You are on page 1of 7

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 275 – 281

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ,&0(

(IIHFWVRILQOHWFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHRQWKHWXUEXOHQWIORZWKURXJK
DQD[LV\PPHWULFVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQ
$0DQGDOD 60DMXPGHUD
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India


$EVWUDFW

7KH WXUEXOHQW IOXLG IORZ WKURXJK VXGGHQ H[SDQVLRQ SDVVDJH KDV ERWK IXQGDPHQWDO VFLHQWLILF LQWHUHVW DQG QXPHURXV SUDFWLFDO
DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH HQJLQHHULQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV WKH VHSDUDWHG IORZ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SLSHOLQHV GXPS FRPEXVWRUV GLIIHUHQW
GXFWLQJGHYLFHVHWFDUHH[DPSOHVRIWKHWXUEXOHQWIORZWKURXJKWKHVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQ,QWKHSUHVHQWDQDO\VLVWKHHIIHFWRIFHQWUH
OLQHWXUEXOHQFHRQUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKLQDQD[LV\PPHWULFVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQIORZKDVEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG7KHFKDQJHRIVL]HDQG
VWUHQJWKRIUHFLUFXODWLRQEXEEOHKDVEHHQVWXGLHGZKLFKLVGLUHFWO\LQYROYHGZLWKUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWK

© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ%DQJODGHVK8QLYHUVLW\RI
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering
(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ %8(7 
and Technology (BUET)

Keywords6XGGHQ([SDQVLRQ5HFLUFXODWLRQ&HQWUH/LQHWXUEXOHQFH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH WXUEXOHQW IOXLG IORZ WKURXJK DQ D[L V\PPHWULF VXGGHQ H[SDQVLRQ LV D YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW LQ UHVSHFW RI ERWK
IXQGDPHQWDO DQG SUDFWLFDO VWDQGSRLQW $V IORZ WKURXJK VXGGHQ H[SDQVLRQV SOD\ D YLWDO UROH LQ HQJLQHHULQJ
DSSOLFDWLRQ LW KDYH EHHQ IRFXVHV RI QXPHURXV DQDO\WLFDO DQG H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV 7KH LPSRUWDQW ]RQH RI
VXGGHQ H[SDQVLRQ LV UHFLUFXODWLRQ DUHD LPPHGLDWHO\ GRZQVWUHDP RI WKH VXGGHQ H[SDQVLRQ 6LQFH WKH UHFLUFXODWLRQ
UHJLRQ LV FDXVH RI ORVVHV LQ WKH IORZ WKH LQYHVWLJDWRU IRFXV WKHLU VWXG\ RQ WKLV SRLQW ,Q WKLV YLHZ GHSHQGHQFH RI
UHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKDQGVWUXFWXUHRIUHFLUFXODWLRQUHJLRQKDVWREHH[DPLQHG$[LV\PPHWULFVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQIORZ



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:DULQGDPPPHMX#JPDLOFRP

1877-7058 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET)
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.849
276 A. Mandal and S. Majumder / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 275 – 281

ILHOG LV YHU\ FRPSOH[ DQG LW FRQVLVWV RI IORZ VHSDUDWLRQ UHFLUFXODWLRQ UHDWWDFKPHQWV HWF $OO WKHVH IHDWXUHV DUH
DIIHFWHGE\WKHSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVH[SDQVLRQUDWLRLQOHWYHORFLW\WHPSHUDWXUHLQOHWWXUEXOHQFHHWF7KHREMHFWLYHRI
WKH SUHVHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LV WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH HIIHFW RI LQOHW FHQWHUOLQH WXUEXOHQFH RQ UHFLUFXODWLRQ ]RQH $ EULHI
UHYLHZRQWKRVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVKDVEHHQVXPPDUL]HG
$UPDO\et al >@LQYHVWLJDWHDERXWWKHGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKRQWKH5H\QROGVQXPEHU%DFNDQG
5RVFKNH >@ .UDOO DQG 6SDUURZ >@ H[SODLQHG UHFLUFXODWLRQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI FHQWHUOLQH WXUEXOHQFH ,Q WKHLU
H[SHULPHQWVWKH\KDYHVKRZQWKDWWKHVKHDUOD\HUSUHVHQWEHWZHHQWKHFHQWUDOMHWDQGWKHUHYHUVHIORZUHJLRQDORQJ
WKH GRZQVWUHDP ZDOO EHKDYH GLIIHUHQWO\ LQ YDULRXV IORZ UHJLPHV 'DJWHNLQ DQG 8QVDO >@ IRXQG WKDW QRQ
GLPHQVLRQDOL]HGUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKDQGRUGLQDWHRIWKHHGG\FHQWUHYDU\OLQHDUO\ZLWKWKH Re 'XUUHWWHWDO>@DQG
<DQJ DQG <X >@ VKRZHG WKDW YDULDWLRQ RI X L H ZLWK u
U OLQHDU LQ UDQJH DQG X L H FRQWLQXRXVO\ GHFUHDVLQJ LQ
i
QDWXUHZLWK u
U LQFUHDVHG$FFRUGLQJWR+XIIPDQHWDO>@ERXQGDU\OD\HULVJUHDWO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHWXUEXOHQFHLQ
i
WKHH[WHUQDOIORZ$QGWKXVLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKHVHSDUDWLQJVKHDUOD\HULQDVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQIORZLVDOVRDIIHFWHG
E\ WKH WXUEXOHQFH GHJUHH DORQJ WKH FHQWHUOLQH RI WKH GXFW :LWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI WKH FHQWHUOLQH WXUEXOHQFH WKH
VHSDUDWLQJ VKHDU OD\HU JHWV HQHUJL]HG DQG DV D UHVXOW LW UHDWWDFKHV VRRQHU +HQFH LW LV REVHUYHG WKDW UHDWWDFKPHQW
OHQJWK GHFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI FHQWHUOLQH WXUEXOHQFH %\ XVLQJ PRGLILFDWLRQV RI WKH VWDQGDUG Nİ PRGHO IRU
VWUHDPOLQHFXUYDWXUH/DXQGHUet al >@LQYHVWLJDWHGWXUEXOHQWIOXLGIORZLQDFLUFXODUGXFW5XQFKDO>@UHSRUWHGWKDW
PDVVWUDQVIHUEHKDYLRULVVWURQJO\LQIOXHQFHGE\ERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQ50&6R>@DOVRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHGHSHQGHQFH
RIUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKRQ u
U ZKLFKLVGHFUHDVHZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRI u
U 
i i
1RPHQFODWXUH
X  $[LDOFRRUGLQDWHDORQJWKHGXFWP
r 5DGLDOFRRUGLQDWHDORQJWKHGXFWP
u 7LPHPHDQYHORFLW\DORQJ[D[LVPV
v 7LPHPHDQYHORFLW\DORQJUGLUHFWLRQPV
uin  $YHUDJHLQOHWYHORFLW\PV
G 5DWHRI3URGXFWLRQ
N  7XUEXOHQFHNLQHWLFHQHUJ\PV
Re  5H\QROGVQXPEHU
CP  (PSLULFDO&RQVWDQW
Cs  Cs (PSLULFDOFRQVWDQWV
Er  ([SDQVLRQUDWLR 5RUL 
RO  'RZQ6WUHDPUDGLXVP
ri  5DGLXVDWWKHLQOHWP
XR  5HDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKP
XL  'RZQ6WUHDPOHQJWKP
X i  8SVWUHDP/HQJWKP
H  6WHS+HLJKWP
Pl  0ROHFXODURUODPLQDUYLVFRVLW\NJPV
Pw 
 9LVFRVLW\RIZDWHUNJPV
Pt  (GG\RUWXUEXOHQWYLVFRVLW\NJPV
Peff  (IIHFWLYH9LVFRVLW\NJPV
H 7XUEXOHQFHGLVVLSDWLRQUDWHPV
Vk  3UDQGWOQXPEHURIWKHWXUEXOHQW.(
VH  'LVVLSDWLRQHQHUJ\
U air  'HQVLW\RIDLUNJP
A. Mandal and S. Majumder / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 275 – 281 277

7KHSUHVHQWVWXG\LVDQDO\VHVWRQXPHULFDODQDO\VLVRIWKHWXUEXOHQWIOXLGIORZWKURXJKDQD[LV\PPHWULFVXGGHQ
H[SDQVLRQZLWKYDULDWLRQRIWXUEXOHQWLQWHQVLW\DWWKHLQOHWKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWE\XVLQJPRGLILHG WXUEXOHQFH
PRGHO 7KH FRQWURO YROXPH IRUPXODWLRQ RI 3DWDQNDU >@ ZLWK SRZHU ODZ VFKHPH LQ D QRQXQLIRUP JULG KDV EHHQ
DGRSWHG IRU WKH VROXWLRQ RI WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG HTXDWLRQV 7KH UHVXOWV KDYH EHHQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH EHQFKPDUN
VROXWLRQSHUWDLQLQJWRWKHH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGWKHPDWFKLQJZDVH[FHOOHQWFRQILUPLQJWKHVWDELOLW\DQG
GHSHQGHQFHRIWKHSUHVHQWPHWKRGRORJ\WRVROYHWKHWXUEXOHQWIORZWKURXJKDVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQ

*HRPHWULFDO'HVFULSWLRQ

U
;L
;/

+

2XWOHW

52
8LQ ,QOHW U L $[LV ;


)LJ1RPHQFODWXUHRIWKH*HRPHWU\

,QWKH)LJWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHSUREOHPKDVEHHQVKRZQ7KHLQOHWXQLIRUPIORZYHORFLW\LV U in 

*RYHUQLQJHTXDWLRQ

3.1 Continuity Equation:


          

3.2 Axial component (x-component):

  


3.3 Radial component (r-component):

             
7KHHIIHFWLYHYLVFRVLW\LVJLYHQE\
            
7KHHGG\YLVFRVLW\LVJLYHQE\

   

3.4. Modified C P
$FFRUGLQJ WR /HVFK]LQHU DQG 5RGL >@ WKH VWUHDPOLQH FXUYDWXUH HIIHFWV FDQ EH WDNHQ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ E\
278 A. Mandal and S. Majumder / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 275 – 281

PRGLI\LQJWKHPRGHOFRQVWDQW C P IRUWKHHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHHGG\YLVFRVLW\7KHPRGLILFDWLRQLVVKRZQEHORZ
 
 KK 
CP
ª 
k §¨ w U S U ·US º
«   K    S ¸ »
«¬  ¨
H © wn RC ¸ R »¼
¹ c


 
+HUH U s u  v            

3.5. Turbulence Model
3.5.1 Equation

   

:KHUH*LVJLYHQE\

   

͵ǤͷǤʹࢿ- Equation
  

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH YDOXHV RI WKH HPSLULFDO FRQVWDQWV JLYHQ LQ VWDQGDUG k  H PRGHO DUH UHFRPPHQGHG E\
/DXQGHUDQG6SDOGLQJ>@

   

   


3.6. Boundary Condition
)RU SUHVHQW DQDO\VLV WKH ZRUNLQJ IOXLG LV DLU DW R& ZLWK GHQVLW\ WDNHQ DV ȡDLU   NJP YLVFRVLW\
P l î.JPV
x $WWKH,QOHW
L7KHLQOHWD[LDOYHORFLW\LVXQLIRUP
LL7XUEXOHQFHHQHUJ\DQGGLVVLSDWLRQUDWHDUHWDNHQDV

 DQG U in LVWKH,QOHWYHORFLW\


x $WWKH:DOO
1RVOLSFRQGLWLRQKDVEHHQWDNHQIRUYHORFLWLHVVRX Y 
$QG 

x $WWKH$[LV
=HURVKHDUVWUHVVFRQGLWLRQKDVEHHQWDNHQ
$OVR 
x $WWKH2XWOHW
)XOO\GHYHORSHGIORZFRQGLWLRQKDVEHHQWDNHQDWWKHRXWOHW
 I VWDQGVIRUXYțİHWF
A. Mandal and S. Majumder / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 275 – 281 279

6ROXWLRQ0HWKRG
7KHFRQWUROYROXPHIRUPXODWLRQZLWK6,03/(5PHWKRG>@DORQJZLWK3RZHU/DZVFKHPHKDVEHHQHPSOR\HG
DVDOUHDG\VWDWHG

9DOLGDWLRQ

)LJUHSUHVHQWWKHYDOLGDWLRQIRUWKHWXUEXOHQFHPRGHOXVHGLQWKHSUHVHQWZRUNXVLQJWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVRI
50& 6R >@ IRU LQYHVWLJDWLQJ UHDWWDFKPHQW OHQJWK GRZQVWUHDP RI DQ FLUFXODU FKDQQHO H[SDQVLRQ 7KH QRQ
GLPHQVLRQDOUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKZLWK&HQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHKDVEHHQVKRZQDQGFRPSDUHG7KHJRRGPDWFKLQJRI
WKHWZRUHVXOWVVLJQLILHVWKHSUHVHQWFRPSXWDWLRQDOVFKHPHDVDSSOLFDEOHIRUWKHWXUEXOHQWIOXLGIORZDQDO\VLVWKURXJK
DQD[LV\PPHWULFVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQGXFW



)LJ9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHSUHVHQWQXPHULFDOPHWKRG

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ

)RUWKHSUHVHQWDQDO\VLVZHWDNHWKHJHRPHWU\VKRZQDVLQ)LJ)RUWKLVFDVHXSVWUHDPUDGLXV ri DQG
GRZQVWUHDPUDGLXV Ro PZKHWKHUXSVWUHDPOHQJWK X i DQGGRZQVWUHDPOHQJWK X L DUHPDQG
PUHVSHFWLYHO\+HUH([SDQVLRQUDWLR Er 7KHZRUNLQJIOXLGWDNHQDVDLUZLWKGHQVLW\ U air $[LDOLQOHWYHORFLW\LV
WDNHQDVPV7KHLQOHWYHORFLW\UHPDLQVFRQVWDQWWKURXJKRXWWKHDQDO\VLVSURFHVV7XUEXOHQWLQWHQVLW\YDULDWLRQ
LQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHLQOHW7KHYDULDWLRQRILQWHQVLW\LH u
U FORVHGWRYDOXHRIWR
i
,QWKH)LJDQG)LJWKHHIIHFWVRIWXUEXOHQWLQWHQVLW\RQUHFLUFXODWLRQEXEEOHKDYHEHHQVKRZQWKURXJKVWUHDP
OLQHDQGYHFWRUFRQWRXUSORWV7KHUHFLUFXODWLRQEXEEOHLVJHQHUDWHGLQWKHFRUQHURIWKHSDVVDJH)RUDORZHU u
U D
i
UHFLUFXODWLRQRIFRQVLGHUDEOHVL]HJHQHUDWHGDWWKHXSSHUFRUQHURIWKHGXFW,WLVHYLGHQWIURPWKHVWUHDPOLQHFRQWRXUV
WKDWZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHWKHUHFLUFXODWLRQVL]HJUDGXDOO\GHFUHDVHV7KHVDPHFDQEHVHHQIURP
)LJZKHUHWKHYHFWRUSORWVVLJQLILHVWKDWIRUKLJKHUFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHWKHUHFLUFXODWLRQVL]HLVVPDOOHVWIRUD
FRQVWDQWLQOHWYHORFLW\DQGDVSHFWUDWLR
7KHERXQGDU\OD\HUGHYHORSHGRQWKHZDOOVRIWKHXSVWUHDPWXEHJHQHUDWHVDVHSDUDWLQJVKHDUOD\HUGRZQVWUHDP
RIWKHVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQ,QDVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQIORZWKLVVHSDUDWLQJVKHDUOD\HUJUHDWO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHFHQWUHOLQH
WXUEXOHQFH OHYHO 7KH LQFUHDVH RI HQHUJL]HV WKH VHSDUDWLQJ VKHDU OD\HU DQG WKXV WKH VKHDU OD\HU VSUHDG IDVWHU $V D
UHVXOWLWUHDWWDFKHVIDVWHUDQGJLYHVVKRUWHUUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWK7KHGHFUHDVHLQUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKVLJQLILHVWKDW
WKHVL]HRIWKHUHFLUFXODWLRQEXEEOHGHFUHDVHV7KXVLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHWKH
UHFLUFXODWLRQEXEEOHVL]HJHQHUDWHGDWWKHFRUQHURIWKHGXFWUHGXFHV
280 A. Mandal and S. Majumder / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 275 – 281


)LJ6WUHDPOLQHFRQWRXUV



)LJ9HFWRUSORWV

)LJ  VKRZV WKH YDULDWLRQ RI D[LDO YHORFLW\ SURILOH IRU YDULRXV FHQWUHOLQH WXUEXOHQFHV )RU ORZHU FHQWUHOLQH
WXUEXOHQFH WKH YHORFLW\ SURILOH LV QRW IXOO\ GHYHORSHG ZKHUHDV LW EHFRPHV IXOO\ GHYHORSHG IRU KLJKHU FHQWUHOLQH
WXUEXOHQFH,WKDVEHHQVKRZQLQ)LJWKDWZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHUHFLUFXODWLRQVL]HGHFUHDVHV
DQG WKXV WKH HIIHFW FDQ EH REVHUYHG DW WKH RXWOHW ZKHUH WKH YHORFLW\ SURILOHV EHFRPHV IXOO\ GHYHORSHG IRU KLJKHU
YDOXHRIFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFH
A. Mandal and S. Majumder / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 275 – 281 281

)LJ$[LDOYHORFLW\SURILOHDWRXWOHWZLWKWKHYDULDWLRQRIFHQWUHOLQH )LJ9DULDWLRQRIUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKZLWKFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFH
WXUEXOHQFH

)LJXUH  UHSUHVHQWV WKH YDULDWLRQ RI UHDWWDFKPHQW OHQJWK ZLWK FHQWUHOLQH WXUEXOHQFH ,W LV HYLGHQW WKDW ZLWK WKH
LQFUHDVHRIFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKJUDGXDOO\GHFUHDVHVDQGDIWHUDSDUWLFXODUFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFH
YDOXHLWEHFRPHVDOPRVWFRQVWDQW7KDWPHDQVZLWKIXUWKHULQFUHDVHRIFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHWKHUHLVQRFKDQJHLQ
UHFLUFXODWLRQVL]HSURYLGHGDWWKLVFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFHUHFLUFXODWLRQVL]HLVTXLWHVPDOO

&RQFOXVLRQ

$QXPHULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQKDVEHHQGRQHWRDQDO\]HWKHWXUEXOHQWIOXLGIORZWKURXJKDVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQ,WKDV
EHHQREVHUYHGWKDWWKHUHFLUFXODWLRQEXEEOHGHFUHDVHVDVWKHFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQWLQWHQVLW\LVLQFUHDVHG ,WLVREVHUYHG
WKDWUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKGHFUHDVHVZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIFHQWUHOLQHWXUEXOHQFH,WLVDOVRFRQFOXGHGWKDWDIWHUFHUWDLQ
OLPLWRILQWHQVLW\UHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKLVFRQVWDQW

$FNQRZOHGJPHQW
7KLVZRUNLVVXSSRUWHGE\8*& 5*1) *RYWRI,QGLD

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ % ) $UPDO\ ) 'XUVW - & ) 3HUHLUD % 6FKRQXQJ ([SHULPHQW DQG 7KHRUHWLFDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI EDFNZDUG IDFLQJ VWHSIORZ - )OXLG
0HFK  
>@ /+%DFN(-5RVFKNH6KHDU/D\HUIORZ5HJLPHVDQGZDYH,QVWDELOLWLHVDQG5HDWWDFKPHQW/HQJWKV'RZQVWUHDPRIDQDEUXSW&LUFXODU
FKDQQHO([SDQVLRQ-$SSO0HFK(  
>@ ,'DJWHNLQ08QVDO1XPHULFDO$QDO\VLVRID[LV\PPHWULFDQGSODQQHUVXGGHQ([SDQVLRQIORZVIRUODPLQDUUHJLPH,QW-1XPHU0HWK
)OXLGV  
>@ 53'XUUHWW:+6WHYHQVRQ+'7KRPSVRQ5DGLDODQGD[LDOWXUEXOHQWIORZPHDVXUHPHQWVZLWKDQ/'$LQDQD[LV\PPHWULFVXGGHQ
H[SDQVLRQDLUIORZ$60(6SHFLDO3XEOLFDWLRQ)('  
>@ * ' +XIIPDQ ' 5 =LPPHUPDQ : $ %HQQHWW 7KH HIIHFW RI IUHH VWUHDP WXUEXOHQFH OHYHO RQ WXUEXOHQW ERXQGDU\ OD\HU EHKDYLRXU
$*$5'$*  
>@ . 0 .UDOO ( 0 6SDUURZ 7XUEXOHQW KHDW WUDQVIHU LQ WKH VHSDUDWHG UHDWWDFKHG DQG UHGHYHORSPHQW UHJLRQV RI D FLUFXODU WXEH - +HDW
7UDQVIHU  
>@ 60DMXPGHU'6DQ\DO'HVWDELOL]DWLRQRI/DPLQDU:DOO-HW)ORZDQG5H/DPLQDUL]DWLRQRIWKH7XUEXOHQW&RQILQHG-HW)ORZLQ$[LDOO\
5RWDWLQJ&LUFXODU3LSH7UDQV$60(-)OXLGV(QJ  ±
>@ /)0RRQ*5XGLQJHU9HORFLW\GLVWULEXWLRQLQDQDEUXSWO\H[SDQGLQJFLUFXODUGXFW-)OXLGV(QJ  
>@ %(/DXQGHU'%6SDOGLQJ7KH1XPHULFDO&RPSXWDWLRQRIWXUEXOHQWIORZV&RPSXW0HWKRGV$SSO0HFK(QJ  
>@ 0 $ /HVFK]LQHU : 5RGL &DOFXODWLRQ RI DQQXODU DQG WZLQ SDUDOOHO MHWV XVLQJ YDULRXV GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ VFKHPHV DQG WXUEXOHQFHPRGHO
YDULDWLRQV-)OXLG(QJ  
>@$.5XQFKDOO0DVVWUDQVIHULQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWXUEXOHQWIORZGRZQVWUHDPRIVXGGHQHQODUJHPHQWRIDFLUFXODUSLSHIRUYHU\KLJK6FKPLGW
QXPEHUV,QW-+HDW0DVV7UDQVIHU  
>@693DWDQNDU1XPHULFDO+HDWWUDQVIHUDQGIOXLGIORZ0F*UDZ+LOO1HZ<RUN
>@6QHKDPR\0DMXPGHU'LSDQNDU6DQ\DO5HODPLQDUL]DWLRQRID[LV\PPHWULFWXUEXOHQWIORZZLWKFRPELQHGD[LDOMHWDQGVLGHLQMHFWLRQLQD
SLSH7UDQV$60(-)OXLGV(QJ  ±
>@50&6R,QOHWFHQWHUOLQHWXUEXOHQFHHIIHFWVRQUHDWWDFKPHQWOHQJWKLQD[LV\PPHWULFVXGGHQH[SDQVLRQIORZV([SIOXLGV  


You might also like