ABSTRACT

In this experiment, the thin cylinder study has been conducted be determining the strains
related to selected points on the surface of thin cylinder. Main purpose of this experiment was
to determine the material elastic modulus, E and Poisson’s ratio, v and to compare the
experimental strains with the theoretical values for a closed ends cylinder. In this experiment,
the thin cylinder have two condition which is open ends condition and closed ends condition.
For open ends condition, it has no constraint and have longitudinal components of stress and
will be zero, unfortunately there will be some strain in this condition due to the Poisson effect
while for closed ends condition, with constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as
circumferential stress will be imposed upon the cylinder. From the experiment, based on the
value on the graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, for open cylinder condition, the value
of the Young’s Modulus is 82 GPa while for the closed cylinder condition, the value of the
Young’s Modulus is 98 GPa.

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 TITLE .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4
3.0 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 7
4.0 APPARATUS.................................................................................................................. 7
5.0 PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................... 8
6.0 DATA AND CALCULATION ....................................................................................... 9
6.1 OPEN CYLINDER .............................................................................................................. 9
6.2 CLOSED CYLINDER ......................................................................................................... 9
6.3 SAMPLE CALCULATION ............................................................................................... 10
7.0 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................... 17
8.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 18
9.0 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 19

2
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Stresses in a thin walled cylinder ................................................................................ 4
Figure 2: Thin cylinder apparatus .............................................................................................. 7
Figure 3: Multi channel measuring amplifier ............................................................................. 7
Figure 4: Adjusting the pressure applied.................................................................................... 8
Figure 5: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for open cylinder ......................................................... 14
Figure 6: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for closed cylinder ....................................................... 14
Figure 7: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for open cylinder ......................................................... 16
Figure 8: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for closed cylinder ....................................................... 16

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Open cylinder experimental data ................................................................................. 9

Table 2: Closed cylinder experimental data ............................................................................... 9
Table 3: Young Modulus & Poisson’s ratio values .................................................................. 12
Table 4: Open cylinder experimental and theoretical data ....................................................... 13
Table 5: Closed cylinder experimental and theoretical data .................................................... 13
Table 6: Open cylinder experimental and theoretical data ....................................................... 15
Table 7: Closed cylinder experimental and theoretical data .................................................... 15

3
1.0 TITLE
THIN CYLINDER

2.0 INTRODUCTION
If a thin walled cylinder vessel is subjected to an internal pressure, pi, a state of plane
stress consisting stress in the circumference or hoop direction 𝜎ℎ and in the direction of the
cylinder axis or longitudinal axis𝜎ᵢ.

Because this is a thin cylinder, i.e. the ratio of wall thickness to internal diameter is less
than about 1/20, the value of H and L may be assumed reasonably constant over the area, i.e.
throughout the wall thickness, and in all subsequent theory the radial stress, which is small, will
be ignored. I symmetry the two principal stresses will be circumferential (hoop) and
longitudinal and these, from elementary theory, will be given by:

𝑝𝑑
𝜎ℎ = (1)
2𝑡

𝑝𝑑
𝜎ᵢ = (2)
4𝑡

As previously stated, there are two possible conditions of stress obtainable; 'open end' and
‘closed ends'.

Figure 1: Stresses in a thin walled cylinder

4
a) Open Ends Condition The cylinder in this condition has no end constraint and therefore
the longitudinal component of stress L will be zero, but there will be some strain
in this direction due to the Poisson effect. Considering an element of material H will
cause strains of:-

and these are the two principal strains. As can be seen from equation 17, in this condition
L will be negative quantity, i.e. the cylinder in the longitudinal direction will be in
compression.

b) Closed Ends Condition By constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as

circumferential stress will be imposed upon the cylinder. Considering an element of
material: H will cause strains of:-

The principal strains are a combination of these values i.e.

5
 the principal strains may be evaluated and a Mohr Strain Circle constructed for each test
condition. From this circle the strain at any position relative to the principal axes may
be determined

c) To determine a value for Poisson's Ratio

This equation is only applicable to the open ends condition

6
3.0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are:

1. To determine the materials elastic modulus, E and Poisson’s ratio, v.

2. To compare the experimental strains with the theoretical values for a closed ends
cylinder.

4.0 APPARATUS

Figure 2: Thin cylinder apparatus

1. Hand wheel for adjusting the position.

2. Vessel.
3. Strain gauge measuring point.
4. Manometer.
5. Hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic pump.

Figure 3: Multi channel measuring amplifier

7
5.0 PROCEDURES
5.1 Open end condition (σL = 0)
1. The end of plunger was screwed via hand wheel. The pressure was applied by turning
the wheel for hydraulic pump. The end face pressure is absorbed via the base frame.
The cylinder is therefore subjected to a uniaxial stress of an open pipe. The load in the
axial direction is zero. The only stress exerted by the cylinder body is along the hoop
direction.

Figure 4: Adjusting the pressure applied

2. The both of the strains in the hoop and longitudinal directions (channel 5 and 1
respectively) were recorded.
3. The stress in the circumferential direction against the corresponding hop strain was
plotted. A linear relationship occurs. The slope of the curve gives the Young’s modulus
of the material. The ratio of the corresponding longitudinal strain to the hoop strain
gives another material constant, i.e. the Poisson’s ratio.

5.2 Closed end condition

1. The plunger was unscrewed. The applied pressure is now absorbed via the plunger and
the collar was screwed to the cylinder and the cylinder is subjected to the biaxial stress
state.
2. All of the strains was recorded along the circumferential and longitudinal directions as
the previous case.

8
6.0 DATA AND CALCULATION
Experimental Result Obtained:-

6.1 OPEN CYLINDER

Table 1: Open cylinder experimental data

PRESSURE (MPa) HOOP STRESS STRAIN READINGS (10-6)
(MPa) AXIAL STRAIN HOOP STRAIN (CH
(CH 1) 5)
0.5 -26.5 84.9
1.5 -82.0 248.1

6.2 CLOSED CYLINDER

Table 2: Closed cylinder experimental data

PRESSURE LONGITUDINAL HOOP STRAIN READINGS (10-6)
(MPa) STRESS (MPa) STRESS AXIAL CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 HOOP
(MPa) STRAIN (30°) (45°) (60°) STRAIN
CH 1 CH 5
(0°) (90°)
0.5 9.3 27.6 31.4 52.0 68.5
1.5 38.4 80.2 123.7 158.3 205.6

9
6.3 SAMPLE CALCULATION

OPEN CYLINDER

 Hoop stress, σh = pd/2t

Where, d = 0.075m

t = 2.8 × 10-3m

For 0.5 MPa,

(0.5)(0.075)
σh = 2(2.8 × 10−3) = 6.6964MPa

 Poisson’s ratio,υ = - ℇ1/ℇ5

For 0.5 MPa,
(−26.5 ×10−6)
υ=− = 0.31
(84.9 ×10−6)

 Young modulus, E
Obtained from the gradient of the graph hoop stress (σh) VS hoop strain (ℇ5):-
𝑦2−𝑦1
m = E = 𝑥2−𝑥1

20.0893𝑀𝑃𝑎−6.6964𝑀𝑃𝑎
m=E= = 82GPa
248.1µ−84.9µ

 Theoretical value for strain at Ch 1 and Ch 5:-

For 0.5MPa,
σl (longitudinal stress) = pr/2t
σh (hoop stress) = pd/2t or pr/t

(0.5)(0.0375)
σl = 2(2.8 × 10−3) = 3.3482MPa

(0.5)(0.075)
σh = 2(2.8 × 10−3) = 6.6964MPa

𝜎1 𝜎5 3.3482𝑀𝑃𝑎 6.6964𝑀𝑃𝑎
ℰ1 = 𝐸
− 𝜐 𝐸
= 82𝐺𝑃𝑎
− 0.31 82𝐺𝑃𝑎
= 1.5516 × 10-5MPa

10
 𝜎5 𝜎1 6.6964𝑀𝑃𝑎 3.3482𝑀𝑃𝑎
ℰ5 = − 𝜐 = − 0.31 = 6.9006 × 10-5MPa
𝐸 𝐸 82𝐺𝑃𝑎 82𝐺𝑃𝑎

CLOSED CYLINDER

 Longitudinal stress, σl = pd/4t

Where, d = 0.075m

t = 2.8 × 10-3m

For 0.5 MPa,

(0.5)(0.075)
σh = 4(2.8 × 10−3) = 3.3482MPa

 Hoop stress, σh = pd/2t

Where, d = 0.075m

t = 2.8 × 10-3m

For 0.5 MPa,

(0.5)(0.075)
σh = = 6.6964MPa
2(2.8 × 10−3)

 Poisson’s ratio,υ = - ℇ1/ℇ5

For 0.5 MPa,

(9.3 ×10−6)
υ = − (68.5 ×10−6) = -0.14

 Young modulus, E
Obtained from the gradient of the graph hoop stress (σh) VS hoop strain (ℇ5):-
𝑦2−𝑦1
m = E = 𝑥2−𝑥1

20.0893𝑀𝑃𝑎−6.6964𝑀𝑃𝑎
m=E= = 98GPa
205.6µ−68.5µ

 Theoretical value for strain at Ch 1 until Ch 5:-

For 0.5MPa,

11
 ℰ1+ ℰ5 ℰ1− ℰ5
ℰ𝜃 = + cos 2𝜃
2 2

Channel 1(0°):
9.3µ+ 68.5µ 9.3µ− 68.5µ
ℰ1 = + cos 2(0)=9.3µ
2 2

Channel 2(30°):
9.3µ+ 68.5µ 9.3µ− 68.5µ
ℰ2 = + cos 2(30)=24.1µ
2 2

Channel 3(45°):
9.3µ+ 68.5µ 9.3µ− 68.5µ
ℰ3 = + cos 2(45)=38.9µ
2 2

Channel 4(60°):
9.3µ+ 68.5µ 9.3µ− 68.5µ
ℰ4 = + cos 2(60)=53.7µ
2 2

Channel 5(90°):
9.3µ+ 68.5µ 9.3µ− 68.5µ
ℰ5 = + cos 2(90)=68.5µ
2 2

Table 3: Young Modulus & Poisson’s ratio values

Young Modulus Poisson’s ratio
(Aluminium)
EXP THEORY
Open Cylinder 82GPa 70GPa 0.5Mpa 1.5MPa
0.31 0.33
Closed Cylinder 98GPa 70GPa -0.14 -0.19

12
OPEN CYLINDER

Table 4: Open cylinder experimental and theoretical data

PRESSURE (MPa) HOOP STRESS (MPa) STRAIN READINGS
AXIAL STRAIN (CH 1) HOOP STRAIN (CH 5)
EXP THEORY EXP THEORY
0.5 6.6964 -26.5 ×10-6 1.5516 × 10-5 84.9 ×10-6 6.9006 × 10-5
1.5 20.0893 -82.0 ×10-6 4.1648× 10-5 248.1 ×10-6 2.0457 × 10-4

CLOSED CYLINDER

Table 5: Closed cylinder experimental and theoretical data

PRESSURE LONGITUDINAL HOOP STRESS STRAIN READINGS (10-6)
(MPa) STRESS (MPa) (MPa) AXIAL CH 2 (30°) CH 3 (45°) CH 4 HOOP STRAIN
STRAIN (CH 1) (60°) (CH 5)

THEO

THEO

THEO

THEO

THEO
EXP

EXP

EXP

EXP

EXP
0.5 3.3482 6.6964 9.3 9.3 27.6 24.1 31.4 38.9 52.0 53.7 68.5 68.5
1.5 10.0446 20.0893 38.4 38.4 80.2 80.2 123.7 122 158.3 163.8 205.6 205.6

13
Graph Hoop strain VS Hoop stress

Hoop strain VS Hoop stress

3.00E-04

2.50E-04
Hoop strain,ℰh

2.00E-04

1.50E-04

1.00E-04

5.00E-05

0.00E+00
6.6964 20.0893

Hoop stress,σh (MPa)

EXP THEO

Figure 5: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for open cylinder

Hoop strain VS Hoop stress

250

200
Hoop strain,ℰh (µ)

150

100

50

0
6.6964 20.0893
Hoop stress,σh (MPa)

EXP THEO

Figure 6: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for closed cylinder

14
Table 6: Open cylinder experimental and theoretical data

Table 7: Closed cylinder experimental and theoretical data

15
Graph Hoop strain VS Hoop stress

Hoop strain VS Hoop stress

3.00E-04

2.50E-04
Hoop strain,ℰh

2.00E-04

1.50E-04

1.00E-04

5.00E-05

0.00E+00
6.6964 20.0893

Hoop stress,σh (MPa)

EXP THEO

Figure 7: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for open cylinder

Hoop strain VS Hoop stress

250

200
Hoop strain,ℰh (µ)

150

100

50

0
6.6964 20.0893
Hoop stress,σh (MPa)

EXP THEO

Figure 8: Hoop strain VS Hoop stress for closed cylinder

16
7.0 DISCUSSION
From the Open Cylinder condition, Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, we know
that the value of the Young’s Modulus is 82 GPa. The gradient of graph is 0.0082 Tpa. The actual
value of Young’s Modulus is 70 GPa. The percentage error is 17.14 %. The Poisson’s ratio obtain
for Open Cylinder 0.31 at pressure of 0.5 MPa and 0.33 at pressure of 1.5 MPa.

While from the Closed Cylinder condition, Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, we
know that the value of the Young’s Modulus is 98 GPa. The gradient of graph is 0.0098 Tpa. The
actual value of Young’s Modulus is 70 GPa. The percentage error is 40.00 %. The percentage error
is 18.84 %. The Poisson’s ratio obtain for Open Cylinder 0.14 at pressure of 0.5 MPa and 0.19 at
pressure of 1.5 MPa.

The percentage error high must be due to certain mistakes occur during the experiment was
conducted. First of all, is about human error would have included reading the pressure gauge
incorrectly, giving a false reading, or not pumping the cylinder to the actual desired pressure. These
errors were in large part due to the lack of precision of the pressure gauge.

When reading the strain gauges, the values fluctuated and the average of these values were
recorded for data. Another source of error would be the dimensions of the pressure vessel. The
dimensions were given and not measured as it is very difficult to measure the thickness of a sealed
cylinder.

The dimensions may have changed over time due to repeated strains from loading the cylinder.
If the cylinder had ever plastically deformed, both the dimensions and modulus of elasticity would
have changed, changing the results of the experiment. Newer, more precise equipment would be
necessary to reduce the error of this experiment as the human error will remain.

17
8.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we could conclude that our experiment has accomplished its objective which
are to determine the material elastic modulus, E and Poisson’s ratio, v and to compare the
experimental strains with the theoretical values for a closed ends cylinder.

From the Open Cylinder condition, Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, the value
of the Young’s Modulus that we get is 82 Gpa, slightly different with the actual value of the
Young’s Modulus that is 70 Gpa. The percentage error is 17.14 %. The Poisson’s ratio obtain for
Open Cylinder 0.31 at pressure of 0.5 MPa and 0.33 at pressure of 1.5 MPa.

While from the Closed Cylinder condition, Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, the
value of the Young’s Modulus that we get is 98 GPa. The gradient of graph is 0.0098 Tpa. The
actual value of Young’s Modulus is 70 GPa. The percentage error is 40.00 %. The percentage error
is 18.84 %. The Poisson’s ratio obtain for Open Cylinder 0.14 at pressure of 0.5 MPa and 0.19 at
pressure of 1.5 MPa.

18
9.0 REFERENCES

[1] Mechanics and Materials laboratory manual

[2] F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston, J.T. DeWolf & D.F. Mazurek. 2015. Mechanics of
Materials. 7th Ed (SI Units). McGraw Hill

[3] http;//www.thincylinder.introduction.com.my

19