Wireless sensor network

Problem with wireless sensor network is the determination of geographical location/ location of
sensors, the solution for the same is that to allow nodes to have their location information all the
time, for this GPS can be used. The localization algorithm in WSN can be range based or range
free. For former one the distance to nodes can be calculated using hardware i.e. node to node
distance or angles for estimating locations but for the latter one it does not use any radio signals.
Range free algorithm uses Monte Carlo Localization (MCL) that works on mobile sensor
network. As we discussed earlier that MCL uses in robot localization, the same concept has used
here that localization of node are represented with set of sample locations and when seeds move
they provide coordinate of new location. One of the approaches of MCL method is RBPF which
we again discussed earlier in robotics for estimating location of robot; it represents data
distribution of system by set of weighted samples. MSL works better in terms of localization
accuracy and low dependency on number of seeds.

Author proposes an approach to sensor network, sensor calibration using sources of unknown
location. 2D problem consist of sensor node placed it in a plane with unknown direction, these
nodes detects and measures of Time of Arrival measures the time taken of signal to arrive at
some sensors and DOA for every signal. ML solutions are presented which depends on source
locations and signal emission are known or unknown.

Author discusses about localization; NAUSTAR, GPS which has some satellites and needed to
obtain location information. Localization in wireless sensor network initiate a node that send
signal, the position of node is then determined by changing the signal measurements in position
estimates through localization algorithm. In localization, those nodes which are participating will
coordinate with one another and through clock synchronization the analysis of received signal
data will done. When sensor’s position is not fixed i.e. mobile it gets problem zed in case of
localization. Centralized and high latency localization techniques for static WSN are undesirable.
Author proposes localization techniques which are used by sensor nodes to identify the location,
location reference can be carried out near the shortest route through location aided routing.
Localization has been classified as known location, proximity based and angle based
localization. Localization mechanism uses geometry conjecture that utilizes mobile anchor point
to move it in sensing area and broadcast beacon messages as each anchor point is equipped with
GPS. Localization is estimated through communication between localized and unlocalized that
find their position. Problem with WSN with localization has limitation of battery power, low
processing speed and limited memory. Localization techniques reduce the deployment cost of
WSN and there is tradeoff between localization accuracy and algorithmic run time.

For Wireless Sensor Network, localization technique based on mobile beacons are not aware of
its position. The position of unknown nodes can be known when sensor node has deployed the
beacons assist them for localizing. A beacon traverses the sensor network while broadcasting the
beacon packets, as it contains coordinate of beacons. The beacons can be controlled by human
operator but needs calibration data in various environment are needed.