Professional Documents
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Grade 12 – NEWTON
March 2019
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers expresses their sincere appreciation to the following people for
Sir Palle Gumarao, the researchers’ research adviser, for his precious time,
Sir Albert Griar for his suggestion and recommendations for the finalization of this
who extended their utmost support and help in completing the study.
To the researchers’ family who caters them during long nights of studying and
conducting of the experiments and never failed to show them their utmost love and
Above all, to the Almighty God, for giving the researchers the strength, wisdom
The research was conducted at Davao Doctors College, Inc. located at Gen.
Malvar St., Davao City. The aim of this study is to produce an alternative glue using
alternative component for glue. This study employed an experimental type of research
design. Due to the lack of time and financial resources, instead of going to a laboratory,
the glue made of Jackfruit and the commercial glue. T-test analysis shows that there is a
significant difference between the two in terms of color, odor and stickiness. Also, when
the product is applied to different surfaces of paper, it dries quicker on thinner ones.
Nevertheless, the glue made out of Jackfruit is an effective alternative glue. Future studies
must modify the processes in making the product in this research—that would also
include having different ratios and proportions of the ingredients used in order to make a
more effective paste. It is also recommendable to utilize the different parts of the fruits
used.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Questions
Research Design
Research Instruments
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
commercial glue
Introduction
Glue is one of the oldest and most versatile adhesives. From the white glue used
automobile manufacturing, glue is basically part of the everyday life. Glue came into being
when ancient tribes discovered that the bones, hides, skin, sinew, and other connective
tissues from animals could be processed to remove collagen, the protein in these tissues
(Mazur, 2013). The collagen was sticky and was useful for holding things together.
type of thermoplastic – a polymer that melts when heated and hardens when cooled.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry stated that exposure to high levels
(around 1,000 ppm) of vinyl acetate in air for a couple of weeks caused irritation of the
eyes, nose, throat, and lungs of laboratory animals. Vinyl acetate at levels around 200
ppm caused irritation to the respiratory tract and nose when it was breathed by rats and
mice for up to 2 years. In this same study, damage to the lungs (congestion and increased
lung weight) was seen in rats at 200 and 600 ppm and in mice at 600 ppm vinyl acetate.
Studies with animals also suggest that breathing vinyl acetate may affect the immune
system and nervous system. The extent and way in which vinyl acetate affects these
systems is not well understood. Vinyl acetate caused tumors in the noses of rats that
breathed 600 ppm for 2 years. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
According to Karen Gill (2018), sniffing glue is a life-threatening act. Even if the
result is not fatal, it can cause damage to the nervous and respiratory organs most
especially the lungs and the brain. In the Philippines, toluene – an aromatic hydrocarbon
which is a component in glue - has been abused by high school kids as stated by A.J.
Dela Torre (2009) in an article. According to him, the kids have been addicted to the
toluene that they constantly sniff it and use it as an inhalant. In the local setting,
specifically in San Pedro Ave., authorities have caught a lot of teenagers in a euphoric
state due to huffing and inhaling the toluene found in glue (Tabaco, 2017). The effect of
one glue-sniffing attempt could be more or less severe than earlier or subsequent
experiences. Due to this, the researchers conducted a study that would come up with an
(Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the most significant trees in tropical home gardens
and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the important genus Artocarpus. It
is one of the most considered fruits by the farmers and can grow well in equatorial to
subtropical maritime climates. In 2013, Statista reported that the production of Jackfruit
in the Philippines amounted to about 46, 080 metric tons. Jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus) contains latex, that is used for trapping birdlime and insects, could be an
essential ingredient in making adhesives (Elevitch and Manner, 2010). The latex found in
The main goal of this study is to create an alternative glue that is organic and safe. Also,
due to the rising price of commercial glue in the market, the researchers have come up
with an idea of a homemade glue using the materials that can just be accumulated easily.
Students. The product of this study would be helpful for them especially in doing
school projects that needs binding materials. It would also be of safer use to them since
Parents. It will be of great benefit to them since they won’t have to worry about
having their kids, especially the smaller ones, sniff and inhale the glue because it is
organic and does not have any toxic materials in its components.
with a much cheaper material that can be expanded into large quantities.
Future Researchers. The results of this research will serve as a baseline data for
them to conduct the same study, with different materials, to validate findings.
Scope and Limitations
2018-2019. The pursuit for the materials that will be used for the study will be bounded
The product may take less than two days to make due to the collection of Jackfruit
limited only to the usage of the sap of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Other parts of
Conceptual Framework
Extracted
Jackfruit
then Glue
sap
thickened
Figure 1 describes the conceptual framework of the study wherein the Jackfruit
sap is the independent variable in this study and the glue is the dependent variable. The
input in this paradigm is the Jackfruit sap which is the independent variable. The
thickening process will be done to produce the desired output, which is the glue, using
the Jackfruit sap with the aid of extenders such as flour and water. The researcher aims
1. Is there any significant difference between the glue made out of Jackfruit
a. Odor
b. Appearance
c. Stickiness
producing glue?
Hypotheses
alternative ingredient for glue. The study aims to test the following hypotheses:
Ho: There is no significant difference between the glue made out of Jackfruit (Artocarpus
Ha: There is a significant difference between the glue made out of Jackfruit (Artocarpus
gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the genus Artocarpus. It is
a medium-sized amaranthine tree mostly reaching 8-25 meters in height that is easily
identified through its fruit, the largest among cultivated plants. Its luscious, fragrant and
delicious fruit is eaten or preserved in different ways (Elevitch and Manner, 2010).
kinds of crops, fruits and vegetables are planted by farmers in rural areas to supply the
food production in the urban area and in exchange, they would get a profit in it. Jackfruit
is one of the considered backyard crop by the farmers to plant since it is harvested all-
year round with peak period during April or May (Espino & Espino, n.d). In 2013, Statista
reported that the production of Jackfruit in the Philippines amounted to about 46, 080
metric tons. From the year 2008, a minimal increase in the annual growth rate of 0.15%
had been observed. On the regional level, the main growing areas are Western Visayas
(1, 813 ha), Zamboanga Peninsula (1, 769 ha), Bicol Region (1, 668 ha), Northern
Mindanao (1, 559 ha) and CALABARZON (1, 557 ha). In the Davao region, 903 ha has
been recorded as of the year 2013. In lieu with these results, Jackfruit production in the
Jackfruit has many uses. It can also be utilized in different environmental services.
It cannot be easily blown by the wind so it is mostly used in making a fence or hurdle. In
the meadow, its fallen fruit can be used as food for the animals. It can also offer its shade
to coffee, pepper, betel nut, and cardamom plants. In gardens, its thick branches
shouldering the dense canopy leaves can provide a visual screen. Gamboa (2013)
easy to grow and is more adaptable than some of the other common Artocarpus species.
humans. Its seeds has been reported to contain high levels of protein, starch, calcium,
and thiamine (Burkill, 2014). Humans have relished its seeds by cooking it boiled, roasted
or preserved in a syrup like chestnuts. Its fruits are most likely eaten fresh or is processed
into numerous delicacies including jam, jelly, and chutney. The tree has also been
considered to acquire medicinal properties. In 2012, Morton reported that the Chinese
considered the fruit’s pulp and seeds as a stimulant. She also stated that they also found
the fruit to be useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol in the system. Jack leaf’s
poultices can be applied hot on bruises, blows, or wounds to reduce inflammation and
help healing (Jackfruit properties, n.d.). The ash of jackfruit leaves, burned with corn and
coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers. The dried latex
action (having male hormone activity). Mixed with vinegar, the latex promotes healing of
Its branches and trunk are burned for fuel wood. In the province of Cebu, Philippines, the
wood is highly prized for making guitars, ukuleles, and other musical instruments
(Everything Cebu, 2010). The heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware
and pottery and as caulking for boats and buckets. The latex contains resins that may
have use in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of papaya
latex (Gamboa, 2013). Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trapping birds (birdlime)
and for insect traps. The bark contains 3.3 % tannin (Prakash et. al., 2009). Tannin is a
dye, which is used to give the famous orange-red color to the robes of Buddhist priests.
Glue
construction. Cambridge Dictionary defines glue as a “sticky substance that is used for
joining things together permanently, produced from animal bones and skins or by
a chemical process”.
Glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bones, hides, skin,
sinew, and other connective tissues from animals could be processed to remove collagen,
the protein in these tissues (Mazur, 2013). The collagen was sticky and was useful for
holding things together. Milk solids, known as casein, and blood albumin can also be used
as a basis for glue. Dried serum from cows' blood yields albumin that coagulates (clumps
are very efficient in making glue. This is due to the abundant collagen found in their bones.
Collagen is one of the key ingredient in most animal glues, as it can be made into a gelatin
that’s sticky when wet but hardens when it dries. The word collagen actually derives from
the Greek kolla, meaning glue, and the suffix -gen, meaning producer. As large, muscled
animals, horses contain lots of this glue producer. But most of the glue companies uses
Due to the high price of commercial glue in the market and also to conserve the
lives of the animals that were slaughtered to make glue, many researchers sought for
In the University of Sto. Tomas in 2013, a study was made about having Okra
(Abelmoschus esculentus) as alternative Glue. The study made use of the Okra pods
because it contains mucilage which gives it slimy characteristic and is a good potential as
mucilage of the okra. After extracting, the researcher mixed its mucilage with water and
flour. After the experiment, the product came out as effective though it did not actually
alternative glue. She put the skimmed milk, vinegar and water in a heated pan and let it
boil. As a result, the glue made out of milk was deemed effective.
Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) sap as an alternative glue
In 2016 (N.A.), a study about star apple sap as an alternative glue was conducted.
The researcher extracted the sap from the fruit and put it in a closed container. After a
day, the researcher tested the product in different kinds of paper and it was proven that
the star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) sap is a feasible alternative component for glue.
Fulgencio et. al. (2014) tested the feasibility of Banana (Musa acuminata) and
blended together the minced banana and jackfruit. To test its efficacy, they bonded
Research Design
(Artocarpus heterophyllus) sap as an alternative main ingredient for glue. Adi Bhat (2018)
approach, where a set of variables are kept constant while the other set of variables are
heterophyllus) sap. The dependent variable or the criterion will be the glue. Extraneous
variables that will serve as extenders, since the sap, alone, cannot stand as an applicable
Research Instruments
The instrument that will be employed in this study is the survey questionnaire for
the student respondents. The questionnaire will comprise of questions that would seek to
know the difference of the commercial glue and the glue made out of Jackfruit sap. The
survey questionnaire would be divided into two parts: the first part would seek to know if
the commercial glue is better than the glue made out of Jackfruit sap. The second part is
to know if the glue made out of Jackfruit sap is better than the commercial glue. Each part
would be composed of 9-items the answers to which follow a four-point Likert-type scale.
going to a plantation that supplies the fruit that would be used for the study. The Jackfruit
plantation is located in Los Amigos, Calinan, Davao City. After buying the amount of fruit
that would be sufficient for the study, an experiment will be conducted in the Science
Due to the limited time and lack of financial resources, the product would not
undergo a laboratory test to know the difference between the commercial glue and the
glue made out of Jackfruit sap instead a survey will be administered by the researchers
to the Grade 12-STEM students of Davao Doctors College. The researchers chose the
Grade 12-STEM students since it is more convenient and the researchers belonged to
the same population and would have no difficulty in approaching the subjects. The
questionnaires will be retrieved right away after the respondents have answered them all.
Data Analysis
To answer the statement of the problem and analyze the data gathered, statistical
1. Weighted mean. To look into the average of some elements with different
weights on the result than other elements in the set.
Σ𝑓𝑥
Formula: 𝑊𝑀 = 𝑁
̅𝑥̅̅1̅−𝑥
̅̅̅2̅
Formula: 𝑡 =
𝑠 2
𝑠 2
√ 1+ 2
𝑛1 𝑛2
S – Standard Deviation
N – Number of samples
Flowchart of Methodology
Materials:
1 Jackfruit
½ cup of water
1 Closed container
a. Acquisition
Procedure Flow
1. Start.
Start
2. Ingredients used in the study are
5. End.
Procedure Flow
1. Start.
Start
with a cap).
Extraction of
4. Extraction of the Jackfruit sap. Jackfruit sap
End
Before starting the experiment, the ingredients must be prepared. The experiment
would be needing 1 teaspoon of the extracted Jackfruit sap, one-third (1/3) cup of flour,
a half (1/2) cup of water, and one-third (1/3) tablespoon of vinegar. After preparing the
ingredients, the equipment will be prepared next. A graduated cylinder, measuring cups,
container with a cap, pot, stove and a stirring rod will be needed. After preparing all the
materials and equipment, start with the experiment by heating the water in the pot. When
the water comes to a boil, put the Jackfruit sap in the boiling water and leave for about 1-
2 minutes. When the sap mix with the water, add the flour then stir. Stir thoroughly to
avoid getting clumps. Add the vinegar. Stir gradually until mixture thickens. Let it cool.
When the mixture cools, put the finished product in a closed container.
Chapter 4
This chapter presents the results consolidated from the adapted survey
questionnaire. Also, further interpretations of the study are being discussed. The results
include the following: significant difference of the glue made out of Jackfruit and the
commercial glue, the drying duration in different surfaces of paper and the efficacy of
Jackfruit sap glue which serve as answers to the problems pointed in Chapter 1.
Significant Difference of the Glue made out of Jackfruit and the Commercial Glue
Table 1. Significant difference between the Jackfruit sap glue and the commercial glue
Table 1 shows the rejection of the null hypothesis. This further implies that there
heterophyllus) and the commercial glue. In terms of the mean of the samples, the result
omitted a 0.54 difference in terms of color. In terms of odor, a result of 0.33 difference is
shown and in terms of stickiness, the result shows a 1.98 significant difference. This
implies that the glue made out of Jackfruit sap is different compared to the commercial
Table 2 shows the type of papers the researchers used to test the efficacy of the
glue made out of Jackfruit. It also showed how long it took for the glue to totally dry on
the surface. It is observed that the glue dried faster on the bond paper and slowest on the
card paper. As seen in the table, the glue tend to dry quicker on thinner papers rather
than the thick ones. This result is supported by an acquainted study by Fulgencio et al
(2014). In their experimental study, they used the mixture of Banana and Jackfruit extracts
to create an alternative glue. Their study concluded that the thicker papers dry slower
The researchers tested the efficacy of the product by applying it in different types
of paper. After the glue dried, the researchers tried to separate the pieces of paper that
were put together. The papers were firmly adhered together and is hard to separate. An
implication to this finding is that the Jackfruit sap glue is as effective as the commercial
glue in terms of adhesion. This indicate that the Jackfruit sap is an effective alternative
ingredient for glue. This result is supported by the study of Belen et al (2013) that due to
the latex feature of the Jackruit, it can be an effective alternative ingredient for glue.
Chapter 5
Summary
sap. There were three research questions in this study: First, “Is there any significant
difference between the glue made out of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and the
commercial glue in terms of odor, appearance and stickiness?” Second, “How long does
it take to dry in different surfaces of paper?” Lastly, “Is the Jackfruit (Artocarpus
The product was made by extracting the sap from the fruit and mixing it with the
other ingredients that served as extender. After the mixing, the boiling and thickening of
the product comes after. The product was then ready for evaluation. To know its
difference from the commercial glue, a survey test was conducted. Laboratory test was
not conducted due to the limited time and lack of financial resources. To analyze the data,
T-test analysis was used. The analysis shows that there is a significant difference
between the two in terms of color, odor and stickiness. Also, when the product is applied
to different surfaces of paper, it dries quicker on thinner ones. Thus, the sap of Jackfruit
Conclusions
Having the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. There is a significant difference between the commercial glue and the glue
made out of Jackfruit. In terms of color, the result omitted a 0.54 difference. In
terms of odor, a result of 0.33 difference is shown and in terms of stickiness,
2. The glue made out of Jackfruit dried quicker on the bond paper with 8.12
minutes drying duration and slowest on the card paper with 12.37 minutes.
This was proven when the glue was capable of bonding together the different
types of paper.
Recommendations
Students. For the students, they must utilize indigenous and organic materials
Parents. For the parents, encourage the young children to use indigenous
materials and organic products to ensure their health since the product is not toxic and
Businessmen. For businessmen, when they would venture to sell the product of
this study, they must sell it at a much cheaper price than the commercial one since the
ingredients used are organic and natural and can be easily accommodated at home.
the product in this research—that would also include having different ratios and
proportions of the ingredients used in order to make a more effective paste. It is also
recommendable to utilize the different parts of the fruits used. To know the difference of
the commercial glue and the product of this study, it is highly recommended to let it be
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1992). Toxicological profile for vinyl
acetate. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service.
Burkill, H. M. (2014). The useful plants of west tropical Africa. 2nd Ed. Royal Botanic
Dela Torre, A.J. (2009). 'Rugby': cheap high for city's street kids (Last of two parts).
Retrieved https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2009/05/18/468466/rugby-cheap-
Elevitch C.R. and Manner H. I. (2010). Species profiles for pacific island agroforestry.
Espino, R. C. and Espino, M. C. (N. D.). The status of fruit industry in the Philippines.
Retrieved from
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20150810090507 on
February 7, 2019.
http://www.everythingcebu.com/lifestyle/business/cebus-famous-guitars/ on
February 5, 2019.
Fulgencio, J.K., Gamboa, H. A., Inciong, E. B., Javier, R. P. (2014). Paste out of
Gill, K. (2018). How sniffing glue affects your health. Retrieved from
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html on February 5,
2019.
from https://studymoose.com/%ef%bb%bfstar-apple-sap-as-a-alternative-glue-
https://www.statista.com/statistics/590131/production-of-jackfruit-philippines/ on
February 7, 2019.
Swami, S.B., Thakor, N.J., Haldankar, P.M. and Kalse, S.B. (2012). Jackfruit and its
Tecson, F. A. (2014). Can glue made from milk compete against commercial glue?
https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/02/what-do-horses-have-to-do-with-
2019.
Appendices
Survey Questionnaire
B.
Experiment period
Testing of the product on different surfaces of paper