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- OH
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WASTED - D+ WATER+TREE+TEA+
MENTHOL-OL

WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
Wastewater
Treatment
Bote.Manalili.Moreno.Ngan.Reyes
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- tiary +
 CAR+RACK+
TERTIARY-TIARY+ WRIST+ THICK

CHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERIZATION
OF WASTEWATER
 Wastewater characterization allows
professionals to know the amount and
what type of waste found in water in
order to choose the best treatment.
Provides a wide variety of information
regarding the type and the
concentration of the contaminants
present
Wastewater Flow Rates
Waste water sewerage is achieved by:

- Separate sewerage system

- Combined sewerage system
3 Main Sources of
Wastewater
✓ Domestic
✓ Industrial
✓ Infiltration
 Domestic
- Residential areas, commercial districts, institutional
facilities and recreational facilities
- Uses of water: drinking, washing, bathing, cooking,
etc
 Industrial
- Industrial (non-domestic)
 Infiltration/Inflow
- Rates that enter the sewer system through direct and
indirect means
 Estimating Wastewater Flowrates
- from existing records and actual field measurement
- from a population data analysis
- water consumption
- water supply records
- data form water-using devices
 + +

+
COM+PAUSE+SEA+SHAWN

COMPOSITION
WASTEWATER
COMPOSITION
99.9% wastewater is water

0.1% pollutants
 Wastewater Treatment
Plant (WWTP) has no
interest in determining the
compound that makes up
the water
WHY?

”
- Tedious

- Results cannot be directly

utilized as an element in
design and operations.
INSTEAD

”
Indirect parameters were
used
Quality Parameters
Physical
Chemical
Biological
PHYSICAL
TEMPERATURE
Slightly higher than in drinking water
Variations according to the seasons of the years
Influence Microbial Activity
Influences Solubility of gases
Influences viscosity of the liquid.
PHYSICAL
COLOR
Fresh sewage: slight gray
Septic sewage: dark gray or black
PHYSICAL
ODOR
Fresh sewage: oily odor, relatively unpleasant.
Septic sewage: foul odor (H2S and other decomposition)
Industrial wastewater: characteristics odor.
TURBIDITY
Fresher/More concentrated sewage: greater turbidity
 CHEMICAL

TOTAL SOLIDS

- Organic and inorganic

- Suspended and dissolved
- Settleable
SOLIDS IN SEWAGE
 CHEMICAL
ORGANIC MATTER
Heterogeneous mixture of various organic compounds
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.
INDIRECT DETERMINATION:
BOD, COD, Ultimate BOD
DIRECT DETERMINATION:
TOC
 Carbonaceous Organic
Matter
Catalyzes the consumption of dissolved oxygens by
microorganisms in their metabolic process of using and stabilizing
organic matter
Quantifying Organic
Matter
INDIRECT METHOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)
Ultimate Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BODu)
Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
DIRECT METHOD
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
 CHEMICAL

Total Nitrogen
- Includes organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate.
- Nitrogen consumes the dissolved oxygen in the nitrification
process
- Quantified using total Kjeldahl Method
 CHEMICAL
Total Phosphorus
includes organic and inorganic phosphorus
Orthophosphates are readily available for biological
metabolism
pH
Acidity and Alkalinity
pH=7 : Neutral
 CHEMICAL
Alkalinity
Caused by presence of bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxyl
ion.
Chlorides
Originating from drinking water, human and industrial
wastes
OILS and GREASE
Fraction of organic matter which is soluble in hexane.
BIOLOGICAL
Main organisms present in domestic sewage.

Bacteria Viruses
Archaea Helminths
Algae Fungi
Protozoa
 COMPOSITION OF
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
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INDUSTRY
INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
 INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
- Vary essentially with the type of industry
- Wastewater that came from the different industries
Important Concept in
Biological Wastewater
Treatment

”
Biodegradability
Capacity of the wastewater to be stabilized through biological
processes by microorganisms
Treatability
Suitability of the waste to be treated by conventional or existing
biological processes
Biodegradable organic matter concentration
Pollutional load can be expressed in terms of other quality parameters
Nutrient availability
Requires a balanced equilibrium between the nutrients C, N, P
Toxicity
Presence of toxic or inhibitory constituents that can affect or render
biological treatment unfeasible
Preliminary
Treatment
Purpose
- To protect the operation of the wastewater treatment
plant
- To prevent course waste to clog or damage the water
pumps
Goals
- Remove or to reduce in size the large, entrained,
suspended or floating solids.
- Remove heavy inorganic solids such as sand and gravel
as well as metal or glass.
- Remove excessive amounts of oils or greases.
Methods on Removing
Large Solids

”
Racks & Bar Screens
- Consist of bars usually spaced
three-quarter inches to six inches.
- Screens are usually set at an angle
of 45 to 60 degrees with the vertical.
- Incoming wastewater is passed
through the bars or screens to
remove solids
- Solids remove can be disposed of
by burial or incineration.
Comminuting Devices

- Grinders, cutters and shredders

- To break or cut up solids
- May be separate devices
- Combination of screen and cutters
Removal of Grits

”
GRIT CHAMBERS
Grit chambers are generally
designed as long channels.
In these channels the velocity is
reduced
1.0 foot per second.
detention period is usually between
20 seconds to 1.0 minute.
 Washing of Grit

Grit always contains some organic matter which decomposes

and creates odors.
 PRE-AERATION TANKS
- To obtain a greater removal of suspended solids in sedimentation
tanks.
- To assist in the removal of grease and oil carried in the wastewater
- To freshen up septic wastewater prior to further treatment
- BOD reduction.
 PRE-AERATION TANKS
- Pre-aeration is accomplished by introducing air into the
wastewater for a period of 20 to 30 minutes at the design flow.
- May be accomplished by forcing compressed air into the
wastewater at a rate of about 0.10 cu.ft. per gallon of wastewater
- By mechanical agitation whereby the wastewater is stirred or
agitated so that new surfaces are continually brought into contact
with the atmosphere for absorption of air.
PRE-CHLORINATION
- Odor control
- Protection of plant structures
- Aid in sedimentation
- BOD reduction
 Primary
Treatment
❖ Removal of settleable suspended solids and floating solids
❖ Devices used reduce the velocity and disperse the flow of
wastewater
❖ This process is no longer acceptable as the total
wastewater treatment step prior to discharge to a receiving
body of water
❖ The size and number of primary tanks is dependent on the
estimated wastewater flow and the design detention time
❖ Sedimentation tanks can be circular or rectangular
Plain Sedimentation
❖ Sedimentation by gravity in a basin or tank sized
❖ Solids settle at the bottom
❖ Mechanical collectors
❖ Skimming equipment
❖ BOD: 30%-40% , Suspended solids: 40%-70% , Oil & Grease:
65%
Sedimentation with
chemical coagulation
❖ Chemically enhanced primary treatment
❖ Pretreatment of industrial or process wastewaters and
removal of phosphorus
❖ Has not been used extensively on domestic wastewaters
❖ Coagulants: aluminum sulphate, salts of iron or aluminum,
lime and synthetic organic polyelectrolytes
❖ More sludge is formed
Secondary
Treatment
 Main Objective
Removal of organic matter

Organic Matter
Dissolved organic matter
Organic matter in suspension
Bacterial Metabolism
Secondary Treatment
Processes
1. Stabilisation ponds
2. Land disposal systems
3. Anaerobic reactors
4. Activated sludge systems
5. Aerobic biofilm reactors
Stabilisation Ponds

”
Facultative Ponds
Facultative Ponds
Anaerobic Pond - Facultative Pond Systems
Facultative Aerated Lagoon
Complete-mix Aerated Lagoon – Sedimentation Pond system
High Rate Ponds
Maturation Ponds
Facultative Ponds
Land Disposal Systems

”
 Four possible destinations of pollutants:
- Retention in the soil matrix
- Retention by the plants
- Appearance in the underground water
- Collection by underdrains

Use of soil as a medium for degradation of organic compounds

Slow Rate System
Rapid Infiltration
Subsurface Infiltration
Overland Flow
Constructed Wetlands
Anaerobic Reactors

”
Septic Tank – Anaerobic Filter System
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors
Activated Sludge System

”
Conventional Activated Sludge
Extended Aeration
Sequencing Batch Reactors
 Activated Sludge w/ Biological Nitrogen
Removal

- Ammonia to nitrate (nitrification)

- Dentrification in activated sludge
- Dentrification in the reactor
 Activated Sludge w/ Biological Nitrogen and
Phosphorus Removal

- It is essential to have anaerobic and aerobic zones in the treatment line

for the biological removal of phosphorus
- Anaerobic zone is considered a biological selector for the phosphorus
accumulating organisms
Aerobic Biofilm Reactors

”
Low-rate Trickling Filter
High-rate Trickling Filters
Submerged Aerated Biofilters
Rotating Biological Contactors
End