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Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1419-1430. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_143
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
ABSTRACT
Wind energy is that clean, green, available and one of the most economical
renewable energy source. Wind driven water pumping systems – windmills- are some
of the older machines. Long time ago, windmills have been developed by many cultures
to lift water for livestock, land drainage, irrigation and domestic supplies. As found
from other wind projects and studies, the most economical and useful application that
can be installed in the Jordanian arid regions is the wind pumping system using
Windmill. The Windmill is a perfect choice for our region because it doesn’t need high
wind speed and the wind torque can be achieved by using large rotors. The windmill
converts kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy and then into hydraulic energy
into the pump. The 24 blade classic windmills are the most common type of windmills
which it is the one that been chosen for the present study. Achieving the goal of this
study could be done by the careful design of the rotor, transmission system and the
pump. A good pump design will raise the system efficiency. A design is made and all
calculations showed a very good pumping output. Then the model is manufactured in
the faculty of engineering workshop from local materials. It is designed to be used in a
wind speed of about 3.5 m/s at 8 m tower elevation. The goal is to pump 15 m3/day of
water to cover the student services building needs. The test after installation showed
that the pumping flow rate of 0.2 L/sec has been achieved; this result shows that the
designed and manufactured wind pumping system can pump more than the record which
allows storage of water.
Keyword head: wind energy, water pumping, windmills, pumping design
Cite this Article Ahmad S. Awad, Practical Design and Testing of Wind Driven Water
Pumping Systems, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,
10(3), 2019, pp. 1419-1430.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Today windmills are making a comeback thanks to rising conventional energy prices and the
threat of energy shortages. With the rise in oil prices in the early 1970s, interest in wind pumps
revived [1, 2]. However, the introduction of current multi conventional windmills in developing
countries has been hampered by the cost of importing (or importing the materials needed to
manufacture them) and maintenance requirements. But as new and more efficient wind turbines
development and production costs are reduced through the use of materials obtained locally,
the costs of pumping water with wind pumps can be decrease. A piece of equipment, which
requires only the wind to operate and properly installed and maintained, can give more than 40
years of reliable service is a very attractive investment indeed. For most developing countries,
renewable energy has been identified as an attractive alternative to solve their problems. Its
attractiveness to developing countries grew out of the illusion that entry into the period of
renewable energy technology could be achieved with great success without any real investment
in scientific and technological capabilities. Wind energy technologies continue to mature;
Performance is becoming better and more reliable, while at the same time costs continue to
decline [3- 6]. Environmental issues are becoming very important because of the increase in
energy consumption that has resulted in a significant impact on the health and safety of the
human population. The Natural Resources Authority (NRA) and the Water Authority (WA) in
Jordan agreed to implement a field project to pump water from deep wells using wind energy.
A system consisting of a multi-sheet windmill, storage tanks and pumps [7, 8 and 9] was
purchased, installed and tested. The Royal Scientific Society (RSS) has designed, built and
tested a number of different models of mechanical wind pumps (MWPs). The program aims to
strengthen the (RSS) experience and knowledge to be able to design and build different wind
energy conversion systems (WECS) for different applications that fit the local conditions of
Jordan [10, 11].
Bragg and Schmidt [10] presented a procedure that allows optimum selection of pumps and
windmills for a given water pumping station. They found that when wind information, pump
characteristics and windmill characteristics are available, one can select the best pump and
windmill for the application and can predict the design of the entire system.
In the year 2012, the Jordanian government issues the Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency law, which states that the government of Jordan should work on: Exploiting
renewable energy sources for increasing the percentage of their contribution to the total energy
mix and contributing to environmental protection and achieving sustainable development by
promoting the exploitation of renewable energy and improving its efficiency in various sectors
[15]. To meet with the goals set by the Jordanian national energy strategy, the objectives of the
present study are to design, manufacture and test the performance of locally made windmill for
water pumping to determine wind energy potential in our faculty and to direct research and
development of wind energy towards the beneficial applications in Jordan.
and remote areas. Jordan has important wind energy resources and constructions that could be
used for power generation [8-11].
In the year 1983, Renewable Energy Research Center of the (RSS) completed a major study
to measure the potential of renewable energy in Jordan. Parts of the study were listing the
available wind data as a first estimation of the wind energy potential as shown in Country's
Wind Atlas figure 1. The study concluded that most Jordan regions have moderate annual wind
theoretical power of up to 250 W/m2, which is appropriate for water pumping and power
generation at limited scales [17]. Some wind sites in Jordan show a favorable application
towards wind powered water pumping. They include Mafraq, Ras Muneef, and Aqaba [18].
Country's Wind Atlas showed the wind speeds in Jordan are as high as 7.5 m/s, especially
in the northern and western regions and are up to 11.5 m/s in the eastern areas of the country.
Two wind projects exist with a capacity of 1.5 MW running since early 1990. A new constructed
project is the Tafila wind farm with a total capacity of 117 MW. The Tafila Wind Farm is the
first commercial utility-scale wind power project in the Middle East. The 117 megawatt wind
farm has increased the country’s total power capacity by 3% [19].
Figure 1 RSS wind speed measurement sites (shaded areas are suggested wind farm sites)
[17]
energy mix in 2015, and 10% in 2020. Wind energy in Jordan is used mainly for electricity
generation and water pumping. Wind energy is available over parts of Jordan at low to
moderate rate suitable for water pumping, where the use of wind turbines for pumping water is
acceptable to people in remote areas. [23].
A mechanical wind pumping system was developed locally by (RSS) in Jordan and installed
at some sites. There are many systems used for pumping water that use wind energy. The power
supplied to a pumping system can be obtained from a horizontal or vertical WEC. Almost all
horizontal WECS are lift type. This is inherent in the configuration of the horizontal axis
machine where the blades rotate in a plane perpendicular to the wind current. Of the two major
categories of WECS, the vertical axis will be excluded as they are not used in Jordan, and the
choice will be only between horizontal axis elevators. In this category, there are two types of
systems for pumping water using wind energy, mechanical wind pumps and electric wind
energy conversion systems [7]. Most windmill mechanical systems (tip speed ratio little better
than 1) are essentially friction devices (tip velocity index less than or equal to 1). Wind and
electricity systems (peak speed ratio usually around 5 to 7) are definitely lifting devices. For
greater demands on power, electric wind pumping systems (WEPS) can be applied,
incorporating a wind generator (available in larger diameter) that drives a combination of an
electric motor pump through an electric transmission. The flow rate of this MWPS will depend
on the rate of consumption and the on-site wind regime [7]
1 2.072
Pm = × 1.22 × π × × 5.153 × 0. 59 = 165.44W
2 4
λ is the tip speed ratio (TSR) is defined as the ratio between the blade tip speed and the wind
speed
ωR
λ= (5)
V
Where ω denotes the rotor speed, and R is the radius of the wind turbine blade, as λ=1.1
0.1252 m3 33.21m3
Q = 0.09 × π × × 0.87 × 0.4 = 0.00038435 =
4 s Day
Figure 5 Daily water volume flow rate with wind speed variation
It is extremely important for the wind machines designer to determine the wind power and the
variation of wind speeds in the testing locations for estimating the needed power output. Also
turbine designers need the detailed information to optimize the cost-effective performance to
minimize the generating costs [26]. Table 1 illustrates the statistical wind speeds, which is the
most important variable and it’s responsible for the movement of the blades. If the rotor of the
windmill captured high kinetic energy from the wind pumping flow rate will increase
dramatically. When the solidity of the rotor increases the wind quantity captured will increase,
so that the increase of solidity can be done by increasing the area of the rotor
Table 4 shows the calculated results for two days. The measured wind speed, wind power
and water volume flow rate during three hours are shown in Figures 7 and 8. After analyzing
the data, the highest actual flow rate is found to be 0.33 L/s and by calculating the power from
the wind speed and the mechanical power applied to the pump, the maximum efficiency of the
windmill is about 49.14 % and the lowest efficiency is about 17.8 %. Figure 8 shows the wind
power is a proportional function of wind speed.
7. CONCLUSION
The results showed the maximum flow rate that obtained from the present locally made
windmill is 36 m3/day, which shows how efficient the MWP system. From the present design
and manufacturing of the MWPS the following conclusions can be obtained;
The manufactured windmill has been tested on the site and it was found that the cut
in wind speed of the rotor when its free (without load) is 1.5 m/s, and with load is
4.53 m/s.
The Windmill is an efficient MWP unit which can be used in remote areas where
fuel transportation and maintenance are costly.
A backup system (diesel driven water pump) can be existed in the locations where
continuous water consumption is needed all over the year.
The cost of the Windmill (construction, maintenance and operation) is less than the
cost of conventional diesel operated water pump.
The cost of the present MWPS built is 3787 JD which equal one third of the cost of
the imported MWPS.
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