Tuf-Strand SF SGSP Manual v206

The Euclid Chemical Company
version 2.1.1 © 2006
with specified steel reinforcement

conversion for non-structural slabs
and pre-cast concrete
Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Industrial Floor Specification

in accordance with Concrete Society Document TR34
SLAB ON GRADE SOFTWARE PROGRAM

with specified steel reinforcement conversion for
non-structural slabs and pre-cast concrete
Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Industrial Floor Specification

in accordance with Concrete Society Document TR34
© 2006 The Euclid Chemical Company

19218 Redwood Rd
Cleveland, OH
44110
Software Release Version 2.0.6

Manual Edition 2.1.1
Structural Synthetic Fibers
The Euclid Chemical Company, founded in

1910, is today a worldwide supplier of quality
products and services for the concrete and
masonry industry. Marketed under the EUCO
name, we offer a full line of admixtures,
repair and maintenance products based on
the latest technologies. We provide complete
specification assistance and laboratory
support as well as on-site service for guidance
and proper product usage. EUCO materials
are warehoused in over 200 locations across
the USA and Canada and are available world-
wide through international affiliates.
“demonstratively better”
www.euclidchemical.com
2
Table of Contents
1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................ 4
2 Software Description.............................................................................................................................................................. 5
3 TUF-STRAND SF Performance and Concrete Characterization...................................................................................... 6
4 Replacement of Specified Steel Reinforcement (Pre-Cast and Slab on Grade Concrete) ................................................ 7
4.1 Pre-Cast Concrete ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.2 Non-Structural Slab on Grade Concrete ...................................................................................................................... 9
4.3 Required Parameters & Units of Measurement.......................................................................................................... 11
4.3.1 Compressive Strength........................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3.2 Flexural strength................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3.3 Area of Steel per Unit Width................................................................................................................................ 13
4.3.4 Reinforcement Strength........................................................................................................................................ 14
4.3.5 Slab or Wall Thickness......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.4 TUF-STRAND SF Fiber Dosage............................................................................................................................... 14
5 Complete Slabs on Grade Program .................................................................................................................................... 16

5.1 Design Philosophy ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Required Parameters and Units of Measurement ....................................................................................................... 17
5.2.1 Loading Zone Information.................................................................................................................................... 18
5.2.2 Compressive and Flexural Strength...................................................................................................................... 19
5.2.3 Modulus of Elasticity ........................................................................................................................................... 19
5.2.4 Subgrade Modulus................................................................................................................................................ 19
5.2.5 Friction Coefficient .............................................................................................................................................. 20
5.2.6 Load and Dynamic Factor .................................................................................................................................... 20
5.2.7 Pour Conditions.................................................................................................................................................... 20
5.2.8 Slab Thickness...................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.2.9 Column and Contraction Joint Spacing ................................................................................................................ 21
5.3 Preliminary Calculations............................................................................................................................................ 22
5.3.1 Relative Slab Stiffness.......................................................................................................................................... 22
5.3.2 Shrinkage and Temperature Induced Stresses ...................................................................................................... 22
5.3.3 Load Sharing Factor ............................................................................................................................................. 24
5.3.4 Required Fiber Dosage ......................................................................................................................................... 25
5.4 Applied Loads............................................................................................................................................................ 26
5.4.1 Uniform Loads ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
5.4.2 Line Loads............................................................................................................................................................ 27
5.4.3 Point Loads........................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.4.3.1 Single Point Loads .......................................................................................................................................... 29
5.4.3.2 Two Point Loads ............................................................................................................................................. 30
5.4.3.3 Three Point Loads ........................................................................................................................................... 34
5.4.4 Lift Truck and Vehicle Loads............................................................................................................................... 36
5.4.4.1 Single Axle...................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.4.4.2 Single Axle Quad ............................................................................................................................................ 39
5.4.4.3 Dual Axle ........................................................................................................................................................ 40
5.4.4.4 Dual Axle Quad .............................................................................................................................................. 42
5.4.5 Rack-Post Loading ............................................................................................................................................... 44
5.4.5.1 Single Rack System......................................................................................................................................... 45
5.4.5.2 Back to Back Rack System ............................................................................................................................. 47
5.5 Software Results and Output ..................................................................................................................................... 49
6 Construction Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................... 51
APPENDIX A Fiber Dosage Worksheet for Slabs on Grade

APPENDIX B TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software License Agreement
3
1 Introduction
TUF-STRAND SF, available from the Euclid Chemical Company, is a
patented 50 mm (2 in.) long monofilament self-fibrillating synthetic macro-
fiber manufactured from a unique blend of high strength polymers. TUF-
STRAND SF fibers are used in concrete to improve its material properties
including: toughness (post-crack energy absorption), impact resistance,
fatigue resistance, and plastic shrinkage cracking resistance. The
exceptional bond strength of TUF-STRAND SF within the cement matrix is
the result of its unique ability to partially fibrillate upon mixing. After
mixing, each fiber is transformed into a fiber with fibrils at each end that
act as anchors, providing a bonding capacity that optimizes the material properties of each
filament and provides enhanced structural properties to concrete.
The Euclid Chemical Company currently markets TUF-STRAND SF to the pre-cast, shotcrete
and slab on grade concrete industry. With regard to reinforcing concrete and shotcrete, these
applications are particularly suited to the use of TUF-STRAND SF because plain concrete and
unreinforced slabs fail suddenly upon cracking, while TUF-STRAND SF fiber reinforced
concrete is able to sustain loads after matrix cracking. It is therefore important that the correct
design principles, which take the toughness (post-crack) behavior into account, be used.
When steel reinforcement has been specified in shotcrete, pre-cast or non-structural slab on grade
applications where the conventional reinforcing has been designed for temperature and shrinkage
reinforcing only, simple engineering principles can be used to determine the quantity of fibers,
based on standardized testing, required to attain similar performance to the specified steel
reinforcement.
In the case of slabs on grade with no steel reinforcement specified or when conventional
reinforcing has been provided to provide structural capacity to the slab system, an analysis
method that accounts for the post-crack strength of fiber reinforced concrete is required. Elastic
design methods, such as Westergaard, are not suitable, as they give no indication of the safety
built into the floor by adding TUF-STRAND SF fibers to the concrete. Therefore, the complete
design of slabs on grade, as discussed in this document, will be based on the yield line principle.
For more information on TUF-STRAND SF, other fiber reinforcing products and general
admixtures and construction products for the concrete industry, please contact the Euclid
Chemical Company at:
19218 Redwood Road

Cleveland, OH
44110
Tel: 800-321-7628
Fax: 216-481-7072
Web: www.euclidchemical.com
4
2 Software Description
The TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program is made up of three analysis modules.
The input parameters and calculation procedures for module one and two, slabs on grade (non-
structural) and pre-cast elements with specified steel reinforcement, is presented in Section 4.
Required information for these analyses include concrete compressive and flexural strength,
thickness of element, type and strength of conventional steel reinforcing (rebar / WWM) and
spacing of the reinforcing. The input parameters and calculation procedures for module three, the
complete design of slabs on grade based on applied loads, is presented in Section 5. This module
requires much more information, including the sub-base and concrete material characteristics,
proposed joint spacings, and all load information which may include the following: vehicle
loading, rack-post assemblies, uniformly distributed loads and line loads. A sample of the
required information for this module is found in Appendix A
Module 3 for complete

Modules 1 & 2 for analysis of slab on grade
replacement of design using loading and
specified conventional soil characteristics
reinforcement on non-
structural slabs on
grade and pre-cast,
thin-walled elements
This manual describes the rationale and process of calculation for determining appropriate TUF-
STRAND SF fiber dosages based on provided information to the software. Data analysis by The
Euclid Chemical Company, using the Software, and the preparation of any reports, does not
constitute, and is not intended to be, a substitute for analysis of the suitability and sufficiency of
the design, composition, and materials for the intended purpose by an architect or building
engineer. The software package represents a tool, using provided information from appropriate
sources, to determine an alternative means of reinforcement.
Installation of the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program may only be performed
after accepting all terms of the License Agreement included with the Introductory package. A
copy of this agreement can be found in Appendix B of this Manual. If this information is not
available, please contact your local Euclid Chemical Sales representative.
The TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program and the reports may not be used for any
other purpose than for making calculations with respect to TUF-STRAND SF fibers. All
copyrights and other intellectual property rights in the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade
Software Program and the reports produced are owned by Euclid, and no license or other right is
granted herein. The user may not sell, license, or transfer any interest in the TUF-STRAND SF
Slab on Grade Software Program, this manual or its reports. A series of construction
recommendations, in accordance with accepted documents published by ACI committees 544,
302 and 360 are included with each report.
5
3 TUF-STRAND SF Performance and Concrete Characterization
TUF-STRAND SF complies with ASTM C1116, Type III synthetic fibers for concrete
reinforcement. The fiber has been evaluated under various tests to validate its use as an
acceptable reinforcing element in concrete including impact, abrasion, freeze-thaw and salt
scaling. The material properties and equivalent flexural stress of TUF STRAND SF fiber
reinforced concrete has been tested according to widely accepted standards such as the JSCE-
SF4 (Japan) and ASTM C 1609 (USA)c. Note that the equivalent flexural stress of TUF-
STRAND SF reinforced concrete beams, up to a deflection of L/150 (L = Span between the
supports of the test beams), has been measured with a closed-loop center point deflection
controlled test machine as required in the ASTM Standard.
With respect to slab on grade construction, it is necessary to determine the post-crack response of
fiber reinforced concrete to determine the contribution of the fiber to resist crack opening and
thus transfer loading across a potential crack should one occur. This response will be dependent
on the ability of a fiber type to maintain integrity across a crack and provide a stable bridging
action. The performance of fiber reinforced concrete, independent of type, is characterized by the
term Re3, representing the percentage of the average post-crack stress to a specified deflection
limit to the first crack flexural stress of the concrete.
Fiber Type: TUF-STRAND SF
Subject: ASTM C78 and C1609 with combined Toughness Levels at 4 MPa
7 Tuf-Strand @ 6.9 kg/m (11.5 lbs/yd) Tuf-Strand @ 4.6 kg/m (7.8 lbs/yd)
6
5
Stress (MPa)
Level V
4
Level IV
3
2 Level III
Level II
1
Level I
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Deflection (mm)
Fiber Type Deflection Flexural Test Results Toughness

3 P 100,0.5 f 100,0.5 P 100,2.0 f 100,2.0 T 100,2.0 t x
kg/m @ 1st crack Strength Re3 JSCE Levels
3
(lbs/yd ) (mm) (MPa) kN MPa kN MPa J % (MPa) 4 MPa
4.6 (7.8) 0.047 7.0 10.2 2.9 11.7 3.3 22.4 46 3.22 III-IV
6.9 (11.5) 0.044 6.4 14.0 4.0 14.8 4.2 29.7 68 4.40 V
Results shown are taken from an average of three beam tests for specified mix design
t
- Japanese Society for Civil Engineering Standard SF-4
x
- Toughness Performance Level Approach (Dr. R Morgan)
Figure 1 Typical Load Deflection Curve of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
It may be necessary to conduct independent evaluations of the Re3 value as performance may
vary with individual mixture designs. For the purposes of this manual, a set of data representing
normal slab on grade concrete mixtures has been used with statistical deviations accounted for.
c
ASTM C1609 has replaced ASTM C1018 (Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete). This new standard
provides a method of calculating the post-crack response of fiber reinforced concrete, in similar methodology to the
previous stanradr, but simplifies the procedure and analysis of the provided data.
6
4 Replacement of Specified Steel Reinforcement (Pre-Cast and
Slab on Grade Concrete)
By using simple engineering principles for reinforced concrete design and utilizing the current
testing standards for fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), a comparison to the use of fibers versus
conventional welded wire fabric and light gauge reinforcing bars for pre-cast and slab on grade
concrete can be made. The theory for Modules 1 and 2 is presented in Sections 4.1 and 4.2.
4.1 Pre-Cast Concrete
Unsupported concrete elements of uniform

thickness, subjected to an applied load, can be
considered as wide shallow beams for the
purpose of design and analysis. In such bending
members, the reinforcing bars are generally
spaced uniformly over the whole cross section
allowing for an analysis to be performed over a
unit width section. For a given concrete
compressive strength, thickness, and depth to reinforcement, the maximum applied moment that
can be sustained by the section can be calculated. Manufactured concrete products that will fall
into this category may include septic tanks, manhole risers, tilt-up wall panels, burial vaults, etc.
Once the bending capacity of the steel reinforced section is established, it is then possible to
equate a fiber reinforced concrete solution that will provide the same strength (bending) capacity.
When determining the required dosage of TUF-STRAND SF to replace a specified steel
reinforcement configuration (WWM or bar), the applied loads and induced stresses are generally
not known but can be calculated. However, if the original reinforcement design was adequate,
then the alternative fiber dosage need only have equivalent performance in bending to be
considered an acceptable replacement. For most pre-cast units, the typical reinforcing
requirements are to safeguard against temperature and shrinkage cracks. Although synthetic
micro-fibers can safeguard against the formation of plastic shrinkage cracks, they cannot supply
the same tensile strength across a macro or visible crack should one form. In most pre-cast
elements, the primary function of welded wire mesh is for secondary reinforcing and to
safeguard against collapse if the structural capacity of the element is exceeded. The use of a
synthetic macro-fiber with equivalent bending capacity can be warranted providing that the
testing information and field references are made available to the engineer and producer.
Because the typical mode of failure for pre-cast concrete is

bending, a method of comparing the bending performance of
steel reinforced concrete to the bending resistance of a fiber
dosage for a single synthetic macro-fiber type must be
performed. It should be noted that not all fiber types will
provide the same performance at the same dosage rate and a
separate analysis for each fiber type should be performed. To
accomplish this comparison, an analytical solution for the FRC
7
alternative must be determined. This method of analysis for FRC is derived from the results of
testing performed according to ASTM C 1399 “Test Method for Obtaining Average Residual
Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete”(ARS). The ARS test method determines the post-crack
load carrying capacity of a fiber reinforced concrete and convert it to a bending stress. The ARS
test required that the load versus center point deflection plot be determined on a pre-cracked
beam sample. Because of the fact that the fibers that are bridging the crack are at varying depths,
the conventional analysis methods where the compressive force are equated to the sum of the
tensile forces, would be to complicated. Therefore, a procedure was developed using the results
of the ASTM C 1399 test method. The test procedure determines the average residual strength
of the fiber reinforced concrete beam up to a center point deflection 1.25 mm (0.05 in). This
value is then converted to an equivalent stress using the uncracked sectional properties. To
establish the required bending capacity of the conventionally reinforced section, the cracked
bending moment capacity can be determined using engineering equations that account for the
strength of concrete, grade of steel reinforcement, reinforcing spacing and location and element
thickness.
Equation 1 represents the maximum moment capacity of a reinforced concrete section, once the
flexural modulus of rupture of concrete has been reached, using an analysis of the rectangular
stress block and the contribution of the in-place steel reinforcing. The depth to reinforcing must
be known for an accurate solution to be determined.
⎛ a⎞ Eq. 1
Mr = φs As Fy ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
where:
φs = material safety factor for steel.
As = area of steel per unit cross sectional area (mm2/m).
Fy = yield strength of steel reinforcement (MPa).
d =depth to center of reinforcing from extreme face of concrete section (mm).
a = depth to neutral axis of concrete section (mm).
Equation 2 represents the converted stress capacity of the fiber reinforced section as measured by
the C1399 test. The moment capacity of the two formulae can then be equated and a stress-based
solution can be derivedd.
d
The two analyses (reinforced moment capacity versus ASTM C 1399) both present the same type of information
but what is important to realize is the relevant data that is contained within. It is the post-crack response that is
critical to the question of what dosage of synthetic macro-fiber to be used to replace steel reinforcing. To compare
the calculated moment capacity of the steel reinforced section to an FRC alternative, the calculated moment
requirement must be converted to a stress using the sectional properties of the concrete section. The specification of
an FRC alternative should also follow the same design philosophy as described in limit states design. That is, the
factored applied load shall be resisted by the factored member resistance. The test results should also have statistical
validity where a repeated number of tests have been performed, in varying concrete mixtures, to ensure confidence
in the expected performance.
8
⎛I⎞ Eq. 2
Mf = σ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ y⎠
where:
σ = stress capacity as measured from ASTM C1399 testing (MPa).
I = gross moment of inertia of full depth concrete section (mm4).
y = depth to centroid of section (mm).
4.2 Non-Structural Slab on Grade Concrete
The design of slabs on grade involves many factors that

cannot be summarized into short form, however, when the
design has determined that a certain concrete thickness is
adequate to resist all loading conditions applied to a slab on
grade system, it is possible to calculate a fiber dosage
directly from the specified temperature and shrinkage steel
reinforcement. This “non-structural” slab on grade system
usually incorporates light gauge rebar configurations and
welded wire fabric in the top half of the slab design. The
use of fibers in this type of slab on grade system can be, and have been, successfully
implemented to the point where a more durable and economical floor system has been achieved.
The use of a single layer of welded wire or light gauge conventional reinforcement in concrete
slabs on grade is usually limited to controlling shrinkage and temperature related cracking. This
reinforcing is normally placed at a depth of 1/3 of the slab thickness or 50mm (2”) from the top
of the slab which ever is the least. The sole purpose of the reinforcing is to counteract the tensile
forces induced by shrinkage and temperature variations. Therefore, this loading criterion can be
used in the evaluation of an equivalent FRC dosage for specified conventional reinforcing
configurations. Typically, the absolute minimum ratio of steel reinforcement in any direction to
the gross concrete area is 0.0010 (0.1%) for deformed bars or welded wire.
Shrinkage cracking will occur where the induced

tensile forces are greater than the tensile capacity
of the concrete in the slab system. In large slabs,
this can occur in many locations on the slab surface
and can be characterized by random visible cracks
along the surface of the concrete. When
determining the required fiber dosage to replace a
specified conventional reinforcing configuration,
and where the applied loads and induced drag
forces are not known, it is first assumed that the
specified wire or light gauge reinforcing bar design
was performed correctly with respect to shrinkage
9
stresses and induced subgrade drag stresses. The fiber type and dosage that will have an
equivalent post-crack tensile strength to the conventional reinforcing, and therefore be adequate
to resist the imposed tensile stresses, can then be specified.
Welded wire or light gauge reinforcing bars is commonly referred to as distributed steel in slabs
on grade. When relatively small amounts of steel area are specified in a slab on grade, the steel is
intended to hold together fracture faces when random cracking forms. Distributed steel does not
prevent cracking, compensate for poor subgrade preparation, or significantly increase load
carrying capacity of the slab on grade system. The traditional subgrade-drag formulation
provides for the determination of the amount of distributed steel needed to prevent large crack
widths. Once established, the cross sectional area of steel required can then be determined and
the direct tensile capacity of the steel can be calculated by simply using the known tensile
strength of the steel and the amount of steel area per unit width. Equations 3 and 4 represent the
formulae used to determine the required cross sectional area of steel and then the contribution of
that steel within the concrete slab element.
F Lw Eq. 3
As =
2 fs
⎛ φs A s F y ⎞ Eq. 4
fwwm = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ b d ⎠
where:
As = area of steel per unit cross sectional area (mm2/m).
F = coefficient of subgrade friction (based on subgrade properties, usually 1.5 – 2).
L = slab length between joints (m).
w = dead weight of the slab section (kg/m2).
fs = working stress of reinforcing; usually equal to 0.67 – 0.75 Fy (MPa).
fwwm = contribution of steel reinforcement in direct tension (MPa).
φs = material safety factor for steel.
Fy = yield strength of steel reinforcement (MPa).
b = unit width of concrete section (mm).
d = depth of concrete section (mm).
Although testing methods to evaluate the post-crack strength of FRC in direct tension are not
generally used, a probable post-crack tensile strength can be inferred from existing standardized
flexural testing data. In the analysis, it will be assumed that the percentage of the post-crack load
carrying capacity to the flexural modulus of rupture of concrete from flexural testing, according
to ASTM C 1609, Flexural Performance of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (using beam with third
point loading), divided by a factor of 1.5, will represent the post-crack direct tensile capacity of
the FRC at a given dosage. Equation 5 represents the contribution of the fiber reinforcing within
a concrete section undergoing the same direct tensile stress.
10
⎛ Re 3 ⎞ Eq. 5
1.5 × ffrc = fr ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
where:
ffrc = contribution of the fibers in direct tension across a potential crack opening (MPa).
fr = flexural strength of the concrete (MPa).
Re3 = Residual Strength Index (%) as determined from testing procedures in TR34 and
JSCE SF-4, determined from ASTM C1609 testing.
By equating the contribution of the steel reinforcing

(fwwm) and the fiber reinforcement (ffrc), a direct
relationship can be determined where a fiber dosage
can provide the same capacity as the conventionally
reinforced section provided that the reinforcement is
designed only to hold cracks together and will not
contribute to additional structural capacity of the
slab, which would be the case for more than one
layer of reinforcing bars or in cases where a
significant concentration of steel would be located in the lower third of the slab. For these
applications, please refer to Section 5, Complete Slabs On Grade Design.
4.3 Required Parameters & Units of Measurement
The required parameters for modules one and two (non-structural slabs and pre-cast concrete) are
identical and will be presented and described in detail in the following sections. For all input
parameters it is important that the units be selected before actual values are provided. Otherwise,
the program assumes the provided value is in the units selected and will convert the provided
value to the newly selected units, if the units are subsequently changed.
The units of measurement throughout the Slab on Grade

Software Program are interchangeable from SI to US
customary and may be defaulted at any time by selection
of either units button located to the right of the main
toolbar.
Upon selecting either Module 1 or 2, a window will be provided requiring all information to
properly calculate an appropriate TUF-STRAND SF dosage. This window also permits
information to be provided for future reference including Project Name, Location, special notes,
etc. The toolbar functions across the top menu work in similar fashion to other Windows based
applications (open, save, cut, paste, etc.).
11
Figure 2 Input Window for Replacement of Specified Steel Reinforcement
4.3.1 Compressive Strength
The compressive strength (f’c) can be evaluated according to ASTM C 39. Where required, input
the compressive strength of the concrete mixture. Using the drop menu to the right of the input
box, select the appropriate units of the compressive strength. The
accepted units of compressive strength are Megapascals (MPa) or
pounds per square inch (psi). Following the selection of the
appropriate units, the compressive strength can be provided in the
input box. The range of acceptable inputs is 10-100 MPa (1450 –
14500 psi).
4.3.2 Flexural strength
The flexural strength (f’r) can be evaluated according to ASTM C 78. Using the drop menu to the
right of the input box, select the appropriate units of the flexural strength .The accepted units of
flexural strength are Megapascals (MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi). Following the selection
of the appropriate units, the flexural strength can be provided to the input box.
12
If the flexural strength test results, or an anticipated flexural
strength of concrete is not available, the flexural strength can
be calculated based on the provided compressive strength, by
selecting the calculate button to the right of the flexural
strength input box.
The following conservative formulation is used in the conversion from a compression test results
to flexural strength as recommended by the Portland Cement Association.
f r = 0 .6 f C' (metric) f r = 7 . 25 f C' (US) Eq. 6
4.3.3 Area of Steel per Unit Width
The area of steel reinforcement to be replaced in a pre-cast or

slab on grade application can be determined from the element
specification or can be calculated using the built in area of
reinforcement calculator. The accepted units for As are mm2/m
or in2/ft.
If the As is not specified, but the type and spacing of the reinforcement is known, the As can be
calculated based on the diameter and spacing of the specified reinforcement using the built in
calculator button located to the right of the unit selection drop down menu. After selecting the
calculator button, the type of reinforcement must be selected from either welded wire mesh or
reinforcing bars. For each of these types
of reinforcement, a database of readily
available bar or wire sizes can be selected
using the appropriate drop menu. Once
the values have been provided, select the
“Calculate Area” button to determine the
actual value of As required for the fiber
dosage calculation.
If the specified reinforcement size is not listed, choose “other” from the drop down menu and
provide the diameter of the specified reinforcement in the bar or wire size input box. After the
bar or wire size has be provided, the spacing of the reinforcement must be provided in the bar
spacing input box. The units of reinforcement size and spacing, in the As calculator, are based on
the units selected in the unit selection box before the calculator button is pressed. If the wrong
units are shown in the bar size and spacing box, close the open window and select the
appropriate units in the As unit selection drop menu, repress the calculate button and repeat the
steps shown above.
13
4.3.4 Reinforcement Strength
The reinforcement strength (Ft) is determined from the

reinforcement specifications for the project. Using the drop
menu to the right of the input box, select the appropriate units
of the reinforcement strength . The accepted units of Ft are
MPa or psi. Following the selection of the appropriate units,
the reinforcement strength can be provided in the input box.
4.3.5 Slab or Wall Thickness
The slab or wall thickness (h) is determined from the

specification for the slab on grade or pre-cast wall thickness.
Using the drop menu to the right of the input box, select the
appropriate units of the slab thickness. The accepted units of h
are mm or in. Following the selection of the appropriate units,
the slab or wall thickness can be provided in the slab thickness
input box. In addition to the thickness of the section, the location
of the reinforcement is critical to the calculation of the required
fiber dosage. The location of the reinforcement is selected using
the slider tab shown below the slab thickness input box. The
location of the reinforcement can be selected by pointing at the
approximate location of the reinforcement in the simulated element block or by dragging the
pointer, from its default location at the top of the slab, to its specified location. A window will
automatically open when the pointer is selected and will indicate the location of the pointer with
respect to the top of the slab. The location of reinforcement will be rounded to the nearest 5mm
or 0.25inch.
4.4 TUF-STRAND SF Fiber Dosage
Upon completion of providing all required information to either the pre-

cast concrete or slab on grade module, a fiber dosage based on the theory
of Sections 4.1 and 4.2 can be determined. The fiber dosage is provided by
selecting the Find Dosage button located at the bottom and center of the
open window.
The resulting fiber dosage report includes all input parameters and the fiber dosage required to
provide equivalent performance to the specified reinforcement. The report can then be saved or
printed if required. The operator can also decide to move to the complete slab on grade program
(when using the slab on grade module), return to the previous input screen by selecting the go
back button or exit the program completely by selecting the exit button.
14
Figure 3 Report Window for Replacement of Specified Steel Reinforcement
As shown in Figure 3, the single fiber

dosage provided for the ‘non-structural’
slab on grade module will be based on
equivalent tensile strength to the specified
steel reinforcement. When the fiber
dosage for the pre-cast module is selected,
the dosage provided will contain two solutions, one for positive and one for negative bending
moment resistance. These two values are determined from alternating the depth to reinforcing to
simulate bending in two directions. The larger fiber dosage should be selected.
For additional recommendations

and information on proper
addition, mixing, placing and
finishing of TUF-STRAND SF
fiber reinforced concrete, please
contact your local Euclid
Chemical representative.
15
5 Complete Slabs on Grade Program
When reinforcing details are unavailable, or
when reinforcing specified for slabs on
grade is designed to work in conjunction
with a specified concrete thickness to resist
cracking (larger diameter bars in the lower
half of a slab system), then a more thorough
analysis of the complete slab system may be
warranted. The use of the TUF-STRAND SF
Slab on Grade Software Program will allow
the user to provide loading information, soil
and concrete characteristics and general information on a particular design to provide an
adequate TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage to satisfy the loading criteria proposed. It then becomes
possible to optimize the concrete thickness over varying fiber dosages to provide an economical
solution to the design of the slab system. A sample of the required information to proceed with
the Complete Slabs on Grade Program is found in Appendix A.
To run the Complete Slabs on Grade Program, select the right hand
button on the welcome screen after launching the Software
application.
5.1 Design Philosophy
Laboratory testing of full-scale concrete slabs on grade indicate that a typical concrete behaves
linear-elastically up to a proportional limit (FR) of the constituent concrete. As the elastic limit is
exceeded, the fiber reinforced concrete remains ductile, but the concrete modulus softens.
Redistribution of stress will occur in the slab, where the post-crack load carrying capacity of the
slab and the subgrade combine to sustain the applied load. The amount of load transferred to the
subgrade increases as the capacity of the slab decreases and as deflections occur in the slab.
Therefore, the first crack strength of the concrete, as used in the elastic design methods, is NOT a
valid ultimate load carrying capacity, because it fails to account for the post-crack behavior of
fiber reinforced concrete and for the redistribution of stress that occurs in typical slabs on grade.
The design philosophy employed in the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program is
limit states design. This general design method accounts for stresses encountered in typical
service conditions (serviceability limit state) and also ensures that the resistance is adequate to
resist a foreseeable overload (ultimate limit state).
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
In the serviceability limit state (SLS), the applied loads remain unfactored while the flexural
strength of the concrete is reduced to account for shrinkage and temperature induced stresses.
16
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
In the ultimate limit state (ULS), the applied loads and flexural resistance are factored to account
for variations in load and increases in stress associated with impact and fatigue loading.
5.2 Required Parameters and Units of Measurement
As discussed in Section 4.3, the units of measurement must be correct for each input parameter
in order for the Software to function properly. The units of measurement throughout the Slab on
Grade Software Program are interchangeable from SI to
US customary and may be defaulted at any time by
selection of either units button located to the right of the
main toolbar.
After selecting the complete Slab on Grade Software Program module, an opening screen will be
provided where the user can provide information related to the project (if available) including the
engineer of record, mix design, location, contact information, etc.
Figure 4 Project Information Window for Complete Slab on Grade Program
It is also permissible to personalize each file by

changing the “New Project” caption to a name
specific to the project under consideration. This
is performed by placing the cursor over the
dialog window directly beneath the main toolbar
17
and performing a ‘right click’ operation and selecting the “rename” option. These features work
in similar fashion to all windows based software applications.
5.2.1 Loading Zone Information
To proceed with the Complete Slab on Grade Program, select

the “Add New Loading Zone” button located on the left side,
beneath the file dialog window. The entire project should be
broken into various zones representing the type of loading and based on areas that are expected
to be cast using the same concrete, having a constant slab thickness, and exposed to similar
environmental conditions. The program will determine the most critical load case within the
selected zone and recommend a fiber dosage for the provided slab thickness. Each project can
accommodate many separate zones for a will provide a recommendation for each.
Upon selecting the “Add New Loading Zone” button, the right side of the open screen will
change and additional input parameters will be required. As described for the individual project
name, each loading zone can be identified by changing the name to a specific identification by
placing the cursor over the “Loading Zone” name in the left hand dialog window and selecting
the ‘rename’ option.
Figure 5 Loading Zone Information Window for Complete Slab on Grade Program
18
5.2.2 Compressive and Flexural Strength
As described in Section 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, the compressive strength (f’c) and flexural strength (f’r)
must be provided to the program in order to function properly. After selecting the appropriate
units, provide the required values of strength to the appropriate input boxes. If the flexural
strength is not known, a value may be calculated by selecting the calculator button to the right of
the input box. The range of acceptable inputs for compressive strength is 10-100 MPa (1450 –
14500 psi).
5.2.3 Modulus of Elasticity
The Modulus of Elasticity (E), which represents the stiffness of the concrete slab, can be
evaluated by ASTM C469. To provide the Modulus of Elasticity, first select the appropriate units
by using the drop menu to the right of the input box and type the value into the input box if the
value is known. The accepted units of E are Megapascals (MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).
If Modulus of Elasticity testing results are not available, the
value can be calculated based on the provided compressive
strength, by selecting the calculate button to the right of the
unit selection drop down menu. This calculation is provided by
the following approximate formulation.
E = 4500 f C' (MPa) E = 54000 f C' (psi) Eq. 7
The normal range for the Modulus of Elasticity in normal weight concrete is generally from
14000-41000 MPa (2-6 Million psi).
5.2.4 Subgrade Modulus
The subgrade modulus (k), which represents the stiffness of

the soil under the proposed slab, can be evaluated using
several test methods. To specify the subgrade modulus, select
the units being used from the drop menu to the
right of the input box and provide the value of
the subgrade modulus into the input box. The
accepted units of subgrade modulus are
Newtons per millimeter cube (N/mm3) or
pounds per cubic inch (pci).
If testing results are not available, the ‘k’ value

can be determined based on 12” or 30”plate
bearing values, CBR values, bearing values or
ASTM soil classification. The conversion from
one of these tests to an appropriate subgrade
modulus can be approximated by selecting the
19
icon to the right of the units drop menu. A new window will be provided where the user may
select the appropriate test method and approximate k value. The acceptable range for the
subgrade modulus within the software has been limited to 0.015-0.143 N/mm3 (5-600 pci).
5.2.5 Friction Coefficient
The subgrade friction coefficient may be user defined or can be

provided based on the type of subgrade on which the concrete slab is
to be placed. By selecting the friction coefficient drop menu, a
value, based on typical materials, can be selected by clicking on the
appropriate material type. The value may be defaulted from the
material type selected or provided manually. The friction coefficient
parameter is used in the calculation of the shrinkage induced stresses
on the slab, which affect the serviceability limit state calculations.
5.2.6 Load and Dynamic Factor
The load and dynamic factor values are located in the middle of the
Loading Zone window directly beneath the “Find Dosage” button. These
values are user defined and have been set to the default values of 1.2 and
1.4 respectively. The load and dynamic factors are applied to the
provided loads in the ultimate limit state calculation to account for
potential variability in the applied loads and as a magnifier to account for
impact loading. It is generally not recommended to change these values unless it is well
established that repetitive loading to the slab, such as vehicular traffic, will not be present; ie:
single, non-moving uniform loads; in which case, the dynamic factor may be reduced. If
potential overloads are expected, the load factor may be increased or the value of load applied to
the slab may be increased beyond the expected loading.
5.2.7 Pour Conditions
The expected slab exposure condition is

an important parameter in evaluating the
expected level of slab shrinkage and
shrinkage induced stresses. The evaluation
of shrinkage stress is based on the level of
strain within the slab, which has been
related to the average relative humidity
that the concrete is expected to be exposed
to during its service life. The user should
select the primary condition to which the slab will be exposed; interior or exterior. The software
will default to an average shrinkage strain as shown. To select any value other than the default
concrete strain, for interior or exterior conditions, move the slider to the expected average
20
relative humidity or select the concrete shrinkage strain (εsh). This value will be shown as the
slider is selected and moved.
The temperature difference (∆t) between the top and bottom of the concrete slab is also an
important parameter used to determine the level of stress within the concrete caused by
differential expansion between the top and bottom of a concrete slab. Select the appropriate units
for temperature and then provide the expected temperature differential to the input box. If no
units are selected, a default value, assigned by the software, will be assigned based on whether
the slab will be exposed to interior or exterior conditions.
5.2.8 Slab Thickness
The slab thickness (t) is a user defined value that initially

represents an approximate or expected slab thickness, which later
can be changed in the interactive process of determining the most
cost effective fiber dosage and slab thickness option. To specify a
slab thickness, select the correct units of measurement and provide a value of slab thickness in
the input box. The accepted units of slab thickness are millimeters (mm) or inches (in). The
acceptable range for slab thickness is limited to 25 - 500 mm (1 - 20 in).
5.2.9 Column and Contraction Joint Spacing
The column spacing is a user defined value that represents the

maximum column spacing within the selected loading zone if
applicable. To specify a column spacing, select the correct units of
measurement and provide a value of column spacing to the input
box. The accepted units of column spacing are meters (m) or feet
(ft). If the column joint spacing is less than the provided
contraction joint spacing, a message will be displayed when the
analysis is carried out indicating an error. This check is made to ensure the contraction joint
spacing is less than the column spacing. If no columns are present, such as for an exterior
pavement, provide a large value to the input box such as 10000 ft to prevent the error message
from being displayed.
The contraction joint spacing is a user defined value based on

typical spacing recommendations. To specify the contraction
joint spacing, select the correct units of measurement and
provide a value of joint spacing to the input box. The accepted
units of contraction joint spacing are meters (m) or feet (ft).
Prior to the fiber dosage analysis, the software checks to ensure
that the joint spacing will not exceed the maximum
recommended contraction joint spacing of 2.4 x t (where t =
slab thickness). It is permissible to exceed this value within the analysis, however, the a window
will appear advising the user that the joint spacing is beyond the recommended practice.
21
5.3 Preliminary Calculations
Prior to calculation of an appropriate TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage using applied loads, the
software will determine several preliminary values based on the provided zone information
related to the relative slab stiffness, shrinkage induced stresses, temperature induced stresses and
load sharing factors. These computations will be used to determine a minimum fiber dosage,
regardless of the applied loads to the slab.
5.3.1 Relative Slab Stiffness
For the purpose of analysis, the subgrade is considered to behave like a flexible bed where the
pressure (P), at a certain point, is proportional to the deformation (W) of the subgrade at that
same point. It is also assumed that the unloaded subgrade, adjacent to the applied load, is
unaffected by the applied load. The soil can therefore be characterized by a modulus of
subgrade reaction (k) which can be calculated as:
k = P/ W Eq. 8
The recommended method for determining this modulus is by plate loading tests. The values
used in the formula have been established with a loading plate of 750 mm (30 in.) diameter.
The value of k can also be calculated based on other load bearing tests such as 12” plate
bearing value, CBR values, bearing values, or ASTM soil classification.
To evaluate the stresses within a concrete slab due to the applied loads, the relative stiffness of
the concrete slab with respect to the subgrade (Lk), must be determined. The relative stiffness
of a resilient subgrade to concrete slab is calculated as:
D Eq. 9
Lk = 4
k
where:
E * 1000 * t 2
D=
6
E = Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)
t = Slab thickness (mm)
5.3.2 Shrinkage and Temperature Induced Stresses
The level of shrinkage stress produced in a concrete slab is related to the amount of shrinkage
that the concrete mixture experiences and the level of restraint to shrinkage provided by the
subbase. In addition to the frictional coefficient selected in the Loading Zone inputs, the slab
thickness (t), contraction joint spacing (Lj), and factor of relaxation (θr) are all required to
determine the level of shrinkage induced stress within the slab. Because shrinkage stresses are
caused by restrained shrinkage that only occur with contact to the subgrade, the level of stress
22
near the edge of a slab will be far less than in the center of the slab. The corner of a concrete slab
has very little contact length, therefore the level of shrinkage stress induced in the corner of a
slab is very small and can be neglected.
A restraint factor (ψ) is provided in Table 1. Using the ratio of contraction joint spacing (Lj) to
slab thickness (t) and the frictional coefficient (µ), a restraint factor is provided.
Table 1 Restraint factor
Lj/t
µ 10 15 20 30 50 100
0.5 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.5 1
1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 1
1.5 0.15 0.3 0.45 0.75 1 1
2 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 1 1
The shrinkage stress induced in the center of the slab (σis) can be calculated as:
ψ E c ε sh Eq. 10
σ IS =
1+ θr
where:
ψ = Restraint Factor
Ec= Concrete Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)
εsh = Concrete Shrinkage Strain (%)
θr = Factor of Relaxation (Assumed = 5)
The shrinkage stress induced at the edge of the slab (σes) can be calculated as:
σ es = 0.5 σ is Eq. 11
The level of stress produced in a concrete slab due to temperature gradients is related to the
difference in temperature between the top and the bottom of the slab. A temperature differential
will result in deformation of the corner and edge of the slab and is referred to as slab curling.
This deformation causes stresses to occur in the corner and edge of the slab, while the center of
the slab experiences very little induced stresses. In addition to the temperature differential (∆t),
selected during the Loading Zone inputs, the Modulus of Elasticity of concrete (Ec) and factor of
relaxation (θro) are also required to determine the level of temperature induced stress within the
slab. The temperature induced stress at the edge of the slab (σeT) can be calculated as:
E c α ∆T Eq. 12
σ eT =
1 + θ ro
where:
θro = Factor of Relaxation of old concrete (Assumed = 2.0)
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete (Assumed = 10 x 10-6 mm/mm/0C)
23
The shrinkage stress induced at the corner of the slab (σcT) can be calculated as:
σ cT = 2 σ et Eq. 13
Therefore, the total induced shrinkage and temperature stresses in the slab is calculated as:
σcenter = σis Eq. 14

σcorner = σcT
σedge = σeT + σes
σser = max (σcenter, σcorner, σedge)
Within these serviceability calculations, the flexural strength is then reduced by the level of
stresses induced by the total induced temperature and shrinkage (critical serviceability stress).
5.3.3 Load Sharing Factor
Contraction joints are created in concrete slabs to accommodate shrinkage strains by providing a
relief point to artificially crack concrete in a straight and aesthetically pleasing form. Contraction
joints are typically sawn or hand toweled into the slab to a depth of no more than 1/3 of the slab
thickness, thereby providing the possibility of aggregate interlock and load sharing or transfer
with adjacent slabs sections if the level of shrinkage of the slab is below a contraction joint limit.
The following check is performed by the software to determine if the change in length (∆L(t)) is
greater than a provided contraction limit of 0.875mm.
∆L(t) = Lj *(0.0000072 x ∆T + ε sh ) Eq. 15
where:
Lj = Contraction Joint Spacing (mm)
∆T = Temperature differential (ºC)
ε sh = Shrinkage Strain (%)
If the change in length is greater than 0.875 mm, then all of the applied load will be placed on a
slab section within the limits of the contraction joint spacings. For this case, the following factors
are used.
- Edge load factor = 1

- Corner load factor = 1
These values indicate that the entire load must be supported by the slab section within the
contraction joint spacing limits. These values will be used in formula presented in subsequent
sections for applied loading. If the change in slab length is less than 0.875mm, then the slab will
be assumed to be capable of transferring 20% of the applied load to adjacent slab sections. In the
case of loading applied to the corner of a slab, it will be assumed that 60% of the applied load
24
will be transferred to the three adjacent slabs sections (20% each). Therefore, the following load
factors are applied to loads for both the serviceability and ultimate limit state design.
- Edge load factor = 1.0-0.2 = 0.8

- Corner load factor = 1.0-(0.2 x 3) =0.4
5.3.4 Required Fiber Dosage
In some cases, the applied loads will not induce sufficient stresses to cause cracking in mature
concrete slabs. However, when combined with shrinkage induced stresses, the level of stress may
exceed the tensile strength of the concrete. In typical concrete slabs, shrinkage cracking is
resisted by conventional steel reinforcement or fibers. The minimum quantity of fibers required
to resist the combination of temperature and shrinkage induced stresses is based on the maximum
of the edge, center and corner stresses. The combined edge stress (σe), center stress (σce ) and
corner stress (σc) are shown in Eq. 16.
σe = σes + σeT Eq. 16

σce = σis
σc = σcT
The residual strength (Re3) required to resist the induced stresses is calculated using the
maximum of the edge stresses (σe), center stress (σce ) or corner stress (σc) and is calculated as:
Re3 = 100 x max (σe, σce ,σc) / fr Eq. 17
where:
fr = flexural strength of the concrete (MPa).
Using the calculated Re3, the fiber dosage is determined from the point of intersection on a
statistically valid and representative curve of Fiber Dosage versus Re3 where the data is provided
from testing according to ASTM C1609. A modification factor of 1.2, as shown, is applied to
account for statistical variations in concrete mixture designs. From these tests, a representative
equation of fiber dosage is presented as:
TUF-STRAND SF dosage = 1.1853e(0.0239 x (Re3 x 1.2)) Eq. 18
This equation is used for all subsequent load case calculations within the Manual. In addition to
the above calculation a minimum fiber dosage of 1.8 kg/m3 (3.0 lbs/yd) is also implemented into
the equation. This limit has been established based on test results showing that this fiber dosage
is approximately equivalent to a conventional reinforcement ratio of 0.1%, commonly specified
as a lower threshold for reinforced design of pre-cast concrete and slab on grade applications.
25
5.4 Applied Loads
Following the completion of the required parameters section, the

applied loadings may be provided by selecting the type of applied
load from the five loading types (uniform load, line load, lift truck
load, vehicle load, rack post loads), shown on the left of the software
screen, below the main file dialog window. These loading selection
buttons will only be available after the “Add New Loading Zone”
button has been selected.
For each Loading Zone, Applied Load types may be

added more than once. Individual names for each
type of load may be customized by placing the
cursor over the dialog window directly beneath the
main toolbar and performing a ‘right click’ operation
and selecting the “rename” option after adding the
desired loading type. If no personalized captions are
provided, the software will default to the load
category and assign numerical values for each
repetitive Applied Load (ie: Vehicle Load #1, #2,
#3, etc.).
Upon providing all required loading information to the appropriate loading input boxes, the
software will detemine the required fiber dosage to resist the applied stresses to the slab. These
dosages will correspond to a series of load cases, representing the most critical, and required
fiber dosage to satisfy the loading conditions. The formulas presented are based on the Yield
Line Theory.
5.4.1 Uniform Loads
Palletized storage or bulk storage can be classified as uniform loading

(qu) and is defined by the applied pressure in MPa, kilopascals (KPa),
pascals (Pa), pounds per square foot (psf) or pounds per square inch
(psi) imparted to the slab system. After selecting the “Uniform Load”
button, an input screen will appear directly below the required
parameters input area. Using the drop menu to the right of the input
box, select the appropriate units and then provide the value of the
Uniform Load to the input box.
Uniform Loads are checked for both Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) load cases. A critical fiber
dosage for the ULS and SLS load case is calculated based on the
input parameters and is presented in the result report with an
associated load case number. The ULS required fiber dosage is
represented by Load Case 1 and the SLS required fiber dosage is
represented by Load Case 2.
26
The SLS and ULS required fiber dosages are based on the same calculation with only the applied
load and flexural strength made variable. The required residual strength necessary to be provided
by TUF-STRAND SF for uniformly distributed loaded slabs is calculated as:
⎡ ⎡⎛ 1.008 ∗ qu ⎞ ⎤ ⎤ Eq. 19
⎢ ⎢⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ∗ 2⎥ ⎥
⎝ λ *t ⎠ ⎦ ⎥
Re3 (1,2) = 100 * ⎢ ⎣ −1
⎢ fr ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
where:
k k
λ=4 =
4 EI 4 ⎛ t3 ⎞
4 * Ec * ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠

k = Subgrade modulus (MPa/mm3)
Ec= Concrete Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)
The flexural strength (fr) and applied load (qu) used in the above formulation for the ULS and
SLS calculations are determined as:
Ultimate Limit State (Load Case 1)
fru = (fr ) /1.5

qu’ = qu x Load factor x Dynamic factor
Serviceability Limit State (Load Case 2)
frs = fr - σser
qu = qu
The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required to resist the applied uniform load is determined
based on the maximum required residual strength of Re3 (1) and Re3 (2).
5.4.2 Line Loads
Line loads such as masonry walls, are defined as the applied

load per unit length (Newtons per meter (N/m) or pounds per
inch (lb/in)) with the width of the applied load in mm or in.
After selecting the “Line Load” button, an input screen will
appear directly below the required parameters input area.
Using the drop menu to the right of the input boxes, select the
appropriate units and then provide the value of the Line Load
and width of loading to the input boxes.
27
In addition to the applied line load
it is necessary to determine if the
loading will be located near a
corner or along an edge of a slab
or contraction joint. Selecting the
Corner/Edge Check box will result
in additional calculations being
performed to determine the fiber dosage required to resist the applied line load if the load is
applied near an edge or along a joint of a slab. If the location of the loading is unknown, it is
prudent to select the Corner/Edge Check as it will provide a conservative fiber dosage.
A critical fiber dosage for the ULS and SLS load case is calculated based on the input parameters
and is presented in the result report with an associated load case number. The ULS required
fiber dosage for Line Loads is represented by Load Cases 1 and 2. The SLS required fiber dosage
is represented by Load Cases 3 and 4.
Using the provided slab thickness, the ULS and SLS requirements are based on the same
calculation with only the applied load and flexural strength changing. The required residual
strength necessary to be provided by TUF-STRAND SF for a line load, applied away from the
edge of a slab, is calculated as:
⎛ ⎛ 4 * Pl (0.39 Lk − 0.13w) ⎞ ⎞ Eq. 20

Re 3 (1,3) = 100⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ − 1⎟
⎟
⎝⎝ t * f r ⎠ ⎠
The required residual strength for a line load, applied near the edge of a slab, is calculated as:
⎛ ⎛ 2.7 * Lk * Pl ⎞ ⎞ Eq. 21
Re 3 (2,4) = 100 * ⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ − 1⎟
⎟
⎝⎝ t * fr ⎠ ⎠
where:
Lk = Relative Slab Stiffness (Resilient subgrade)

w = Width of the applied load (mm)
The flexural strength (fr) and applied loads (Pl) used in the above formulations for the ULS and
SLS calculations are determined as:
Ultimate Limit State
fru = (fr ) /1.5

Pl’ = Pl x Load factor x Dynamic factor
28
Serviceability Limit State
frs = fr - σser
Pl = Pl
The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required to resist the applied uniform load is calculated
based on the maximum residual strength of Re3 (1), Re3 (2), Re3 (3) and Re3 (4).
5.4.3 Point Loads
Point loads on slabs on grade can be in the form of wheel loadings and rack-post assemblies. The
analysis procedure for complicated load patterns, such as rack-post loads and 4 wheel tire loads,
require the combination of individual loads applied into all possible load combinations on a slab.
These combinations include load patterns along the edge of a slab, perpendicular to an edge,
parallel to an edge, along an edge and adjacent to a corner, at a corner and in the interior of a
slab, etc. It is necessary to describe each of these load combinations with respect to the analysis
procedure for the forklift traffic, vehicular loads and rack-post assemblies..
5.4.3.1 Single Point Loads
For load cases evaluated in the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program, only two
types of point loads are considered to be applied to a slab system - wheel loads and post loads.
The software converts the applied point loads over a contact area with a contact radius (ar) to
determine the amount of stress generated in the slab.
The residual strengths required to resist a point load applied to the center, edge and corner of a
slab, shown in Figure 6 , are calculated using Eq. 22, Eq. 23 and Eq. 24, respectively.
P P
Slab edge/contraction joint Slab edge/contraction joint Slab edge/contraction joint
Figure 6 Point load applied to the center, edge, and corner of a slab.
29
-Center of Slab
⎡ ⎤ Eq. 22
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Po ⎥
Re 3 = 100 * ⎢ − 1⎥
⎢ ⎡⎛⎜ ⎛⎜ 2 a r ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟ ⎡ f r t ⎤ ⎤ ⎥
2
6 1 +
⎢ ⎢⎜ ⎜ L ⎟ ⎟ ⎢ 6 ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
*
⎣ ⎢⎣⎝ ⎝ k ⎠ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎦
-Edge of Slab
⎡ ⎤ Eq. 23
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Poe ⎥
Re 3 = 100 * ⎢ − 1⎥
⎢ ⎡⎛⎜ ⎛⎜ 3 a r ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟ ⎡ f r t ⎤ ⎤ ⎥
2
⎢ 3.5 ⎢ 1 +
⎜ ⎜ L ⎟ ⎟ ⎢ 6 ⎥⎥ ⎥
*
⎢
⎣ ⎣⎝ ⎝ k ⎠ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎦
-Corner of Slab
⎡ ⎤ Eq. 24
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Poc ⎥
Re 3 = 100 * ⎢ − 1⎥
⎢ ⎡⎛⎜ ⎛⎜ 4 a r ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟ ⎡ f r t ⎤ ⎤ ⎥
2
2 1 +
⎢ ⎜ ⎜ L ⎟ ⎟ ⎢ 6 ⎥⎥ ⎥
⎢ *
⎣ ⎢⎣⎝ ⎝ k ⎠ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎦
where:
ar = Contact radius of the applied load (mm)

Lk = Relative slab stiffness (resilient subgrade)
fr = Flexural strength (MPa)
Po = Applied load to the center of the slab (N)
Poe = Applied load to the edge of a slab (N)
Poc = Applied load to the corner of a slab (N)
5.4.3.2 Two Point Loads
In many load cases, such as forklift and vehicular traffic loads, the applied loads are in form of
two individual loads applied at a specific spacing. The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required
to resist two point loads applied to the center, edge, and corner of a slab are calculated using the
following equations and tables.
Two applied loads can be converted to a single applied load over a new effective area with a new
effective contact diameter, as shown in Figure 7, using Table 2.
30
P/2 P/2 P
x
2ar 2ar
= ae
Figure 7 Schematic of Conversion from Two-Point Loads or an Effective Area.
Table 2 Moment for a Double Load Away from the Slab Edge According to Yield Line Theory.
Input
for x/2ar
2ar/Lk 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 10 16
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.20 0.20 0.30 0.35 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.27 1.43 1.60 1.70 1.80
0.40 0.40 0.63 0.75 0.98 1.20 1.34 1.48 1.61 1.75 1.90 1.93 1.97 2.00 2.00 2.00
0.60 0.60 0.94 1.18 1.43 1.68 1.76 1.85 1.94 2.03 2.15 2.18 2.20 2.23 2.23 2.23
0.80 0.80 1.25 1.60 1.88 2.15 2.19 2.23 2.26 2.30 2.40 2.42 2.43 2.45 2.45 2.45
1.00 1.00 1.53 1.93 2.15 2.38 2.41 2.45 2.49 2.53 2.63 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.65 2.65
1.20 1.20 1.80 2.25 2.43 2.60 2.64 2.68 2.71 2.75 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.85
1.40 1.40 2.08 2.53 2.66 2.80 2.84 2.88 2.91 2.95 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.05
1.60 1.60 2.35 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.04 3.08 3.11 3.15 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25
1.80 1.80 2.63 3.03 3.11 3.19 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.35 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45
2.00 2.00 2.90 3.25 3.31 3.38 3.42 3.46 3.51 3.55 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
2.20 2.20 3.15 3.45 3.51 3.56 3.60 3.64 3.68 3.73 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83
2.40 2.40 3.40 3.65 3.70 3.75 3.79 3.83 3.86 3.90 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
2.60 2.60 3.63 3.88 3.93 3.98 4.01 4.04 4.07 4.10 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.18
2.80 2.80 3.85 4.10 4.15 4.20 4.23 4.25 4.28 4.30 4.35 4.35 4.35 4.35 4.35 4.35
3.00 3.00 4.08 4.30 4.35 4.40 4.43 4.45 4.48 4.50 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55
3.20 3.20 4.30 4.50 4.55 4.60 4.63 4.65 4.68 4.70 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75
Output ae/L
To determine the new effective diameter (ae), the value of 2ar/Lk and x/2ar must be determined.
Based on the preceding chart, the intersection of the two values is equal to ae/Lk. The new
effective diameter is calculated by multiplying the resulting ae/Lk by Lk. The software will
interpolate between the tabulated values to determine the precise ae.
p/2 p/2
x or s
Slab edge/contraction joint
Figure 8 Two loads applied to the center of a slab.
31
Using the newly calculated value for ae, the residual strength required to resist two point loads at
the center of a slab, as shown in Figure 8, is calculated as:
⎡ ⎤ Eq. 25
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Po ⎥
Re 3 = 100 * ⎢ − 1⎥
⎢ ⎡⎛⎜ ⎛⎜ 2 ae ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟ ⎡ f r t ⎤ ⎤ ⎥
2
6 1 +
⎢ ⎜ ⎜ L ⎟ ⎟ ⎢ 6 ⎥⎥ ⎥
⎢ *
⎣ ⎢⎣⎝ ⎝ k ⎠ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎦
where:
Po = Total applied load (Newtons)

ae = Effective contact diameter of the two applied loads (mm)
t = Slab Thickness (mm)
Po = Total applied load to the center of the slab (N)
The residual strength required to resist two point loads applied either in parallel or perpendicular
to the edge of a slab, as shown in Figure 9, is calculated using Eq. 26.
Slab edge/contraction joint Slab edge/contraction joint
p/2
p/2 p/2
y y
p/2
x x
Figure 9 Two Load Configurations for Two Point Loads Applied to the Edge of a Slab
⎡3 ⋅ z ⋅ P ⎤ Eq. 26
Re 3 = 100 ∗ ⎢ 2 o − 1⎥
⎣ h fr ⎦
where:

z = Moment capacity (N.mm)
Po = Total applied load (N)
32
To determine the moment capacity (z) of two loads placed parallel to the edge of a slab, as
shown in Figure 9 (left side), the value of y/Lk and x/y must be determined. Using the calculated
y/Lk and x/y, the moment capacity (z) can be determined using Table 3. The software will
interpolate between the tabulated values to determine the precise moment capacity.
Table 3 Parralel Loading Table
Input
for x/y
Y/Lk 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
0.5 0.190 0.170 0.160 0.150 0.140 0.130 0.120 0.115 0.110 0.100 0.090
1 0.180 0.130 0.110 0.095 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.053 0.045 0.040 0.035
1.5 0.180 0.120 0.090 0.076 0.062 0.051 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
2 0.180 0.111 0.075 0.060 0.045 0.036 0.027 0.024 0.020 0.020 0.020
2.5 0.180 0.100 0.068 0.052 0.036 0.028 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
3 0.180 0.090 0.060 0.045 0.030 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
3.5 0.180 0.080 0.050 0.038 0.025 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
Output z
To determine the moment capacity (z), of two loads placed perpendicular to the edge of a slab, as
shown in Figure 9 (right side), the value of y/Lk and y/x must be determined. Using the
calculated y/Lk and y/x, the moment capacity (z) can be determined using Table 4. The software
will interpolate between the tabulated values to determine the precise moment capacity.
Table 4 Perpendicular Loading Table
Input
for y/x
Y/Lk 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
0.25 0.263 0.256 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.238 0.235 0.230 0.225 0.221 0.218
0.5 0.175 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.130 0.125 0.120 0.110 0.100 0.093 0.085
0.75 0.150 0.138 0.125 0.114 0.103 0.096 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.063 0.040
1 0.125 0.113 0.100 0.088 0.075 0.068 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.030
1.25 0.118 0.103 0.088 0.075 0.063 0.053 0.043 0.033 0.030 0.030 0.030
1.5 0.110 0.093 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.038 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
1.75 0.100 0.084 0.068 0.052 0.037 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
2 0.090 0.075 0.060 0.044 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
2.25 0.085 0.068 0.050 0.032 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
2.5 0.080 0.060 0.040 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
2.75 0.078 0.056 0.035 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
3 0.075 0.053 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
Output z
33
The residual strength required to resist two full point loads applied to the corner of a slab, as
shown Figure 10, is calculated using Eq. 27.
P
s
Figure 10 Two Point Loads Applied to the Corner of a Slab.
⎡ ⎡ ⎛ S ⎞⎤ ⎤ Eq. 27
⎢ 3 * ⎢ Po + Po ∗ ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎝ 1.5 Lk ⎠⎥⎦ ⎥
Re3 = 100 ⎢ ⎣ − 1⎥
⎢ f ∗ t 2 ∗ ⎡⎢1 + ⎛⎜ 4 a r ⎞⎟⎤⎥ ⎥
⎢ r ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎢⎣ ⎝ Lk ⎠⎥⎦ ⎦
where:
ar = Contact radius of each applied load (mm)

Po = Applied Load (N) (at each load point)
5.4.3.3 Three Point Loads
In some load cases, such as rack systems, the applied loads (P) can be in the form of three loads
applied at a specific spacing (s). The residual strength required to resist three point loads applied
to the center of a concrete slab, away from the edge of a slab or a contraction joint, as shown in
Figure 11, is calculated using Eq. 28.
P P P
s s
Figure 11 Three Point Loads Applied to the Center of a Slab
34
⎡ ⎡ 2S ⎤ ⎤ Eq. 28
⎢ Po ⎢3 − ⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎣ 1.5Lk ⎦
Re 3 = 100 * − 1⎥
⎢ ⎡ 2ar ⎤ ⎥
⎢ f r * t 2 ⎢1 + ⎥ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎣ Lk ⎦ ⎥⎦
where:
Po = Applied Load (N)

S = Load spacing (mm)
The residual strength required to resist a three point load applied to the corner of a concrete slab,
as shown in Figure 12, is calculated using Eq. 29.
P
s
P
s
Figure 12 Three Point Loads Applied to the Corner of a Slab
⎡ ⎡ 2S ⎤ ⎤ Eq. 29
⎢ 3P ⎢3 − ⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎣ 1.5 Lk ⎦
Re 3 = 100 * − 1⎥
⎢ ⎡ 4 ar ⎤ ⎥
⎢ fr * t 2 ⎢1 + ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎣ Lk ⎦ ⎥⎦
where:

t = slab thickness (mm)
fr = flexural strength (MPa)
Po = Applied Load (N)
35
The residual strength required to resist a three point load applied parallel to the edge of a
concrete slab is calculated as:
⎡ ⎤ Eq. 30
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3Po ⎥
Re 3 = 100 * ⎢ − 1⎥
⎢ ⎡⎛ ⎛ 3 a e ⎞ ⎞ ⎡ f rp t ⎤ ⎤ ⎥
2
⎜ ⎟
⎢ 3.5⎢⎜1 + ⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟ ⎟ * ⎢ 6 ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎢⎣⎝ ⎝ k ⎠ ⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
where:
ae = Effective contact radius of the three applied loads (mm)

= ae1(ar at spacing of S) + ae2(ar at spacing of 2S) -ar
fr = Flexural Strength (MPa)
Po = Applied post load (N)
5.4.4 Lift Truck and Vehicle Loads
Traffic loading on warehouse floors and exterior pavements can be

provided to a slab system by various types of lift truck and vehicle
loadings. For the purposes of this manual, the explanation of the
calculation procedures for lift trucks and vehicles have been combined
into four categories: single axle, dual axle, single axle quad (four
wheels) and dual axle quad (8 wheels). Upon selecting the “Add New
Loading Zone” button, the users can specify whether the loading will
be provided by a lift truck or vehicle load.
In all cases for a forklift load, there is an option of defining the amount of swinging of the
applied load, which results in an uneven loading of the axle (the software will use the higher load
for the single wheel and apply this to the whole axle in the computation process). In addition to
the applied load it is necessary to determine if the loading will potentially traverse or cross a
corner or travel along an edge of a slab or contraction joint. Selecting the Corner/Edge Check
box will result in additional calculations being performed to determine the fiber dosage required
to resist the applied load if the load is applied near an edge or along a joint of a slab. In general,
the majority of lift truck and vehicle loads will require the Corner/Edge Check box to be selected
as these types of loads will most likely encounter this situation.
Lift truck and vehicle loads are checked for both Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability
Limit State (SLS) load cases. A critical fiber dosage for the ULS and SLS load case is calculated
based on the input parameters and is presented in the result report with an associated load case
number.
36
After selecting either the “Lift Truck Load” or “Vehicle Load” button, an input screen will
appear directly below the required parameters input area. Using the drop menus to the right of
any input box, select the appropriate units and then provide the required values of the loading
configurations to the input boxes (required information will include the axle configuration,
loading, tire pressure and dimension of loading points). Units of measurement for all lift truck
and vehicle axle loading (P) have been made available in formats of Newtons (N), pounds (lb),
kiloNewtons (kN), tonne, kips and ton.
To determine the appropriate stress and required residual strength necessary to be provided by
TUF-STRAND SF for the forklift and vehicle loads, a series of preliminary calculations are
performed prior to calculating the required Re3 value.
The contact radius for a single wheel load is calculated as:
P Eq. 31
ar =
πΓ
where:
ar = Contact radius (mm)

P = Applied load (N)
Γ = Contact Pressure (MPa)
Using the updated value for the contact radius and the wheel load configuration, the calculations
performed by the software are the same as described in Sections 5.4.3.1 through 5.4.3.3 for point
loading. The equations used are referenced in the following sections:
The flexural strength and applied loads used in the ULS and SLS load case calculations are
shown as follows:
fru = fr /1.5
P = Applied load x Load factor x Dynamic factor x Edge load factor x Swing factor (N)
frs = fr - σser
P = Applied load x Swing factor (N)
37
5.4.4.1 Single Axle
For a wheel load configuration with a single axle, 14

individual load cases are evaluated for various loading
patterns across a section of a slab. Load cases 1-7 are
calculated for the ULS and load cases 8-14 are calculated for
the SLS.
The critical fiber dosages for the ULS and SLS load cases
(maximum attained Re3 values) are presented in the results
report with the associated load case number.
The required residual strengths for lift truck and vehicle loads for both ULS and SLS load cases,
for a single wheel load (P/2) applied over a contact radius of ar, are determined as follows where
Re3 (x,y) is represented as the Re3 value for the ULS and SLS load case:
Re3(1,8) = single wheel load (P/2) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(2,9) = single wheel load (P/2) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(3,10) = single wheel load (P/2) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
To determine the impact that the adjacent wheel load (P/2) will have on the total loading
subjected to the slab system, the following load case is for the entire axle load (P) acting as a
modified single point load applied over a new contact diameter (ae1). This new effective diameter
is calculated using Table 2 and the following required residual strength is determined:
Re3 (4,11) = Axle load (P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
where:
ae1 = contact radius for modified area derived from two loads with contact radius ar.
The required residual strengths for the full axle load (P) acting over two point loads (P/2 each)
with contact radius ar are determined as follows:
Re3 (5,12) = Two wheel loads (P/2 each) applied parallel to a slab edge (Table 3, Eq. 26)
Re3 (6,13) = Two wheel loads (P/2 each) applied perpendicular to a slab edge (Table 4, Eq. 26)
Re3 (7,14) = Two wheel loads (P/2 each) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 27)
The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required to resist the single axle loading is calculated based
on the maximum residual strength of Re3 (1-14).
38
5.4.4.2 Single Axle Quad
For a wheel load configuration with a single axle quad (four

tires on one axle), 14 individual load cases are evaluated for
various loading patterns across a section of a slab. Load cases
1-7 are calculated for the ULS and load cases 8-14 are
calculated for the SLS. The critical fiber dosages for the ULS
and SLS load cases (maximum attained Re3 values) are
presented in the results report with the associated load case
number.
In order to calculate the required residual strength

necessary to support the loading on the slab, a conversion Sd
of the wheel configuration must be performed to convert
the four load point assembly to a two load point assembly S
S
and permit the use of the equations presented in Section
5.4.3 This procedure is performed by determining the new
effective diameter for two adjacent wheels, using Section
5.4.3.2 and Table 2. This process is used to convert the
single axle quad to a single axle load as illustrated.
The value of Sd, the distance between the center line of two
adjacent wheels at one end of an axle must be provided to the
appropriate input box located on right side of the main input area
after selecting the ‘single axle quad’ wheel configuration.
The required residual strengths for the ULS and SLS load cases, for the modified single wheel
load (P/2), applied over the new contact radius ae1, are determined as follows where Re3 (x,y) is
represented as the Re3 value for the ULS and SLS load case:
Re3(1,8) = modified single wheel load (P/2) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(2,9) = modified single wheel load (P/2) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(3,10) = modified single wheel load (P/2) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
where:
The following load case is for the entire axle load (P) acting as a single point load applied over a
new contact diameter by combining the two modified point loads described above. Using a new
effective diameter, ae2, and Table 2, the required residual strength is determined as:
39
The required residual strengths for the full axle load (P) acting over the two modified point loads
(P/2 each) with contact radius ae1 are determined as follows:
The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required to resist the single axle quad (modified single axle)
load is calculated based on the maximum residual strength of Re3 (1-14).
5.4.4.3 Dual Axle
For a wheel load configuration with a dual axle (two

individual axles with two load points on each axle), 30
individual load cases are evaluated for various loading
patterns across a section of a slab. Load cases 1-15 are
calculated for the ULS and load cases 16-30 are calculated for
the SLS. The critical fiber dosages for the ULS and SLS load
cases (maximum attained Re3 values) are presented in the
results report with the associated load case number.
The dimension Sa (distance between adjacent axles) must be

provided to the software in the appropriate input box to ensure
proper calculation of the required residual strengths. This input
box is located on the lower right side of the main input area after
selecting the ‘dual axle’ wheel configuration.
The initial calculations performed by the software will evaluate the required residual strength
based on a single axle with a single wheel load (P/2) applied over an effective radius (ar). These
requirements are determined as follows where Re3 (x,y) is represented as the Re3 value for the
ULS and SLS load case:
Re3(1,16) = single wheel load (P/2) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(2,17) = single wheel load (P/2) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(3,18) = single wheel load (P/2) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
To determine the impact that an adjacent axle will have on the total
loading subjected to a slab system, the following load case is based on
converting two single wheel loads (P/2) to a total load (P), applied Sa
over a new effective diameter (ae1), using Table 2. The minimum
value of the axle width (S) and axle spacing (Sa), as illustrated, is
used to determine ae1.
S
40
where:
The required residual strengths for load cases based on two wheel loads (P/2 each), with a
spacing equal to the minimum of the axle width (S) or axle spacing (Sa), each applied over the
contact radius ar are determined as follows:
The following 7 load cases represent

the conversion of the dual axle to a
single axle as illustrated. The spacing Max (S or Sa)
used in the conversion is the minimum Sa
of the axle width (S) and axle spacing
(Sa). The two resulting point loads are
applied to determine a new contact
S
diameter (ae1), derived from Table 2.
The required residual strengths for the converted loading (P) applied over the modified contact
diameter (ae1) are determined as follows:
Re3(8,23) = modified point load (P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(9,24) = modified point load (P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(10,25) = modified point load (P) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
The following load case is based on converting the two modified loads to a single load (2P),
applied over a new effective diameter (ae2), using Table 2. The maximum of the axle width (S)
and axle spacing (Sa) is used in to determine ae2.
Re3 (11,26) = Modified single point load (2P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
The required residual strengths for the following load cases, based on two modified wheel loads
(P each), with a spacing equal to the maximum of the axle width (S) and axle spacing (Sa), each
applied on a contact radius of ae1 are determined as follows:
Re3 (12,27) = Two point loads (P each) applied parallel to a slab edge (Table 3, Eq. 26)
Re3 (13,28) = Two point loads (P each) applied perpendicular to a slab edge (Table 4, Eq. 26)
Re3 (14,29) = Two point loads (P each) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 27)
41
Re3(15,30) = A single modified point load (2P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 24)
The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required to resist the dual axle load is calculated based on
the maximum residual strength of Re3 (1-30).
5.4.4.4 Dual Axle Quad
For a wheel load configuration with a dual axle quad (four

tires per axle with two adjacent axles), 30 individual load
cases are evaluated for various loading patterns across a
section of a slab. Load cases 1-15 are calculated for the ULS
and load cases 15-30 are calculated for the SLS. The critical
fiber dosages for the ULS and SLS load cases (maximum
attained Re3 values) are presented in the results report with the
associated load case number.
The equations used for the Dual Axle case are repeated for
the Dual Axle Quad with the exception of an initial
modification of converting each of the adjacent wheels on a Sd
single axle to a single point load with a new effective contact
radius (ae1), using Table 2 and the spacing Sd, as illustrated. S
S
The residual strength requirements, for the various load
cases, are determined as follows where Re3 (x,y) is
represented as the Re3 value for the ULS and SLS load case:
The required residual strengths for the ULS and SLS load cases, for the modified single wheel
load (P/2), applied over the new contact radius ae1, are determined as follows:
Re3(1,8) = modified single wheel load (P/2) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(2,9) = modified single wheel load (P/2) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(3,10) = modified single wheel load (P/2) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
where:
To determine the impact that an adjacent axle will have on the total loading subjected to a slab
system, the following load case is based on converting two modified single wheel loads (P/2) to
a total load (P), applied over a new effective diameter (ae2), using Table 2. The minimum value
of the axle width (S) and axle spacing (Sa), as illustrated, is used to determine ae2.
42
Sa
The required residual strengths for load cases based on two wheel loads
(P/2 each), with a spacing equal to the minimum of the axle width (S) or
axle spacing (Sa), each applied over the contact radius ae1 are determined
as follows: S
The following 7 load cases represent the

conversion of the dual axle to a single
axle as illustrated. The spacing used in Max (S or Sa)
the conversion is the minimum of the Sa
axle width (S) and axle spacing (Sa). The
two resulting point loads are applied to
determine a new contact diameter (ae2),
S
derived from Table 2.
The required residual strengths for the converted loading (P) applied over the modified contact
diameter (ae2) are determined as follows:
Re3(8,23) = modified point load (P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(9,24) = modified point load (P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(10,25) = modified point load (P) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
Re3 (11,26) = Modified single point load (2P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
The required residual strengths for the following load cases, based on two modified wheel loads
(P each), with a spacing equal to the maximum of the axle width (S) and axle spacing (Sa), each
applied on a contact radius of ae2 are determined as follows:
Re3 (12,27) = Two point loads (P each) applied parallel to a slab edge (Table 3, Eq. 26)
Re3 (13,28) = Two point loads (P each) applied perpendicular to a slab edge (Table 4, Eq. 26)
Re3 (14,29) = Two point loads (P each) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 27)
43
Re3(15,30) = A single modified point load (2P) applied to the corner of the slab (Eq. 24)
5.4.5 Rack-Post Loading
Loads cause by storage racks and post loading can take many
different forms. This software package has been developed to
evaluate the required residual strength for slab systems that have
loading applied through two different configurations only - single
post rack assemblies and dual post or back-to-back rack
assemblies. Upon selecting the “Add New Loading Zone” and
“Add Rack Post” buttons, the user can specify which type of
racking assembly will be present and provide all other required
parameters. The program assumes the worst case loading and will
assume that all posts are loaded equally.
After selecting the “Add Rack Post Load”, an input screen will appear
directly below the required parameters input area. Using the drop
menus to the right of any input box, select the appropriate units and
then provide the required values of the loading configurations to the
input boxes (required information will include the rack system,
loading, base plate dimensions and dimension of support legs). Units of measurement for all post
loading (P) have been made available in formats of Newtons (N), pounds (lb), kiloNewtons
(kN), tonne, kips and ton.
In addition to the applied load it is necessary to determine if the loading will potentially be
positioned along an edge of a slab or contraction joint. Selecting the Corner/Edge Check box will
result in additional calculations being performed to determine the fiber dosage required to resist
the applied load if the load is applied near an edge or along a joint of a slab.
To determine the appropriate stress and required residual strength necessary to be provided by
TUF-STRAND SF, a series of preliminary calculations are performed prior to calculating the
required Re3 value.
44
Using the rack post base plate dimension X and Y, the contact area is calculated as:
XY Eq. 32
ar =
π
where:
ar = Contact radius (mm)

X = Post base plate width >50mm (mm)
Y = Post base plate length >50mm (mm)
Using the new contact radius values and the post load values, the calculations performed by the
software are the same as described in Sections 5.4.3.1 through 5.4.3.3 for point loading and in
the same fashion to the calculations process for forklift and vehicle loads. The equations used are
referenced in the follow sections.
The flexural strength and applied loads used in the ULS and SLS calculations are shown below.
fru = fr /1.5
P = Applied load · Load factor · Dynamic factor · Edge load factor
frs = fr - σser
P = Applied load
5.4.5.1 Single Rack System
For the case of a single rack placed in any location on

a concrete slab on grade, the following calculations are
conducted using the converted values of contact radius
and post loads.
Load cases 1-14 are for ULS load cases and load cases
15-28 are for SLS load cases. All of the load cases are
checked and the critical fiber dosage, for the ULS and
SLS load cases, is presented in the result report with
the associated load case number.
The required residual strengths for a single rack-post assembly for both the ULS and SLS load
cases for a single post load (P) applied over an effective radius (ar), are determined as follows
where Re3 (x,y) is represented as the Re3 value for the ULS and SLS load case:
45
Re3(1,15) = single post load (P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(2,16) = single post load (P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(3,17) = single post load (P) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
To determine the impact that an adjacent post load will have on the total
loading subjected to the slab system, the following load case is based on W
converting two post loads to a modified single load (2P), applied over a
new effective diameter (ae1), using Table 2. The minimum value of W and
L, as illustrated, is used to determine ae1.
L
Re3 (4,18) = Two combined post loads (2P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
where:
The required residual strengths for load cases based on two single post loads (P each) with a
spacing equal to the minimum of the width (W) or length (L), each applied over the contact
radius ar are determined as follows:
Re3 (5,19) = Two post loads (P each) applied parallel to a slab edge (Table 3, Eq. 26)
Re3 (6,20) = Two post loads (P each) applied perpendicular to a slab edge (Table 4, Eq. 26)
Re3 (7,21) = Two post loads (P each) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 27)
The following load cases represent the

conversion of two adjacent post loads to a
single modified post as illustrated. The Max (W or L)
L
spacing used in the conversion is the
minimum of the aisle width (W) or length
(L). The resulting point load is applied over a
new contact diameter (ae1), derived from W
Table 2.
The required residual strengths for the converted load (2P) aplied over the modified contact
diamter (ae1) are determined as follows:
Re3(8,22) = single modified point load (2P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(9,23) = single modified point load (2P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(10,24) = single modified point load (2P) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
The following load cases are based on application of a line of three single post loads applied to
the slab. The spacing of the applied loads is provided by width (W) and each load is applied over
the contact area ar.
46
Re3 (11,25) = Three point loads (P each) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 28)
Re3 (12,26) = Three point loads (P each) applied parallel to a slab edge (Eq. 30)
Re3 (13,27) = Three point loads (P each) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 29)
L
In the following load case, four post loads are
converted to a single point load (4P) as W W
illustrated The resulting point load is applied
over a new contact diameter (ae2), derived from
Table 2.
Re3 (14,28) = Single modified point load (4P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
where:
ae2 = contact radius for modified area derived from two loads with contact radius ae1.
The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required to resist single rack load system is calculated based
on the maximum residual strength of Re3 (1-28).
5.4.5.2 Back-to-Back Rack System
For the case of a back-to-back rack placed in any

location on a concrete slab on grade, the following
calculations are conducted using the converted values
of contact radius and the post loads.
Load cases 1-14 are for ULS load cases and load cases
15-28 are for SLS load cases. All of the load cases are
checked and the critical fiber dosage, for the ULS and
SLS load cases, is presented in the result report with
the associated load case number.
The initial load cases evaluated are based on converting the two back- Z
to-back post loads to a modified single load (2P), as illustrated, applied
over a new effective diameter (ae1), derived from Table 2. The back-to-
back post spacing (Z) is used to determine ae1.
The required residual strengths for the modified rack post assembly for both the ULS and SLS
load cases for a single modified post load (2P) applied over an effective radius (ae1), are
determined as follows where Re3 (x,y) is represented as the Re3 value for the ULS and SLS load
case:
47
Re3(1,15) = single modified post load (2P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(2,16) = single modified post load (2P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(3,17) = single modified post load (2P) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
where:
To determine the impact that an adjacent post load

will have on the total loading subjected to the slab Z
system, the following load case is based on
converting two modified post loads to a modified W W
single load (4P), applied over a new effective
diameter (ae2), using Table 2. The back to back
post spacing (W) is used to determine ae2.
Re3 (4,18) = Two modified post loads (4P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
The required residual strengths for load cases based on two modified single post loads (2P each)
with a spacing equal to the width (W) applied over the contact radius ae1 are determined as
follows:
Re3 (5,19) = Two post loads (2P each) applied parallel to a slab edge (Table 3, Eq. 26)
Re3 (6,20) = Two post loads (2P each) applied perpendicular to a slab edge (Table 4, Eq. 26)
Re3 (7,21) = Two post loads (2P each) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 27)
The following load cases represent the conversion Z

of two back-to-back post loads to a single
modified post load and converted again to a new L L
modified point load using the rack spacing L, as
illustrated. The resulting load is applied over a
new contact diameter (ae2), derived from Table 2.
Re3(8,22) = single modified point load (4P) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 22)
Re3(9,23) = single modified point load (4P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
Re3(10,24) = single point modified load (4P) applied to the edge of a slab (Eq. 24)
where:
The following load cases are based on a line of three single modified post loads applied to the
slab. The spacing of the applied loads is provided by width (W) and each load is applied over the
contact area ae1.
48
Re3 (11,25) = Three modified point loads (2P each) applied to the center of a slab (Eq. 28)
Re3 (12,26) = Three modified point loads (2P each) applied parallel a slab edge (Eq. 30)
Re3 (13,27) = Three modified point loads (2P each) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 29)
L
In the following load case, four modified post
loads are converted to a single point load (8P), as
illustrated. The resulting point load is applied W W
over a new contact diameter (ae3), derived from
Table 2.
Re3 (14,28) = Single modified point load (8P) applied to the corner of a slab (Eq. 23)
where:
The TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage required to resist back-to-back rack load system is
calculated based on the maximum residual strength of Re3 (1-28).
5.5 Software Results and Output
Upon completion of providing all required parameters and applied loading

to the software program, an appropriate TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosage,
based on Yield Line Theory, will be determined by selecting the “Find
Dosage” button located at the top of the main input parameters screen and after the “Add New
Loading Zone” button has been selected and all load information provided.
Figure 13 Analysis Report for Complete Slabs On Grade
49
Scrolling to the bottom of the Report
Window will provide the user with the
final recommendation for the use of
TUF-STRAND SF for the slab on
grade application with the parameters
provided to the program. This
recommendation will provide the
minimum fiber dosage, as calculated
by shrinkage stresses, the minimum fiber dosage to support the SLS design and the minimum
fiber dosage to support the ULS design for all loading criteria entered. If more than one applied
loading scenario has been supplied to the program, the Critical Load will indicate which load
case and for what applied loading type the Overall Fiber Dosage will be based on. The dosages
provided are in kg/m3 and (lbs/yd).
The software will not permit fiber dosages to

exceed 6.9 kg/m3 (11.5 lbs/yd) for either the
SLS or ULS load cases and a message
displaying the term “Dosage above permissible
limit” will be displayed. While it is feasible to
introduce TUF-STRAND SF fiber dosages in excess of this value, it will most likely be more
economical to increase the slab thickness and produce a lower fiber dosage. Fiber dosages that
exceed 6.9 kg/m3 (11.5 lbs/yd) will also typically require significant changes to the concrete
mixture design (more cement or fine particles to increase paste content, higher volumes of
superplasticizer, etc) to improve the flow and finishing characteristics.
If the user is satisfied with the

information presented and no further
changes are required, the created file
may be saved to a writeable drive where a file name may be created and the file stored in a
directory of preference. All files will be prepared with an extension .euc and may be accessed for
future use. The user also has the option to print the analysis report if connection to a printer is
available or the user may return to the main parameters input screen to update any information.
When the ‘Save Report’ button is selected, two separate Microsoft Word files will be created –
the first being a disclaimer and liability statement from The Euclid Chemical Company on the
use of this software and TUF-STRAND SF along with the Construction Recommendations
presented in Section 6. The second file will be a single page containing the results of the analysis
as shown in Figure 13. These files can then be printed or incorporated into a final report for the
project under analysis.
50
6 Construction Recommendations
Some of the most important features for slab-on-ground construction are presented in the
following construction recommendations. This section will accompany each report prepared by
the Complete Slabs On Grade Program. (See industry guidelines, such as ACI 360, ACI 302, and
TR 345, for more comprehensive guidelines.) The following items should be specified in the
contract documents prepared by the engineer of record:
(By no means do these construction recommendations replace the general contract specification
or the experienced layman.)
1. Specifications - Standard Specifications for TUF-STRAND SF are available though a Euclid

Chemical Company representative.
2. Sub-grade - The sub-grade should be well drained and provide adequate and uniform load-
bearing support. Site preparation requirements, including proof-rolling, is very important
because the integrity of both the sub-grade and the slab will affect the performance of the slab-
on-ground. The sub-grade should be well compacted to the minimum required in-place density
noted in the specifications, and the base should be free of frost before the concrete placing begins
and be able to support construction traffic, such as loaded truck mixers.
Proof-rolling can be an excellent method to determine if the sub-grade can provide a uniformly
stable and adequate bearing support during and after construction. Proof-rolling, observed by the
owner’s representative, can be accomplished by making multiple passes using a pre-established
grid pattern, with a loaded tandem axle dump truck, a loaded truck mixer, roller, or equivalent.
In any case, if rutting or pumping is evident at any time during the preparation of the sub-grade,
repairs should be made and proof rolling continued until surface depressions caused be proof
rolling are less than 12mm (½ inch) deep.
The tolerance of the sub-base thickness should follow the local standards or jobsite specifications
with a maximum tolerance of:
• +/- ½ inch for h <= 6 inches

• +/- 1 inch for h >= 16 inches
Linear interpolation between 6 inches and 16 inches for corresponding maximum tolerances may
be calculated.
3. Vapor Retarder - Proper moisture protection is important for any slab-on-ground where the
floor will be covered by tile, wood, carpet, impermeable floor coatings, (urethane, epoxy, or
acrylic terrazzo), or where the floor will be in contact with any moisture-sensitive equipment or
product. Many industrial warehoused or production facilities do not require a vapor retarder. It
is suggested that vapor retarders should not be installed unless conditions warrant their use.
If the use of a vapor retarder is warranted due to local conditions, it should be placed under a
minimum of 2 to 4 inches (50 – 100 mm) of granular fill, such as “crusher run” material.
51
Following compaction, the surface may be covered with a thin layer of fine-grade material to
reduce friction between the base material and the slab. The granular fill, as well as the fine-
graded material, should have a sufficient moisture content to be compactable, but still be dry
enough at the time of concrete placement to absorb excess water.
4. Proportioning - Mixture design proportions of TUF-STRAND SF fiber reinforced concrete

are similar to those of conventional concrete mixes. Recommended ranges of mixture
proportions are provided in industry standards such as ACI 544.1R. For high dosage rates,
greater than 4.6 kg/m3 (7.5 lbs/yd), the mixture design should be optimized to ensure adequate
workability and pumpability.
5. Aggregates - Aggregates should conform to industry standards such as ASTM C 33.

Combined aggregate gradations should conform to industry standards such as ACI 544.1R8. A
uniform gradation is necessary to produce a desirable matrix, while reducing water demand of
the concrete moisture and reducing the amount of cement paste required to properly coat the
aggregates and TUF-STRAND SF fibers.
6. Admixtures - Admixtures are commonly used with TUF-STRAND SF fiber reinforced

concrete to improve workability and finishability. If more than one type of admixture is used,
each should be batched separately and meet the requirements of local industry standards.
7. Batching considerations – TUF-STRAND SF fibers can be added to concrete at dosages

rates ranging from 1.8 kg/m3 (3.0 lbs/yd) to 11.5 kg/m3 (20 lbs/yd) depending upon the
application. Common applications for slabs on ground or floor systems range from 2.3 kg/m3
(3.8 lbs/yd) to 9.0 kg/m3 (11.5 lbs/yd) depending on the level of reinforcement required. For
cases where the concrete is to be placed by pump truck or required fiber dosages are higher than
4.6 kg/m3 (7.5 lbs/yd), slight modifications to the mixture design may be necessary to
accommodate for the increased surface area of the fibers. Contact your Euclid representative for
guidance.
8. Curing - Curing is vital to produce good flatwork. Wet burlap, plastic film and spray-applied
membranes may be considered as conditions warrant. Industry standards, such as ACI 302, are
available for more comprehensive information on curing.
9. Finishing - Conventional placement and finishing equipment and techniques can be used
when finishing fiber reinforced concrete. When a broom finish or floated finish is required, fiber
protrusions at the surface can be minimized by using a jitterbug prior to floating the surface.
10. Pumping - When fiber reinforced concrete must be pumped, special precautions should be
taken to ensure a delay-free concrete pour. Contact your local Euclid representative for more
information.
11. Saw-cut Joints - Saw cutting should conform to industry standards such as ACI 302. Both
conventional wet-cut and early-entry soft-cut saws may be used to saw-cut joints in TUF-
STRAND SF fiber reinforced concrete floors. The saw-cut depth using conventional wet-cut
blades should be a minimum of 1/4 to 1/3 of the slab depth. The saw-cut using the early-entry
52
saw should be a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm) and preferably, 1/4 to 1/3 of the slab depth if
practical.
Regardless of the process chosen, saw-cutting should be performed before the concrete starts to
cool, as soon as the concrete surface is firm enough not to be torn or damaged by the blade, and
before random-drying shrinkage cracks can form in the concrete slab. Shrinkage stresses start
building up in the concrete as its sets and cools. If sawing is unduly delayed, the concrete can
crack randomly before it is sawed.
Timing of early-entry soft-cut sawing is important. Cutting performed too early in the slab
curing process can result in pulling out of the aggregate and fibers. If this occurs, saw-cutting
should be delayed until the concrete has adequately cured.
The effectiveness of the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade

Software Program and any design note or other report
prepared through the use of the software, is dependent upon
the accuracy of the data on the desired composition and
performance characteristics of the concrete system (such as
correct loads and material factors), all of which is to be
provided by the user. Furthermore, the performance of TUF-
STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program is greatly
affected by sub-base characteristics, mixing of the fibers with
concrete according to Euclid specifications, timely curing of
the concrete, use of adequate curing components, and other
site and construction conditions. You are solely responsible
for, and you release Euclid from, any liability whatsoever for
any loss, cost, damage, claims, and liability that might result in
whole or in part either from erroneous or improper data and
information supplied by the user, or from the site and
construction conditions of the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on
Grade Software Program installation.
DATA ANALYSIS BY EUCLID USING THE TUF-STRAND SF

SLAB ON GRADE SOFTWARE PROGRAM AND THE
PREPARATION BY EUCLID OF THE REPORTS DOES NOT
CONSTITUTE, AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE, A
SUBSTITUTE FOR ANALYSIS OF THE SUITABILITY AND
SUFFICIENCY OF THE DESIGN, COMPOSITION, AND
MATERIALS FOR THE INTENDED PURPOSE BY AN
ARCHITECT OR BUILDING ENGINEER, OR FOR TESTING
OF SITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES.
This Manual has been prepared by The Euclid Chemical Company in cooperation with Atlantic Fiber Technologies.
All rights reserved - 2006.
53
Glossary and Useful Terms
Common Terms:
FRC Fiber Reinforced Concrete

SnFRC Synthetic Fiber Reinfocred Concrete
SFRC Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
MOR Modulus of Rupture or flexural strength of concrete

f’c compressive strength of concrete
f’r flexural strength of concrete
f’y tensile strength of steel
E Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
k Modulus of Subgrade Reaction of soil
Re3 Residual Strength Capacity (%)
Typical Dosage Rates:
Synthetic Micro-fibers (Fiberstrand) 0.5 - 2.0 lbs/yd3 0.3-1.5 kg/m3

Synthetic Macro-fibers (TUF-STRAND SF) 3-20 lbs/yd3 1.8-11.5 kg/m3
Steel Macro-fibers 20-100 lbs/yd3 15-60 kg/m3
Conversions:
1 kg/m3 = 1.686 lbs/yd

1 lb/yd = 0.593 kg/m3
1 cubic meter = 1.31 cubic yards

1 cubic yard = 0.764 cubic meters
1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet
1 millimeter = 0.04 in
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 meter = 3.28 ft
1 foot = 0.3048 m
1 kilogram = 2.204 lbs
1 pound = 0.454 kg
1 Newton = 0.102 kg
1 kilogram = 9.806 N
1 MPa = 145 psi

1 psi = 0.0068 MPa
54
APPENDIX A
Fiber Dosage Worksheet for Slabs on Grade
Project: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

Location: ____________________________________ Project #: _______________
Contacts: ____________________________________ Other: _______________
Input all available information where applicable - Please ensure to note whether units are metric or imperial.
1. Is the application a slab on grade or ground project? This worksheet is not valid for elevated decks,
pre-cast concrete, wall design and shotcrete applications. If answer is “YES”, proceed to Step 2.
2. What is the proposed design strength of the concrete? (ie: 4000 psi, 35 MPa) ____________
proposed slab thickness ____________ d

3. If available, what is the: t
depth to reinforcement ____________
4. If there is conventional reinforcement (WWM or steel), what is the type and spacing
ie: 4” x 4” W4.0 xW 4.0 or #3 @ 12” c.c. _____________________
If the depth to reinforcing is greater than half of the slab thickness, or if any of the following load information exists,
please continue with the worksheet. If the reinforcing is known, is in the top half of the slab, and the thickness has
been pre-determined, then use the slab conversion spreadsheet included in your TUF-STRAND SF package.
5. Will the slab be an INTERIOR or EXTERIOR Application? (circle one)
6. What is the soil Subgrade Modulus k value? (ie: 150 pci, 0.05 N/mm3) ____________
The proposed slab will be placed on: gravel base sand layer plastic sheet other _________________
proposed control joint spacing ____________

7. If available, what is the:
proposed column spacing ____________
estimated relative humidity ____________

8. If available, what is the:
temperature differential ____________
(between top and bottom of slab)
Proceed to Loading information on Page 2 PAGE 1

Where available, fill in the following load information.
If necessary, add additional information in the space below.
9. Uniformly Distributed Loads (pallet loads, equipment, boxes, etc.) - lbs/in2, kPa
10. Line Loads (walls, long racks, foundation connections, etc.) - lbs/in, N/mm P
Line Load Value, P _____________

With of Load, W _____________
W
11. Lift Truck Load Loads (forklifts, vehicle cranes, etc.) - lbs, kgs
Lift Axle Load, P _____________

Spacing of wheels on main axle, S _____________
tire pressure _____________ S
Can the load be varied along the forks (swing)? YES NO _____%
12. Vehicle Loads (vehicular traffic, trucks, etc.) - lbs, kgs
Single Axle Load, P _____________

Sa
Spacing of wheels on main axle, S _____________
If necessary, spacing for adjacent wheels, Sd _____________
If necessary, spacing for adjacent axles, Sa _____________ S
tire pressure _____________ Sd
13. Rack and Post Loads (Storage racks, etc) - lbs, kgs
y
Single Post Load, P _____________ x
Size of post base plate x=_____ y=_____

aisle
Length to next post along aisle width, W _____________

W
Depth to next post along aisle depth, L _____________
Distance to adjacent post for “back to back”, Z _____________
Z L
(if necessary)
14. FOR ALL LOAD CASES - Note if any potential load will be positioned near or over a potential joint.
WHEN COMPLETE, PLEASE CONTACT YOUR LOCAL EUCLID CHEMICAL SALES REPRESENTATIVE
PAGE 2
APPENDIX B
TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software
License Agreement
ATTENTION: THE TUF-STRAND SF SLAB ON GRADE SOFTWARE ( “THE SOFTWARE ”) AND ACCOMPANYING MANUAL
AND WRITTEN MATERIALS (“DOCUMENTATION”) ARE PROVIDED THROUGH THIS ANNUAL ROYALTY-FREE LICENSE,
SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SET FORTH BELOW INCLUDING CERTAIN WARRANTY AND REMEDY
EXCLUSIONS. THIS LICENSE IS GRANTED BY THE EUCLID CHEMICAL COMPANY, 19218 REDWOOD ROAD, CLEVELAND,
OH 44110.
IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THIS DOCUMENT CAREFULLY BEFORE INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE OR USING THE
DOCUMENTATION. INSTALLING, COPYING, OR OTHERWISE USING THIS SOFTWARE OR THE DOCUMENTATION
INDICATES YOUR ACKNOWLEDGMENT THAT YOU HAVE READ THIS LICENSE AND AGREE TO ITS TERMS. IF YOU DO
NOT AGREE WITH THE TERMS DESCRIBED HEREIN, DO NOT INSTALL THE TUF-STRAND SF SLAB ON GRADE
SOFTWARE PROGRAM AND RETURN THIS COPY AND THE DOCUMENTATION TO THE EUCLID CHEMICAL COMPANY.
GRANT OF LIMITED LICENSE TO USE:

The Euclid Chemical Company (Euclid) grants You (hereafter sometimes referred to as “You” or “Licensee”) a limited, revocable,
non-exclusive and non-transferable license to use the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software and Documentation (sometimes
collectively referred to as the “Software”) for the term of this Agreement and otherwise in accordance with the provisions of this
license. Copyright and all other rights to the Software, the Documentation and associated product(s) shall remain with Euclid and/or
its licensors, as applicable. EUCLID IS NOT IN THE BUSINESS OF MAINTAINING SOFTWARE OR PROVIDING SOFTWARE-
RELATED SERVICES AND THIS LICENSE IS PROVIDED SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS LISTED BELOW. Nothing in
this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to require Euclid to provide any Software upgrades or improvements.
You May:
• Install and use one copy of the Software on a single computer for the purpose of assisting You in determining appropriate
Tuf-Strand dosages for slab on grade applications, subject to the terms and conditions of this license. The Software is to
be used by only a single user at a time. If You wish others to use the Software or the Documentation, a written request
should be made directly to Euclid at the above address.
• Make one copy of the Software for back-up purposes only. You may not otherwise copy the Software or the
Documentation.
You May Not:

• Use the Software or the Documentation (or copies thereof): (i) to make calculations regarding, or otherwise in connection
with, any product other than Tuf-Strand SF, or (ii) for any purpose not expressly permitted by this Agreement.
• Redistribute, sell, or publish the Software or the Documentation, or any part thereof.
• Translate, reverse engineer, create derivative works based upon, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise reduce the
Software or the Documentation.
• Rent, lease, assign, transfer, or sublicense the Software or the Documentation, except upon express written consent from
Euclid.
• Modify the Software or the Documentation or merge all or any part of the Software with another software program.
• Publish any results or information obtained through use of the Software or the Documentation.
• Use or export the Software or Documentation in violation of any U.S. regulations or other applicable laws.
Use of the Software or the Documentation in any way other than as expressly permitted above is a violation of this License and will
result in automatic termination of this Agreement and all rights granted hereunder without notice. You acknowledge and agree that
any such unauthorized use of the Software or Documents (or threat to do so) will cause immediate and irreparable harm to Euclid
and shall entitle Euclid to injunctive relief, in addition to all other remedies available at law.
OWNERSHIP:
This license gives You, as Licensee, a limited, revocable, non-exclusive, non-transferable right to use the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on
Grade Software and Documentation, but only as expressly provided in this License Agreement. You do not own the Software,
Documentation or any associated products and Euclid and/or its licensors retain ownership of both, including all copies. All rights not
specifically granted in this Agreement, including American, Canadian and international copyrights, are reserved by Euclid and/or its
licensors. Nothing in this license is intended or shall be interpreted to grant or provide the Licensee with any rights, ownership or
interest of any kind in the intellectual property rights of Euclid. All trademarks, trade names, copyrights, patents and other
intellectual property rights of Euclid, either in the Software, the Documentation, the Tuf-Strand product or other products and
services of Euclid, remain in Euclid.
Licensee hereby assigns to Euclid all right, title and interest in and to any modifications or derivative works made to the Software or
the Documentation, whether or not such modifications or derivative works are permitted under this Agreement. Upon learning of
any unauthorized possession, use of or access to the Software or the Documentation, You agree to notify Euclid immediately,
including all details of such occurrence, and to provide reasonable assistance and cooperation in preventing any recurrence.
TERM AND TERMINATION
• This Agreement shall come into force and the license shall commence on the date of the installation of the TUF-STRAND
SF Slab on Grade Software Program. The license will terminate when You destroy the Software or the Documentation, or
You (or those acting on Your behalf) challenge the validity in whole, or in part, of Euclid’s intellectual property rights in the
Software, the Documentation or any associated products or services.
• In addition to the above, Euclid may, at any time without cause or for its convenience, terminate this license upon written
notice to Licensee. Euclid may also terminate this Licensee in accordance with any other provisions of this Agreement.
Licensee waives and releases any and all claims against Euclid arising from or relating to any termination of this License
Agreement by Euclid, including any claims for economic losses, or compensatory, consequential, punitive, special or other
damages.
Within thirty (30) days following the termination of this Agreement for any reason, You shall destroy all copies of the Software
and Documentation and provide written certification to Euclid signed by an authorized representative of Licensee, certifying the
destruction. Alternatively, and in lieu of destruction, Euclid may at its option at the time of termination demand in writing return
of the Software and Documentation and You as Licensee agree to comply with any such request within ten (10) days.
This Agreement will remain in effect until terminated as provided in this Agreement.
Disclaimer of Warranty and Limitation of Liability
• THE SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION ARE PROVIDED FREE OF CHARGE IN AN “AS IS” CONDITION AND
EUCLID DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING SUCH SOFTWARE OR DOCUMENTATION,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, OR OF NON-INFRINGEMENT. EUCLID DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE SOFTWARE WILL BE ERROR-
FREE OR WILL OPERATE WITHOUT INTERRUPTION. NO AFFIRMATION OF EUCLID, ITS REPRESENTATIVES OR
ANY THIRD PARTY, BY WORDS OR ACTION, SHALL CONSTITUTE A WARRANTY. LICENSEE ASSUMES ALL RISK
OF USE OF THE SOFTWARE AND THE DOCUMENTATION WITHOUT RECOURSE OR RIGHT OF CONTRIBUTION
AGAINST EUCLID, ITS AGENTS, EMPLOYEES, REPRESENTATIVES, DISTRIBUTORS OR AFFILIATED ENTITIES.
• IN NO EVENT WILL EUCLID (WHICH INCLUDES ITS OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, INSURERS
AND AFFILIATED ENTITIES) BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, COMPENSATORY,
CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL OR ANY OTHER DAMAGES, WHETHER FORSEEABLE OR UNFORESEEABLE,
ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT OR THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE
SOFTWARE OR THE DOCUMENTATION, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF USE OF THE SOFTWARE,
LOSS OF INCOME OR PROFIT, OR LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO ANY PROPERTY OR DATA (INCLUDING PROPERTY
OR DATA HANDLED OR PROCESSED THROUGH THE USE OF SOFTWARE) REGARDLESS OF THE BASIS FOR
ANY SUCH CLAIM.
• If applicable law requires any warranties with respect to the Software, all such warranties are limited in duration
to ninety (90) days from the date of delivery.
ADDITIONAL LICENSEE RESPONSBILITIES
• Project Conditions and Other Variables: The effectiveness of the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program
and any document prepared through the use of the Software, is dependent upon the accuracy of application and project
data such as the desired composition and performance characteristics of the concrete system including correct load and
material factor information, much of which is project or use-specific and all of which is to be obtained by the Licensee. It is
the sole responsibility of the Licensee to ensure that this information is accurate and complete. Furthermore, the
performance of TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software Program is affected by sub-base characteristics, proper mixing
of the TUF-STRAND SF fibers with concrete according to Euclid specifications, timely curing of the concrete, use of
adequate curing components, and other site and construction conditions. Accordingly, the Licensee is solely responsible
for, and releases Euclid from, any liability whatsoever for any losses, costs, damages, claims, and/or liability of any kind,
arising from or relating to, in whole or in part: (i) any information or data collected or relied upon by Licensee or any end
user of the TUF-STRAND SF fibers, including that which may be erroneous, incomplete or improper; (ii) any and all
project, site, application or construction information or conditions; and/or (iii) use of the TUF-STRAND SF fiber or the Slab
on Grade Software or Documentation.
• Design Responsibility: Licensee and/or its design professional assume all obligations to perform complete testing,
calculations and analysis relating to structural and other design aspects of a particular project, including the responsibility
to ensure that project conditions and requirements are appropriate for the use of the Tuf-Strand SF fibers and for
complying with applicable codes, rules and regulations such as those related to licensing laws for architects and
engineers.
DATA ANALYSIS OR PREPARATION OF REPORTS USING THE TUF-STRAND SF SLAB ON GRADE SOFTWARE IS
NOT INTENDED TO BE, AND SHALL NOT BE RELIED UPON AS, A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE USE OF GOOD
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND PROPER MATERIALS AND DESIGN TECHNIQUES ON ANY PARTICULAR
PROJECT. LICENSEE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT ANY CALCULATIONS PREPARED WITH OR IN
RELIANCE UPON THE SOFTWARE OR THE DOCUMENTATION IS REVIEWED BY AN ARCHITECT, BUILDING
ENGINEER OR OTHER DESIGN PROFESSIONAL TO CONFIRM THE APPROPRIATE USE OF TUF-STRAND FIBERS
ON ANY PARTICULAR PROJECT.
By using the TUF-STRAND SF Slab on Grade Software or any documents created in reliance upon the Software or
Documentation, Licensee accepts and agrees that any such use is subject to the terms and conditions stated above.
• Indemnity: LICENSEE will defend, indemnify, and hold harmless EUCLID, and its directors, officers, employees, agents,
insurers and affiliated entities, from and against any and all claims, liability, damages, losses or expenses (including
attorneys fees and court costs) arising from or relating to, in whole or in part, any of the following:
(i) Licensee’s use of the Software or Documentation;
(ii) Licensee’s breach of this Agreement;
(iii) any modification to the Software or Documentation by any party acting under the control or
direction of or who obtains access to the Software through LICENSEE, whether or not such
modification is permitted under this Agreement; and
(iv) any negligent, reckless or wrongful act or omission of LICENSEE.
It is expressly understood and agreed that termination of this Agreement for any reason shall not affect Euclid’s rights to
injunctive relief as set forth elsewhere in this Agreement and that the terms of this Agreement shall continue to control as to
any and all claims, disputes, obligations, circumstances or events that occurred or arose prior to termination. The provisions of
this Agreement that protect Euclid’s ownership rights in the Software and the Documentation, that limit the use rights of the
Licensee and that establish the remedies for any unauthorized use of the Software or Documentation shall also survive any
termination of this Agreement.
MISCELLANEOUS
• Entire Agreement. This Agreement contains the complete agreement between the parties with respect to the subject
matter hereof, and supercedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements or understanding, whether oral or written. No
Euclid dealer, distributor, agent, or employee, other than an officer of Euclid, is authorized to make any amendment to this
Agreement. Any such authorized amendment must be in writing and refer to this Agreement.
• Waiver. The waiver by Euclid of any default or breach of this Agreement will not constitute a waiver of any other default or
breach.
• Governing law. This Agreement will be governed and construed pursuant to the laws of the State of Ohio, without regard
to its conflict of laws provisions. Euclid and Licensee expressly consent to the jurisdiction of Ohio courts over all matters
related to the enforcement or interpretation of this Agreement and agree that any disputes between them, or their
permitted assigns, related to or arising out of this Agreement shall be filed in the state or federal courts located in
Cleveland, Ohio.
• No Partnership. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to, or will be deemed to, create an employment relationship, a
partnership or a joint venture between the parties, or to derogate from any relationship between the parties that may exist
by virtue of any other agreement between them.
• Assignment. Licensee may not assign this Agreement in whole or in part through the operation of law or otherwise
without the written consent of an officer of Euclid.
• Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable, such provision will be read in order
to give effect to such term to whatever extent permissible under the law, and the remaining provisions will remain in full
force.
• Notices. All notices required or permitted under this Agreement shall be in writing and provided as follows:
o If to Euclid, via certified mail return receipt requested or via nationally recognized courier service to the address
set forth above, or to such other address as is hereafter furnished to Licensee, to the attention of: Mr. Michael
Mahoney and the Structural Fiber Manager of Euclid Chemical.
o If to Licensee, via regular mail or nationally recognized courier service to the address provided to Euclid by
Licensee in writing or if no such address has been provided, by any means deemed reasonable by Euclid.
Notices provided by regular mail or nationally recognized courier service shall be effective upon mailing, provided the
sender maintains a receipt to confirming delivery, otherwise notices shall be effective upon receipt.
• Headings. The headings in this Agreement are included for convenience only and do not affect the meaning or
construction of the provisions herein or the parties respective rights and obligations hereunder.
All questions concerning this Agreement shall be directed to: The Euclid Chemical Company, 19218 Redwood Rd, Cleveland, OH,
44110-2799, Tel: 216-531-9222.
Slab on Grade Software Program
Manual Version 2.1.1 © 2006

19218 Redwood Road
Cleveland, OH 44110
Toll free: 800-321-7628

Fax: 216-531-9596
www.euclidchemical.com

Tuf-Strand SF SGSP Manual v206

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The Euclid Chemical Company

version 2.1.1 © 2006

with specified steel reinforcement

Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Industrial Floor Specification

SLAB ON GRADE SOFTWARE PROGRAM

Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Industrial Floor Specification

© 2006 The Euclid Chemical Company

Software Release Version 2.0.6

The Euclid Chemical Company, founded in

3 TUF-STRAND SF Performance and Concrete Characterization...................................................................................... 6

5 Complete Slabs on Grade Program .................................................................................................................................... 16

6 Construction Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................... 51

APPENDIX A Fiber Dosage Worksheet for Slabs on Grade

19218 Redwood Road

Module 3 for complete

Fiber Type Deflection Flexural Test Results Toughness

Figure 1 Typical Load Deflection Curve of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

4.1 Pre-Cast Concrete

Unsupported concrete elements of uniform

Because the typical mode of failure for pre-cast concrete is

4.2 Non-Structural Slab on Grade Concrete

The design of slabs on grade involves many factors that

Shrinkage cracking will occur where the induced

By equating the contribution of the steel reinforcing

4.3 Required Parameters & Units of Measurement

The units of measurement throughout the Slab on Grade

4.3.1 Compressive Strength

4.3.2 Flexural strength

f r = 0 .6 f C' (metric) f r = 7 . 25 f C' (US) Eq. 6

4.3.3 Area of Steel per Unit Width

The area of steel reinforcement to be replaced in a pre-cast or

The reinforcement strength (Ft) is determined from the

4.3.5 Slab or Wall Thickness

The slab or wall thickness (h) is determined from the

4.4 TUF-STRAND SF Fiber Dosage

Upon completion of providing all required information to either the pre-

As shown in Figure 3, the single fiber

For additional recommendations

5.1 Design Philosophy

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

5.2 Required Parameters and Units of Measurement

Figure 4 Project Information Window for Complete Slab on Grade Program

It is also permissible to personalize each file by

5.2.1 Loading Zone Information

To proceed with the Complete Slab on Grade Program, select

5.2.3 Modulus of Elasticity

E = 4500 f C' (MPa) E = 54000 f C' (psi) Eq. 7

5.2.4 Subgrade Modulus

The subgrade modulus (k), which represents the stiffness of

If testing results are not available, the ‘k’ value

5.2.5 Friction Coefficient

The subgrade friction coefficient may be user defined or can be

5.2.6 Load and Dynamic Factor

5.2.7 Pour Conditions

The expected slab exposure condition is

5.2.8 Slab Thickness

The slab thickness (t) is a user defined value that initially

5.2.9 Column and Contraction Joint Spacing

The column spacing is a user defined value that represents the

The contraction joint spacing is a user defined value based on

5.3.1 Relative Slab Stiffness

5.3.2 Shrinkage and Temperature Induced Stresses

Table 1 Restraint factor