC. A proc
F value to be calculated:
XXX XXX 70 5.6 B* total (adjusted) = B* total, adjusted for the fasted particle (residence time distribution correction)
Micro-organism 1 C* total: a process with a C* total = 1 would reduce the concentration of thiamine by 3%, assuming a z value of 31.5 oC. A p
Micro-organism 2
Alkaline 100% 33 70 5.6 Calculations of 'F corrected', (corrected) Total F, 'B* total (adjusted)', and 'Spoilage rate by micro-oganism 1 and 2' are based
Nutrient 100% 'Nutrient retention' and 'C*total' are calculated on basis of mean residence time of the fluid in the heat exchanger.
Nutrient 100%
For an example on T-t of UHT indirect: see: Tran et al. (2008): International Dairy Journal
Correction factor for residence time distribution ) : 1
1 = Vav/Vmax
Multiplication factor for initial fluid flow rate through all sections1 x initial fluid flow (0.5 = half the initial fluid flow rate = double residence times)
Step 1: In the left hand column below, give a specific name to each of the stages of the heat exchanger, in the correct order.
Step 2: Complete each stage by filling in the temperatures IN and OUT, and by filling in the actual average residence time of the fluid in that stage.
Step 3: Next include, in the table above, all required data on F value, on 2 micro-organisms, and on 3 nutrients.
Step 4: Then fill in the correction factor for residence time distribution.
Temp [oC] Average Av. residence F Spoilage
F, per stage,(corrected) Totalrate
FSpoilage rateRetention Retention
Name the stages residence time, corrected per stage corrected forTotal F b by b by Alkaline phosphatase
Nutrient B
value for this and

Micro- Micro-
in the heat exchanger time for flow residence time previous stages
organism[s]
1 organism 2 [%] [%]
in the correct order In Out [s] [s] [s] distribution [s] 0 0 0 100 100
Heating section 2 72 14 14 1.10823802 1.108238 1.10824 Err:502 Err:502 92.55865 #DIV/0!
Holding section 72 72 18 18 40.9652267 40.96523 42.0735 Err:502 Err:502 5.309413 #DIV/0!
Cooling section 72 12 12 12 1.10823802 1.108238 43.18 Err:502 Err:502 4.9143 #DIV/0!
Stage 4 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 5 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 6 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 7 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 8 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 9 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 10 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 11 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 12 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Stage 13 of heat exchanger 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!
Results: 44 44 43.1817 Err:502 Err:502 4.914321 #DIV/0!

Conclusion 2b)
The (corrected) Total F, received by the milk after leaving the cooling section, calculated by
Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls is:
F5.670 = 43.2 seconds = 0.72 minutes at reference temp. 70 oC and z = 5.6 oC.
(see fat red figure at row Cooling section, column (Corrected) total F value for this and ...)
The retention of Alkaline phosphatase in the milk, after leaving the cooling section, calculated by
Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls, is 4.9% (= % alkaline phosphatase retained in milk after the pasteurization).
(see fat red figure at row Cooling section, column Retention Alkaline phosphatase [%] ).

Answer 2c)
Fig. 6: Calculation results 2a (addition of lethalities) and 2b (Build Heat-Exchanger.xls)
compared:
By using Lethality tables By Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls
(addition of lethalities; see 2a) (see answer 2b)
Calculated F5.670 [min.] 0.73 min. 0.72 min
Alkaline phosphatase in milk
after the pasteurization [%] 4.6 % 4.9%

Conclusion 2c)
Both methods, addition of lethalities and Build-Heat-Exchanger.xls, result in almost identical
calculated received F values, and in calculated nutrient/enzyme retentions that are not far apart.

References:
BUILD-HEAT-EXCHANGER.xls: Calculation of the F-value, microbial spoilage rate, % nutrient retention,
Biological index B*, Chemical index C*, received by a liquid food in a (plate) heat exchanger;
or calculation of the food’s required residence time in the holding section.
Down-loadable from www.Academia.edu and www.Researchgate.net.

Build-Heat-Exchanger: Help File with Explanations, Worked Examples, Validation, and Mathematics
behind a Tool to Assess the Performance of Heat Exchangers.pdf.
Down-loadable from www.Academia.edu and www.Researchgate.net.
F SPOIL.xls: Calculation of F value, Microbial Spoilage Rate, and Nutrient Retention,
from Time Temperature Data, by Addition of Lethalities.
Down-loadable from www.Academia.edu and www.Researchgate.net.

Heat Process Values F for several Commercial Sterilization and Pasteurization Processes:
Overview, Uses, and Restrictions.pdf
Down-loadable from www.Academia.edu and www.Researchgate.net.
lic spores, assuming a z = 10.5 oC. A process with B* total = 1 would be equivalent to 10.1 s at 135 oC.
bution correction)
by 3%, assuming a z value of 31.5 oC. A process with a C*total = 1 would be equivalent to 30.5 s at 135 oC.

rate by micro-oganism 1 and 2' are based on the fastest particle.

of the fluid in the heat exchanger.

rnational Dairy Journal 18 (2008) 939-944

Retention B *, per s B * total B *, per s B * total C *, per s C * total
Nutrient C (adjusted) (adjusted)

[%]
100 0 0 0
#DIV/0! 9.04E-08 9.04E-08 9.04E-08 9.04E-08 0.000877 0.000877
#DIV/0! 1.78E-06 1.87E-06 1.78E-06 1.87E-06 0.005816 0.006693
#DIV/0! 9.04E-08 1.96E-06 9.04E-08 1.96E-06 0.000871 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 0 1.96E-06 0 1.96E-06 0 0.007564
#DIV/0! 1.96E-06 1.96E-06 0.007564
 Lethality Table
for any chosen reference temperature, and for any selected z value,
recorded at temperature intervals of 0.1 oC.
Februari 23, 2015; Version 1.2 Protected EXTENDED version j.w.mrouweler@freeler.nl

for z > 20 C
o
Janwillem Rouweler
Input:
yellow = type the required temperatures → Reference temp. = 121.1 ºC
blue = calculated lethality factor z value = 25 ºC
If z ≤ 20 oC: see tab "STAND
Lethality factor (LF) (blue) at a product temperature in column A, recalculated to reference temp.
So: 1 minute at the temperature in column A, is equivalent to the blue number of minutes at reference temp.
Example: 1 min. at 130.4 o
C causes the same microbial reduction as 2.36 min. at
Temp. → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
o
C↓ Lethality factors ↓
65 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
66 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
68 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
69 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
70 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
71 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
72 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
73 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
74 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
75 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
76 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
77 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
78 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
79 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
80 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
81 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
82 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
83 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
84 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
85 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
86 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
87 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05
88 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
89 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06
90 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
91 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07
92 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
93 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
94 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
95 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10
96 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11
97 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12
98 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13
99 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
100 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
101 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17
102 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
103 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
104 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22
105 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
106 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27
107 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
108 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32
109 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35
110 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38
111 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42
112 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46
113 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
114 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55
115 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.61
116 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.67
117 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.73
118 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.80
119 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88
120 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96
121 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06
122 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16
123 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27
124 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39
125 1.43 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.53
126 1.57 1.58 1.60 1.61 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.67
127 1.72 1.74 1.75 1.77 1.79 1.80 1.82 1.84
128 1.89 1.91 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2.00 2.01
129 2.07 2.09 2.11 2.13 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.21
130 2.27 2.29 2.31 2.33 2.36 2.38 2.40 2.42
131 2.49 2.51 2.54 2.56 2.58 2.61 2.63 2.65
132 2.73 2.75 2.78 2.81 2.83 2.86 2.88 2.91
133 2.99 3.02 3.05 3.08 3.10 3.13 3.16 3.19
134 3.28 3.31 3.34 3.37 3.40 3.44 3.47 3.50
135 3.60 3.63 3.66 3.70 3.73 3.77 3.80 3.84
136 3.94 3.98 4.02 4.06 4.09 4.13 4.17 4.21
137 4.33 4.37 4.41 4.45 4.49 4.53 4.57 4.61
138 4.74 4.79 4.83 4.88 4.92 4.97 5.01 5.06
139 5.20 5.25 5.30 5.35 5.40 5.45 5.50 5.55
140 5.70 5.75 5.81 5.86 5.92 5.97 6.03 6.08
141 6.25 6.31 6.37 6.43 6.49 6.55 6.61 6.67
142 6.85 6.92 6.98 7.05 7.11 7.18 7.24 7.31
143 7.52 7.59 7.66 7.73 7.80 7.87 7.94 8.02
144 8.24 8.32 8.39 8.47 8.55 8.63 8.71 8.79
145 9.04 9.12 9.20 9.29 9.38 9.46 9.55 9.64
146 9.91 10.00 10.09 10.19 10.28 10.38 10.47 10.57
147 10.86 10.96 11.07 11.17 11.27 11.38 11.48 11.59
148 11.91 12.02 12.13 12.25 12.36 12.47 12.59 12.71
149 13.06 13.18 13.30 13.43 13.55 13.68 13.80 13.93
150 14.32 14.45 14.59 14.72 14.86 15.00 15.14 15.28
151 15.70 15.85 16.00 16.14 16.29 16.44 16.60 16.75
152 17.22 17.38 17.54 17.70 17.86 18.03 18.20 18.37
153 18.88 19.05 19.23 19.41 19.59 19.77 19.95 20.14
154 20.70 20.89 21.09 21.28 21.48 21.68 21.88 22.08
155 22.70 22.91 23.12 23.33 23.55 23.77 23.99 24.21
156 24.89 25.12 25.35 25.59 25.82 26.06 26.30 26.55
157 27.29 27.54 27.80 28.05 28.31 28.58 28.84 29.11
158 29.92 30.20 30.48 30.76 31.05 31.33 31.62 31.92
159 32.81 33.11 33.42 33.73 34.04 34.36 34.67 34.99
160 35.97 36.31 36.64 36.98 37.33 37.67 38.02 38.37
161 39.45 39.81 40.18 40.55 40.93 41.30 41.69 42.07
162 43.25 43.65 44.06 44.46 44.87 45.29 45.71 46.13
163 47.42 47.86 48.31 48.75 49.20 49.66 50.12 50.58
164 52.00 52.48 52.97 53.46 53.95 54.45 54.95 55.46
165 57.02 57.54 58.08 58.61 59.16 59.70 60.26 60.81
166 62.52 63.10 63.68 64.27 64.86 65.46 66.07 66.68
167 68.55 69.18 69.82 70.47 71.12 71.78 72.44 73.11
168 75.16 75.86 76.56 77.27 77.98 78.70 79.43 80.17
169 82.41 83.18 83.95 84.72 85.51 86.30 87.10 87.90
170 90.36 91.20 92.04 92.90 93.76 94.62 95.50 96.38
171 99.08 100.00 100.93 101.86 102.80 103.75 104.71 105.68
172 108.64 109.65 110.66 111.69 112.72 113.76 114.82 115.88
173 119.12 120.23 121.34 122.46 123.59 124.74 125.89 127.06
174 130.62 131.83 133.05 134.28 135.52 136.77 138.04 139.32
175 143.22 144.54 145.88 147.23 148.59 149.97 151.36 152.76
176 157.04 158.49 159.96 161.44 162.93 164.44 165.96 167.49
177 172.19 173.78 175.39 177.01 178.65 180.30 181.97 183.65
178 188.80 190.55 192.31 194.09 195.88 197.70 199.53 201.37
179 207.01 208.93 210.86 212.81 214.78 216.77 218.78 220.80
180 226.99 229.09 231.21 233.35 235.50 237.68 239.88 242.10
181 248.89 251.19 253.51 255.86 258.23 260.62 263.03 265.46
182 272.90 275.42 277.97 280.54 283.14 285.76 288.40 291.07
183 299.23 302.00 304.79 307.61 310.46 313.33 316.23 319.15
184 328.10 331.13 334.20 337.29 340.41 343.56 346.74 349.95
185 359.75 363.08 366.44 369.83 373.25 376.70 380.19 383.71
186 394.46 398.11 401.79 405.51 409.26 413.05 416.87 420.73
187 432.51 436.52 440.55 444.63 448.75 452.90 457.09 461.32
188 474.24 478.63 483.06 487.53 492.04 496.59 501.19 505.82
189 520.00 524.81 529.66 534.56 539.51 544.50 549.54 554.63
190 570.16 575.44 580.76 586.14 591.56 597.04 602.56 608.14
191 625.17 630.96 636.80 642.69 648.63 654.64 660.69 666.81
192 685.49 691.83 698.23 704.69 711.21 717.79 724.44 731.14
193 751.62 758.58 765.60 772.68 779.83 787.05 794.33 801.68
194 824.14 831.76 839.46 847.23 855.07 862.98 870.96 879.02
195 903.65 912.01 920.45 928.97 937.56 946.24 954.99 963.83
196 990.83 1000.00 1009.25 1018.59 1028.02 1037.53 1047.13 1056.82
197 1086.43 1096.48 1106.62 1116.86 1127.20 1137.63 1148.15 1158.78
198 1191.24 1202.26 1213.39 1224.62 1235.95 1247.38 1258.93 1270.57
199 1306.17 1318.26 1330.45 1342.76 1355.19 1367.73 1380.38 1393.16
200 1432.19 1445.44 1458.81 1472.31 1485.94 1499.68 1513.56 1527.57
201 1570.36 1584.89 1599.56 1614.36 1629.30 1644.37 1659.59 1674.94
202 1721.87 1737.80 1753.88 1770.11 1786.49 1803.02 1819.70 1836.54
203 1887.99 1905.46 1923.09 1940.89 1958.84 1976.97 1995.26 2013.72
204 2070.14 2089.30 2108.63 2128.14 2147.83 2167.70 2187.76 2208.00
205 2269.86 2290.87 2312.06 2333.46 2355.05 2376.84 2398.83 2421.03
206 2488.86 2511.89 2535.13 2558.59 2582.26 2606.15 2630.27 2654.61
207 2728.98 2754.23 2779.71 2805.43 2831.39 2857.59 2884.03 2910.72
208 2992.26 3019.95 3047.89 3076.10 3104.56 3133.29 3162.28 3191.54
 209 3280.95 3311.31 3341.95 3372.87 3404.08 3435.58 3467.37 3499.45
Temp ↑ Lethality factors ↑
o
C → 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

For worked examples: See tab STANDARD

lected z value,
C.
j.w.mrouweler@freeler.nl

Janwillem Rouweler

f z ≤ 20 oC: see tab "STANDARD"

121.1 o
C.
121.1 o
C.
121.1 o
C.
0.8 0.9

0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.03 0.03
0.03 0.03
0.03 0.03
0.04 0.04
0.04 0.04
0.04 0.04
0.05 0.05
0.05 0.05
0.06 0.06
0.06 0.06
0.07 0.07
0.07 0.07
0.08 0.08
0.09 0.09
0.10 0.10
0.11 0.11
0.12 0.12
0.13 0.13
0.14 0.14
0.15 0.16
 0.17 0.17
0.19 0.19
0.20 0.21
0.22 0.22
0.24 0.25
0.27 0.27
0.29 0.30
0.32 0.33
0.35 0.36
0.39 0.39
0.42 0.43
0.47 0.47
0.51 0.52
0.56 0.56
0.61 0.62
0.67 0.68
0.74 0.74
0.81 0.82
0.89 0.90
0.97 0.98
1.07 1.08
1.17 1.18
1.28 1.29
1.41 1.42
1.54 1.56
1.69 1.71
1.85 1.87
2.03 2.05
2.23 2.25
2.44 2.47
2.68 2.70
2.94 2.96
3.22 3.25
3.53 3.56
3.87 3.91
4.25 4.29
4.66 4.70
5.11 5.15
5.60 5.65
6.14 6.19
6.73 6.79
7.38 7.45
8.09 8.17
8.87 8.95
9.73 9.82
10.67 10.76
11.69 11.80
12.82 12.94
14.06 14.19
15.42 15.56
16.90 17.06
18.54 18.71
20.32 20.51
22.28 22.49
 24.43 24.66
26.79 27.04
29.38 29.65
32.21 32.51
35.32 35.65
38.73 39.08
42.46 42.85
46.56 46.99
51.05 51.52
55.98 56.49
61.38 61.94
67.30 67.92
73.79 74.47
80.91 81.66
88.72 89.54
97.27 98.17
106.66 107.65
116.95 118.03
128.23 129.42
140.60 141.91
154.17 155.60
169.04 170.61
185.35 187.07
203.24 205.12
222.84 224.91
244.34 246.60
267.92 270.40
293.76 296.48
322.11 325.09
353.18 356.45
387.26 390.84
424.62 428.55
465.59 469.89
510.50 515.23
559.76 564.94
613.76 619.44
672.98 679.20
737.90 744.73
809.10 816.58
887.16 895.36
972.75 981.75
1066.60 1076.47
1169.50 1180.32
1282.33 1294.20
1406.05 1419.06
1541.70 1555.97
1690.44 1706.08
1853.53 1870.68
2032.36 2051.16
2228.44 2249.05
2443.43 2466.04
2679.17 2703.96
2937.65 2964.83
3221.07 3250.87
3531.83 3564.51

0.8 0.9