Offshore

December 2018/January 2019
World
World Trends
Trends and
and Technology
Technology for
for Offshore
Offshore Oil
Oil and
and Gas
Gas
GLOBAL MARKET
OUTLOOK
TOP OFFSHORE PROJECTS

GULF OF MEXICO UPDATE
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• CONTENTS
International Edition
Volume 79, Number 1
Celebrating 60 Years of Trends, Tools, and Technology
project sanctioning. In fact, greenfield project commitments have risen
26
every year since 2016. The year 2018, for its part, is likely to close with
over $85 billion of greenfield project commitments.
The upturn is now��35

What a wild ride it has been. In our view, major industry changes were
needed – collaboration, cooperation, and standardization to name a
few. And customers have awoken to the idea of increased collaboration.
The oil companies now understand the need for change.
Floating production market outlook strengthens��37

The floating production market outlook continues to strengthen,
making this the third year in a row that more than 50% of survey re-
spondents expressed positive sentiment (somewhat confident to highly
confident), according to EMA’s annual Global Floating Production
• TOP OFFSHORE PROJECTS
Shell’s Kaikias achieves reduced cycle time, lower costs� 24 Industry Survey.
Shell has demonstrated what is possible in terms of lower costs and Boom in US offshore wind to boost America’s
reduced cycle times with its Kaikias project in the deepwater Gulf of energy suppliers��41
Mexico. In May, the company announced that it had started production Six East Coast states – Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode
at the Kaikias project about one year ahead of schedule. Cycle time Island, Connecticut, and Maryland – are proceeding with firm plans for
from discovery to production for Kaikias phase one was less than four almost 10 GW of offshore wind power by 2030. Analysis shows it will
years. require close to $50 billion in capex to bring this new capacity online,
which will supply steady, market-priced offshore wind power to light
World’s largest spar platform opens deepwater production
offshore mid-Norway��26 up boardwalks and boardrooms for consumers and businesses up and
Equinor and its partners commissioned the world’s largest spar plat- down the Atlantic seaboard.
form, and the first to feature production/storage of condensate, for the
deepwater Aasta Hansteen development in the Norwegian Sea. This • GULF OF MEXICO
and the Polarled export pipeline should advance development of other Operators make handful of important deepwater
formerly stranded gas fields in the region. discoveries in 2018��44
The outlook for deepwater drilling in the Gulf of Mexico has been slow-
Shah Deniz 2 marks starting point for the ly improving over the past year. The number of drilling rigs in the Gulf is
Southern Gas Corridor��30 up by four, from 19 to 23, compared to last year, according to the Baker
The BP-led Shah Deniz consortium started up the Shah Deniz Stage Hughes rig count of Dec. 14, 2018. And, operators reported finding a
2 project in the Azeri sector of the Caspian Sea on June 30, 2018. The number of new and important oil discoveries in the deepwater US Gulf
$28-billion project is the first subsea development in the Caspian Sea in 2018.
and the largest subsea infrastructure operated by BP worldwide. It is
also the starting point for the Southern Gas Corridor series of pipelines Status of US Gulf of Mexico deepwater discoveries��46
that will for the first time deliver natural gas from the Caspian Sea Get the latest updates of US Gulf of Mexico deepwater discoveries
direct to European markets. sorted by field name, year of discovery, water depth, operator, onstream
status, and production facility type.
• OFFSHORE OUTLOOK Producing wells declining in the shallow-water
Offshore is back – and shallow water is no exception��33 Gulf of Mexico��50
The offshore industry weathered the storm of low oil prices by cutting In the fourth part of this five-part series on Gulf of Mexico well trends,
costs and sanctioning fit-for-purpose scopes. Now with the worst of the producing and idle wells in the shallow water and deepwater are
downturn behind, the industry appears ready to start a new wave of examined.
Offshore® (ISSN 0030-0608). Offshore is published 12 times a year, monthly, by PennWell® Corporation, 1421 S. Sheridan, Tulsa, OK 74112. Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa, OK 74112 and
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All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. We make portions of our subscriber list available to carefully screened companies that offer products and
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Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK, 74112. Printed in the USA. GST No. 126813153. Publications Mail Agreement no. 40612608.
4 WWW.OFFSHORE-MAG.COM | OFFSHORE DECEMBER 2018/JANUARY 2019
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CONTENTS
Volume 79, Number 1
PRODUCTION OPERATIONS
COVER: This year is shaping up to be a good one in the US Corrosion management critical to
Gulf of Mexico, with the first increase in drilling in four years; first-ever long life of offshore assets................76
production from a Jurassic play; key new project sanctions; and an
uptick in M&A all in the cards, according to a recent report from Wood
Early detection and treatment of corrosion
Mackenzie. The firm projects that the new year could usher in more can help the optimize safety, life cycle cost
than $10 billion of investment into the region, setting the stage for and uptime of new and converted offshore
years to come. One major Gulf of Mexico project that came online in facilities. However, life-cycle cost approaches
November was Chevron’s Big Foot project (cover photo), which uses must align with the differing commercial driv-
a 15-slot drilling and production tension-leg platform, said to be the ers for the project and operational teams.
deepest of its kind in the world. (Photo courtesy Chevron)
Virtual reality provides springboard
GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS for rebounding offshore capital ....... 79
Multi-client surveys highlight opportunities offshore Africa .................................. 53 Digitalization has emerged as a powerful lever
In today’s economic climate, large multi-client surveys are becoming increasingly popular for for helping oil and gas operators reduce costs
both exploration and development teams. Since costs can be shared and larger surveys ac- and improve efficiencies amid the low-price
quired for a better overall view of the prospect, they provide a cost-effective means of acquiring environment. This is particularly the case in
high-quality data. the offshore sector, where long development
cycles, high capex and opex, and added safety
Exploration returning offshore Mozambique with prospect of oil risks present unique challenges that are often
in emerging plays ......................................................................................................... 57 not encountered in onshore projects. Apply-
Recent analysis of sea surface oil slicks and new 2D seismic data suggest the elements are in place ing technologies such as virtual reality and
for a major offshore oil play in the Mozambique Channel and East Zambezi basin. Mozambique’s digital twins can unlock value and savings.
government hopes to generate a similar level of exploration in these areas to the drilling
campaigns farther north that led to various giant deepwater gas discoveries. EQUIPMENT & ENGINEERING
UAVs bring offshore inspection into
the digital age..................................... 82
DRILLING & COMPLETION
Industry advances managed pressure drilling solutions ....................................... 61 Anti-Two Block system reduces risk
Oilfield equipment providers and downhole service firms are raising the bar for managed pres- of dropped loads ............................... 83
sure drilling technologies and systems. These new technologies will be of considerable interest
to offshore operators and drilling contractors as they face increasingly challenging deepwater Clock Spring introduces zero-
reservoirs. emission gasket................................. 84
Artificial intelligence improves real-time drilling data analysis ............................. 63
Mobile command center enhances
Well delivery may be the mother of all exploration processes. Since Colonel Drake’s first commer-
inspection capabilities ...................... 84
cial oil well in Pennsylvania 150 years ago, drilling has been one of the most critical and costly
exploration and production activities. Today, artificial intelligence is making a difference in a Wide-ranging environmental factors
discipline looking for major improvement. impact offshore moorings design ... 85
OCTG workover risers in deepwater: An alternative solution to drill pipe ........... 66
Remote metrology now available ‘on
Designing a pipe and connection for the highly critical workover/completion/landing riser harsh
demand’ .............................................. 86
environment involves satisfying both difficult service conditions and stringent ruling standards.
A new high-performance threaded and coupled riser connection allowed for a solution able to
meet both the difficult environment of 25 M&Bs in a NACE region 3 environment with 15,000 psi
working pressure as well as allow for a lower cost versus drill pipe style.
DEPARTMENTS
ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION, & INSTALLATION Online ...................................... 8
Disconnectable transfers critical to drilling vessel conversions ........................... 70 Comment ................................. 10
Converting a drillship to an FPSO can be more cost-effective than building a newbuild floating Data ....................................... 12
or fixed platform for marginal fields or for early production purposes. Disconnectable transfer Global E&P ............................... 13
systems are a necessity for projects in harsh offshore environments. Offshore Europe ......................... 15
Gulf of Mexico........................... 16
Integrated supplier-led solution improves deepwater project economics ........... 72 Subsea Systems ......................... 17
In the industry’s quest to maintain profitable oil and gas developments, adopting an integrated Vessels, Rigs, & Surface Systems ... 18
supplier-led solution (SLS) is becoming a key component. It introduces opportunities to provide Drilling & Production................... 20
a more open approach to the design and engineering process and more access to information Offshore Wind Energy .................. 22
about the reservoir. Adopting an integrated SLS approach also enables comparison of various Business Briefs ....................... 101
concepts and optimizations not only in terms of cost, but also the production and revenue a Advertisers’ Index .................... 103
concept will deliver. Beyond the Horizon ................... 104
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ONLINE
LATEST NEWS AVAILABLE AT OFFSHORE-MAG.COM VP AND GROUP PUBLISHING DIRECTOR

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The latest news is posted daily for the offshore oil and gas industry covering tech-
nology, companies, personnel moves, and products. CHIEF EDITOR/
CONFERENCES EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
NEW ON-DEMAND WEBCAST David Paganie davidp@pennwell.com
Top Offshore Projects: Leading strategies in capital efficiency MANAGING EDITOR
Bruce A. Beaubouef bruceb@pennwell.com
After a prolonged market downturn, offshore field development projects are once
EDITOR-EUROPE
again moving toward first oil. Higher oil prices, cost reductions, technological break- Jeremy Beckman jeremyb@pennwell.com
throughs and strategic engineering have enabled operators to sanction their deepwater ASSISTANT EDITOR
developments. Jessica Stump jessicat@pennwell.com
In this year’s “Top Offshore Projects” webcast, sponsored by Bentley Systems, POSTER EDITOR
Calpipe Industries, LLC, and Wood, the Offshore editors select the projects that have E. Kurt Albaugh, P.E. Kurt.albaugh@yahoo.com
successfully been re-engineered and restructured to succeed in today’s marketplace, EDITORIAL CREATIVE DIRECTOR
Jason Blair
and will the describe the new technologies and engineering methods that have
PRODUCTION MANAGER
enabled these projects to move forward. Shirley Gamboa shirleyg@pennwell.com
https://www.offshore-mag.com/webcasts/offshore/2019/01/top-offshore-projects-leading-strat-
MARKETING MANAGER
egies-in-capital-efficiency.html Myla Lowrance mylal@pennwell.com
NEW MAPS, POSTERS, AND SURVEYS AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER
• 2019 Status of US Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Discoveries Emily Martin emilym@pennwell.com
• 2019 Gulf of Mexico Map
OFFSHORE EVENTS
• 2018 Environmental Drilling and Completion Fluids Survey David Paganie (Houston) davidp@pennwell.com
• 2018 Worldwide Survey of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Units Gail Killough (Houston) gailk@pennwell.com
• 2018 MWD/LWD Services Directory
• 2018 World Survey of Stimulation Vessels
• 2018 Offshore Mexico Map www.pennwell.com
• 2018 Deepwater Solutions & Records For Concept Selection
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• COMMENT
New opportunities boost

offshore market outlook
DAVID PAGANIE, CHIEF EDITOR
A NEW OFFSHORE is taking shape. Offshore oil Global Floating Production Industry Survey, produced last year in
and gas exploration and production activity appears partnership with Offshore. More than 50% of the respondents ex-
to be on pace for steady, incremental growth for pressed positive sentiment in the market outlook. The percentage
the foreseeable future as operators seem intent to of respondents who are highly confident rose from 10% last year
sustain capital discipline. Meanwhile, offshore wind to 23% this year. Geographically, Brazil and West Africa ranked as
development activity is set to accelerate as demand the top two growth regions. Another notable finding of the survey
increases for renewable power generation. is the type of technology that is expected to have the greatest
impact on the offshore industry. The results were unmanned
OIL SUPPORTS WIND production facilities and long-distance subsea tiebacks as a close
Offshore readers may know that oil and gas industry companies first and second. See the full survey results and five-year floating
have played an integral role in developing the offshore wind industry production forecast, by David Boggs, EMA, beginning on page 37.
in Europe. A similar transfer of skills, knowledge, and financial
resources is well under way in the US, as states, mainly on the East TOP PROJECTS DELIVER CAPITAL EFFICIENCY
Coast, seek to increase the percentage share of renewables in their Also inside this issue, Offshore presents the recipients of the annual
energy mix. Energy companies with roots in oil and gas, such as Top Offshore Projects award. The projects were once again selected
Equinor and Shell, are taking the lead. Last month, both Equinor that exhibited leading strategies in capital efficiency. The winners
and Mayflower Wind Energy (50:50 JV between Shell New Energies also displayed a commitment to technological innovation while
US LLC and EDPR Offshore North America LLC), won rights to pushing the boundaries of upstream development. The winners
leases in federal waters off Massachusetts for $135 million. The in no particular order are: Shell-operated Kaikias in the US Gulf of
other lease in the BOEM auction was sold to Vineyard Wind for Mexico, Equinor-operated Aasta Hansteen in the Norwegian North
$135.1 million. In 2017, Equinor won a lease for $42 million off New Sea, and BP-operated Shah Deniz 2 in the Caspian Sea. The project
York. The three lease areas off Massachusetts that were sold for reports begin on page 24. A special webcast presentation of the
$405.1 million, were previously auctioned as two leases in 2015 and award-winning projects will be available at offshore-mag.com.
drew no interest – a clear sign of developer confidence in the market All in, the offshore outlook is increasingly optimistic, especially
outlook. Analysts suggest that there are firm plans for almost 10 for the companies that can develop and support both offshore
GW of offshore wind for the US which could require about $50 conventional and renewable resources. Offshore is committed to
billion in capex to bring this new capacity online, according to keeping readers informed of the latest developments in offshore
Stephanie McClellan, University of Delaware. See Stephanie’s US renewables. Industry news will be posted daily to the magazine
offshore wind market outlook beginning on page 41. website and beginning with this issue, a front-of-book column will
cover the latest technology and trends in offshore wind. Readers
GREENFIELD SANCTIONING IMPROVES SENTIMENT can expect the same editorial commitment to timely market in-
Still, the oil companies that are engaged in the energy transition telligence, news, executive interviews, and in-depth analysis that
will continue to allocate the bulk of their capital to oil and gas Offshore has produced for the oil and gas industry for over six
development. The focus offshore will continue to be on brownfield decades. Another new feature that Offshore is rolling out is an
developments, but greenfield activity is making a comeback as enhanced magazine layout to improve readability in print and
development costs remain low. Last year was expected to close digital format. Readers may notice some minor tweaks to the new
with over $85 billion in greenfield sanctions, according to Oddmund design throughout the year, and comments are welcome. Happy
Føre, Rystad Energy. This is a 25% increase over 2017 commitments. New Year!
Looking ahead, Rystad forecasts an average of $100 billion in project
sanctions over the next three years. And an increasing share of the
capital will be allocated to shallow water developments from
smaller operators. Oddmund’s global offshore spending outlook
begins on page XX.
A beneficiary of this trend in greenfield sanctioning are the
floating production system contractors. The companies in this To respond to articles in Offshore, or to offer articles for publication,
market segment are gaining confidence, according to EMA’s annual contact the editor by email (davidp@pennwell.com).
1901OFF08-23.indd 10 1/4/19 4:27 PM DMGEv

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DATA F1: WORLDWIDE OFFSHORE RIG COUNT AND UTILIZATION RATE
DECEMBER 2016 – NOVEMBER 2018
1,000 100
Worldwide offshore rig
count and utilization rate 900 90
The month of November saw very few
changes in the offshore rig market with 800 80
Fleet utilization rate, %

nearly every category remaining flat. The
Number of rigs
total number of jackups, semis, and drill-
700 70
ships under contract held steady at 433
rigs, which is the same as October. Mean-
while, only one rig has been removed from 600 60
the global fleet, taking the total supply to
a total of 767. As a result, rig utilization re- 500 50
mained effectively the same at 56.4% in
November. Nearly the same can be said 400 40
for the number of rigs working, which had a
one-unit decline this month to a total of 400.
300 30
Dec. Feb. Apr. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr. Jun. Aug. Oct.
– Justin Smith, Petrodata by IHS Markit 2016 2017 2018
Total utilization Total supply Total under contract Working

Note: Rig types included are jackups, semis, and drillships
Source: IHS Markit RigPoint
F2: OPEC-14 (EXCL. QATAR) CRUDE PRODUCTION, MONTHLY

OPEC+ production cuts 34.0
Opec-14 (previous, “status quo”)
will not be enough 33.5 Opec-14 (new forecast, cuts extended through 2019)
OPEC+ will need to stay 700,000 b/d Target production 1H-19*
below its agreed targets of 31.8 MMb/d 33.0
through 2019 to bring a recovery in Brent 32.5
Million barrels per day
prices to the $70 level, according to ana-

lyst Rystad Energy. On Dec. 7, 2018, the 32.0
OPEC countries and Russia agreed to cut
31.5
oil production by 1.2 MMb/d in 2019.
Head of oil market research Bjornar 31.0
Tonhaugen said: “...The agreed production
cuts will not be enough to ensure sustained 30.5
and immediate recovery in oil prices…” 30.0
The analyst added that OPEC+ suc-
ceeds in preventing massive over-supply 29.5
in the first half of 2019 and in putting a soft
floor under oil prices for now. If production
Oct.
Dec.
Feb.
Apr.
June
Aug.
Oct.
Dec.
Feb.
Apr.
June
Aug.
Oct.
Dec.
Feb.
Apr.
June
Aug.
Oct.
Dec.
cuts by OPEC and Russia are extended
through 2019, the market can balance. 2016 2017 2018 2019
*Production target if only including the target cuts (–800,000 bpd) for the non-exempt countries (’OPEC-11’) including a 400,000
bpd cut for Saudi Arabia.
Source: Rystad Energy research and analysis, OilMarketCube December 2018. Oil Market Balances Report November 2018
Subsea vessel/equipment
F3: GLOBAL SUBSEA VESSEL OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
spending set to rise
Westwood forecasts total subsea vessel EXPENDITURE AND VESSEL DAY DEMAND, 2014-23
operations and hardware expenditure 50 100
Hardware - line pipe Vessel ops expenditure
globally of $152 billion during 2019-2023,
45 Hardware - SURF Vessel day demand 90
in a new report. Over the forecast period, Hardware - XT + TMFJ
subsea hardware will account for 64% 40 80
($97.6 billion) of expenditure, with subsea
Vesl days (thousands)
35 70
Expenditure ($bn)
vessels operations accounting for the re-

maining 36% ($55.4 billion). 30 60
Subsea tree installation is set to grow
at a 6% CAGR over the 2019-2023 period 25 50
led by Petrobras’ investments in the San- 20 40
tos basin and Equinor’s commitments to
projects in the Barents Sea and North Sea. 15 30
Also, more than 18,482 km (11,484 mi) of 10 20
line pipes are set to be installed over the
period, amounting to $44.7 billion in both 5 10
material and installation costs. 0 0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Source: Westwood
1901OFF08-23.indd 12 1/4/19 4:27 PM

JEREMY BECKMAN
LONDON GLOBAL E&P •
NORTH AMERICA (355-km) Rota 3 gas export pipeline system, also in the presalt
The US’ Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) has Santos basin. The nearshore section will connect to the line’s
conditionally approved what would be Alaska’s first oil and gas onshore segment at Maricá City, 62 mi (100 km) north of Rio
development in federal waters. Hilcorp Alaska plans to construct de Janeiro.
a 9-acre (3.6-ha) gravel island in shallow water in the Beaufort ***
Sea, 5 mi (8 km) offshore and 20 mi (32 km) east of Prudhoe Guyana’s government has approved Total’s farm-in to 25% of
Bay. The approval terms include drilling into the hydrocar- the offshore Orinduik block, where drilling is due to start next
bon-bearing zone solely in solid ice conditions, and seasonal year. Total committed to join existing partners Tullow Oil and
restrictions on offshore work and vessel traffic to limit the Eco Atlantic are analyzing processed data from a recent 2,550-
impact on local whaling activities. sq km (984-sq mi) 3D survey over the concession. Tullow will
*** remain as operator.
Four companies applied successfully for offshore exploration ExxonMobil has contracted TechnipFMC to engineer and
licenses under the 2018 bid rounds staged by the Canada-New- manufacture subsea production equipment for the Liza Phase
foundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB). 2 project in Guyana’s deepwater Stabroek block. The delivery
BHP secured outright control of two parcels in the frontier will include 30 enhanced vertical deepwater trees, eight man-
Eastern Newfoundland region, while Equinor will operate two ifolds and associated controls and tooling. The project’s location
more in separate partnerships. Suncor Energy and Husky Oil is 193 km (120 mi) offshore in water depths of 1,500-1,900 m
will join Equinor in another parcel in the Jeanne d’Arc region. (4,900-6,200 ft).
Sums pledged for the licenses’ initial periods totalled over $1.38 ***
billion. Premier Oil has awarded Dril-Quip (Europe) a front-end engi-
*** neering design (FEED) contract and frame agreement to provide
BP terminated its frontier Aspy exploration well offshore up to 30 subsea production systems for Phase 1 of the Sea Lion
Nova Scotia last month as a dry hole, five months after the development in the North Falkland basin. The $207-million
semisub West Aquarius had started drilling operations at the order covers wellheads, horizontal trees, tubing hangers, pro-
location 330 km (205 mi) southeast of Halifax in 2,777 m (9,111 duction and injection manaifolds and subsea umbilicals. A
ft) of water. The program had been interrupted twice, initially formal award will follow a final investment decision (FID) for
due to a leak of synthetic-based mud 30 m (99.4 ft) below the the project, expected in 2019.
sea surface, and later when a severe storm approached. Drilling
had resumed in late July through a side track from the wellhead, WEST AFRICA
with the lower section of the original wellbore cemented and Cairn Energy has submitted the development plan for the
plugged. deepwater SNE oilfield offshore Senegal and expects government
approval before year-end. Woodside Energy will become oper-
SOUTH AMERICA ator of the 500-MMbbl, phased development, which will even-
Oil and gas production has started from the Lula Extremo Sul tually produce 100,000 b/d. First oil through an FPSO with
area in the presalt Santos basin offshore Brazil, via the FPSO subsea wells is targeted for 2022, with commercial gas sales to
P-69. This is the eighth floater on the field and moored in 2,150 Senegal to follow shortly afterwards.
m (7,054 ft) of water, 290 km (180 mi) from the Rio de Janeiro ***
state coast. The facility, which will be connected to eight pro- FEED for Phase 1 of the ultra-deepwater Tortue field LNG de-
ducer and seven injectors, has capacity to process up to 150,000 velopment off Senegal/Mauritania is nearing completion, ac-
b/d of oil and to compress up to 6 MMcm/d of gas. cording to partner Kosmos Energy. Operator BP has submitted
Petrobras has contracted McDermott to design and install the its development plan to the governments of both countries and
ultra-shallow water 6-mi (10-km) section of the new 220-mi a Phase 1 FID should follow around year-end. In parallel, the
partners are progressing the LNG offtake agreement.
***
The drillship Stena DrillMax was due to P&A Samo-1, the first
exploratory well offshore The Gambia for around four decades.
Although the well in block A2 encountered oil shows, the main
target horizons were water-bearing. The government has agreed
to extend the license to mid-2019 to allow operator FAR and
partner Petronas to assess remaining prospectivity in the area.
P-69 recently started
operations on the ***
Lula field. (Courtesy Petrobras is selling its 50% interest in Petrobras Oil & Gas BV,
Petrobras) a joint venture with BTG Pactual E&P, to Petrovida Holdings
for up to $1.53 billion. The latter is co-owned by Vitol Investment
DECEMBER 2018/JANUARY 2019 OFFSHORE | WWW.OFFSHORE-MAG.COM13
1901OFF08-23.indd 13 1/4/19 4:27 PM

JEREMY BECKMAN
• GLOBAL E&P LONDON
Partnership II, Africa Oil and Delonex Energy. The sale includes the block’s existing production infrastructure.
an 8% stake in the OML 127 block offshore Nigeria containing ***
the deepwater Agbani oilfield and a 16% share of the OML 130 Shell and Kosmos Energy have formed a strategic alliance to
block, the location for the Akpo and Egina fields. Petrobras’ net jointly explore in southern West Africa. Their initial focus will
share of production from these fields is around 21,000 boe/d. be off Namibia, where Kosmos recently farmed into Shell’s PEL
*** 39 license, and off São Tomé & Principe where Shell is set to
Gabon’s Minister of Oil and Hydrocarbons has opened the farm into Kosmos’ blocks 5, 6, 11 and 12. The duo will also assess
country’s 12th Shallow and Deep Water licensing round, covering opportunities in adjacent geographies, combining Shell’s knowl-
12 shallow and 23 deepwater blocks. The government has revised edge of carbonate plays with Kosmos’ West Africa Cretaceous
its petroleum code to prioritize competitiveness and to accom- experience.
modate oil price fluctuations, with improved fiscal terms. Bids UK independent Tower Resources has signed a petroleum
are due in by April 22, 2019 with awards expected the following agreement with Namibia’s government giving it an 80% operated
month. Spectrum Geo has assembled data-sets for the round interest in offshore blocks 1910A, 1911 and 1912 B, in partnership
based on newly acquired shallow-water 3D seismic surveys. with Namcor and 2M Fourteen Investment CC. The agreement
*** covers a total area of 23,297 sq km (8,995 sq mi) in the little
Total and its partners have sanctioned two new fasttrack subsea explored northern Walvis basin and Dolphin Graben.
developments in the prolific deepwater block 17 offshore Angola.
CLOV Phase 2 calls for seven new wells tied back to the host MEDITERRANEAN SEA
FPSO with first oil set for 2020, peaking at 40,000 b/d. Six more Israel’s Energy Ministry has opened the country’s latest bid
wells will be drilled under Dalia Phase 3, again connected to round for exploration and production of gas in the eastern
the host floater, with oil production starting in 2021 and building Mediterranean Sea. Nineteen blocks are on offer in five zones
to a peak of 30,000 b/d. These two projects and the current off southern Israel: the Ministry believes that marketing the
Zinia 2 development will collectively produce a further 150 blocks in zones should attract greater interest, allowing investors
MMbbl from the block. to conduct more efficient subsurface evaluation.
Angola’s government has expanded offshore block 15/06 by TechnipFMC has contracted Jumbo to transport and install a
400 sq km (154 sq mi) on the west side, with Eni and partner 410-t subsea production manifold for Noble Energy’s Leviathan
Sonangol committed to accelerating exploration via a new gas project offshore Israel. Water depth at the location is 1,643
four-well campaign. If this leads to commercial discoveries, m (5,390 ft) – Jumbo will also install subsea isolation valves and
these will be developed as fasttrack subsea tiebacks through valve skids in shallower water close to the coast.
STATUS OF GAS FIELDS DISCOVERED

OFFSHORE ISRAEL
1 LEVIATHAN GAS FIELD 5 KARISH AND TANIN GAS FIELDS
Discovered - 2010 Discovered - 2012-2013
Operator - Noble Energy Operator – Energean Oil & Gas
Estimated reserves - Estimated reserves -
500 BCM (2P, 2C) 55 BCM (2C)
Status – Under development Status - Under development
5 Water depth – 1650 m Water depth - 1750 m
Production facility - Fixed platform Production facility - FPSO
7 5
2 TAMAR AND TAMAR SW 6 DALIT GAS FIELD
1 2 Discovered - 2009 Discovered - 2009
Operator - Noble Energy Operator – Noble Energy
Estimated reserves - Estimated reserves - 8 BCM (2C)
6 250 BCM (2P) Status - Development on hold
Status – Producing Water depth – 1380 m
Water depth - 1680 m
Zone A Zone B 7 APHRODITE/ISHAI GAS FIELD
Production facility - Fixed platform
Zone C Discovered - 2012
3 SHIMSHON GAS FIELD Operator - AGR/Nammax
Discovered - 2012 Estimated reserves - 7-10 BCM (2C)
3 Zone D Operator - AGR/Isramco (Israeli side)
Estimated reserves - 5 BCM (2C) Status - Development on hold
Status - Development on hold Water depth – 1700 m
Zone E Water depth - 1100 m
Product lease 4 4 MARI B AND NOA GAS FIELDS

Discovered - 1999-2000
Exploration license Operator - Noble Energy
Open block Status – Produced 25 BCM
since 2004
2nd bid round ZOi Water depth – 235 m, 790 m
Production facility - Fixed platform
1901OFF08-23.indd 14 1/4/19 4:27 PM

JEREMY BECKMAN
LONDON OFFSHORE EUROPE •
TROLL LEADS NORTH SEA UPGRADES mission of gas from eastern Denmark through the Baltic Sea to
Equinor has initiated life extension programs at three of its Poland. Norwegian trunklines operator Gassco will be respon-
largest fields in the North Sea. Work is already under way on sible for the tie-ins – Baltic Pipe will have an overall length of
the NOK7.8-billion ($913-million) Troll Phase 3 development 900 km (559 mi) and will also cross part of Sweden.
following sanction by Norway’s Ministry of Petroleum and In the UK central North Sea, Shell and partners ExxonMobil
Energy. The project involves recovering gas from the western and BP plan a new pipeline export route for gas-liquids pro-
part of the Troll field, 25 km (15.5 mi) northwest of the Troll A duction from the fixed platform serving the HP/HT Shearwater
platform, via eight new production wells connected to two field and various Shell/third-party-operated satellite tiebacks
subsea templates, a 36-in. pipeline and a new processing module sanctioned over the past year. At present, dry gas produced by
on Troll A and powered from the shore. The facilities should the platform, 140 mi (225 km) east of Aberdeen, flows south
prolong the field’s productive lifespan beyond 2050: Equinor through the Shearwater Elgin Area Line (SEAL) to the Bacton
believes this could be one of its most profitable offshore invest- terminal in eastern England. Under the new scheme, Shell will
ments to date, with a projected breakeven cost of less than $10/ modify the platform and install a new 23-mi (37-km) line from
bbl. Subsea contracts have gone out so far to Allseas, DeepOcean, a connection point in the Fulmar Gas Line system to Shearwater.
IKM, Marubeni and Nexans, with Aker Solutions responsible This will allow wet gas to flow into the Shell Esso Gas and
for the topsides campaign. Associated Liquids pipeline to St Fergus, near Aberdeen. SEAL
will continue to transport gas from the HP/HT Elgin field for
processing at Bacon.
In the UK’s southern gas basin, production from INEOS’
unmanned Clipper South platform has begun heading through
another new pipeline to Shell’s Clipper hub in the Sole Pit area.
Lowering of a subsea template at Vigdis North East. (Courtesy

Equinor/André Osmundsen)
Front-end engineering design is under way for the Gudrun

Phase 2 water injection scheme at Aibel’s offices in Haugesund
and Stavanger. Aibel is assessing integration and hookup needs,
the aim of the project being to extend and increase recovery
from the Gudrun field’s reservoir. On completion of the study
The Clipper South platform. (Courtesy INEOS)
this June, Aibel will likely be awarded the implementation
contract. Equinor and its partners have also committed to The change had to be made after ConocoPhillips decided to
improve recovery from the subsea Vigdis field which has pro- shut down the LOGGS pipeline system and the Theddlethorpe
duced over 400 MMbbl through the Snorre A facilities over the terminal that previously received the platform’s gas. Production
past two decades. A subsea boosting station will be connected from Clipper is sent to Bacton, where Shell and ExxonMobil
to the pipeline to enhance throughput, also allowing wellhead completed a £300-million ($379-million) overhaul in 2017, al-
pressure to be lowered which should increase flow from the lowing the facility to handle more gas from offshore fields in
wells. Estimated cost of the program, which also entails mod- the area.
ifications to Snorre A and B (the latter supplying power to the
boosting station’s umbilical) is around NOK1.4 billion ($164 UK WELL DECOMMISSIONING COSTS DOWN
million). OneSubsea will supply the boosting system and asso- Oil & Gas UK forecasts annual decommissioning expenditure
ciated subsea template. for UK fields of around £1.5 billion ($1.9 billion) over the next
decade. This is 20% lower than its previous report in 2017, and
NORTH SEA, BALTIC GAS LINES MOVE AHEAD lower well decommissioning costs are a major factor. Among
Polish and Danish gas transport operators Gaz-System and the latest findings, 1,465 wells are set to be decommissioned
Energinet have committed to the Baltic Pipe, which will take over the next 10 years, representing around one-fifth of the UK’s
gas from Norwegian fields to Denmark via a connection to the total well stock. For some projects, average time spent on well
Europipe II pipeline. Another new line will extend the trans- decommissioning has halved throughout its life cycle. •
1901OFF08-23.indd 15 1/4/19 4:27 PM

BRUCE BEAUBOUEF
• GULF OF MEXICO HOUSTON
CHEVRON BRINGS BIG FOOT ONLINE

Chevron Corp. has started crude oil and nat-
ural gas production from the Big Foot deep-
water project in the US Gulf of Mexico. The
field is located about 225 mi (360 km) south
of New Orleans, in a water depth of about
5,200 ft (1,584 m).
Discovered in 2006, the Big Foot field is
estimated to contain total recoverable re-
sources of more than 200 MMboe and has a
projected production life of 35 years.
The project uses a 15-slot drilling and
production tension-leg platform, said to be
the deepest of its kind in the world, and is
designed for a capacity of 75,000 b/d of oil
and 25 MMcf/d of natural gas.
“The Big Foot project strengthens Chev-
ron’s deepwater portfolio and further demon- (Photo: Business Wire)
strates that the Gulf of Mexico is an integral
part of our diverse global portfolio and long-term strategy,” Chevron’s subsidiary, Chevron U.S.A. Inc., is the operator
said Jeff Shellebarger, president of Chevron North America of Big Foot with a 60% working interest. Co-owners are
Exploration and Production. “The project advances our in- Equinor Gulf of Mexico LLC (27.5%) and Marubeni Oil & Gas
terest in safely providing reliable, affordable energy to meet (USA) LLC (12.5%). •
a growing global demand.”
US GULF OF MEXICO POISED FOR HISTORIC YEAR, “Anchor will be an important one to watch,” said Turner. “The
SAYS WOODMAC sanction of Anchor will be a significant milestone for Chevron,
Next year is shaping up to be a good one in the US Gulf of Total and Venari, but also mark a crucial point for the offshore
Mexico, with the first increase in drilling in four years, first-ever industry as it enters the final frontier in deepwater
production from a Jurassic play, key new project sanctions and development.”
an uptick in M&A all in the cards, global natural resources Success at Anchor will lead to the next wave of mega-invest-
consultancy Wood Mackenzie said. ment in the Gulf of Mexico, as several 20-ksi projects are waiting
William Turner, senior research analyst at Wood Mackenzie, to follow its lead. Wood Mackenzie believes that if Anchor
said: “We expect 2019 to be a strong year for the Gulf of Mexico. moves forward, more than $10 billion of investment could flow
In addition to exciting new project sanctions, which could usher into the region.
in more than $10 billion of investment into the region, a couple “Proof of concept at Anchor, and more certainty around
of historic firsts set to occur next year could set the stage for facilities to serve as hosts, will surely increase interest in dis-
years to come.” covered fields,” Turner said. “We expect it will also invite more
In its annual outlook, “US Gulf of Mexico: 5 things to look exploration for ultra-high-pressure targets over the next couple
for in 2019,” WoodMac said that after four years of steady decline, of years. Even so, with higher technical risk and higher breakev-
exploration activity is expected to increase next year by 30%. ens, market conditions would have to align for it to become a
Shell and Chevron will lead the way, but the actual growth in reality.”
exploration will come from new entrants – Kosmos Energy, Shell’s Appomattox development, in Mississippi Canyon
Equinor, Total, Murphy, and Fieldwood. block 392, is due onstream in 2019 – marking the first production
Next year may also mark a crucial point for the offshore ever from a Jurassic reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico. This will
industry, with Chevron’s Anchor project in Green Canyon block be a significant milestone for Shell, as Appomattox is a corner-
807 expected to move forward. Anchor, which has an operating stone of its global deepwater strategy. All eyes will be on the
pressure of 20-ksi, would be the first ultra-high-pressure project well performance of the potential heavy hitter.
in the world to reach final investment decision (FID). FID at “If the Jurassic roars to life in 2019, it could give operators
Anchor would be the culmination of more than a decade of greater confidence in the play’s potential,” Turner said. “However,
multiple joint industry research and development projects to if Appomattox disappoints, the Jurassic could continue to lie
design kit that can safely produce at 20-ksi. The current limit dormant. The wider region would also be missing an expected
is 15-ksi. strong production growth contributor.” •
1901OFF08-23.indd 16 1/4/19 4:27 PM

JESSICA STUMP
HOUSTON SUBSEA SYSTEMS •
SUBSEA INTEGRATION ALLIANCE NETS system that includes cloud-based user dashboards and data
SNE PHASE 1 FEED CONTRACT analytics.
Woodside Energy and its partners have agreed to initiate front- According to Siemens, the technology will enable subsea
end engineering design (FEED) for the deepwater SNE oil field processing with multiple seabed power consumers. Potential
development offshore Senegal. This follows the award of the applications include support for enhanced recovery in subsea
subsea FEED contract for Phase 1 of the project to the Subsea brownfield projects and tiebacks, with single- or multi-phase
Integration Alliance of OneSubsea, a Schlumberger company boosting to increase oil recovery.
and Subsea 7. During the initial test phase at Siemens’ test site in Trond-
Woodside, recently approved to assume the role of operator heim, the system operated in a ring loop topology at full load
by the Senegalese Minister of Petroleum, expects further FEED and a test/verification program was run. Initial test results were
contracts to follow in early 2019. positive with all components operating within their design
SNE will produce through a 100,000 b/d-capacity FPSO and parameters. The next phase will involve an extended shal-
subsea infrastructure, with the facilities designed to accommo- low-water test to build operational experience and verify long-
date future development phases, including options for gas term reliability. Siemens’ goal is to accumulate 3,000 hours of
exports to shore and subsea tiebacks from other reservoirs and runtime on the equipment while undertaking further tests.
fields. Phase 1 will target around 230 MMbbl of oil with 11 In parallel, preparations are progressing for a deepwater pilot
producing wells, 10 water injectors and two gas injectors. Start- program under which the equipment will be installed and used
up should follow in 2022. on a subsea field.
INITIAL SUBSEA POWER TEST ÅSGARD SUBSEA COMPRESSORS PASS

DELIVERS PROMISING RESULTS PERFORMANCE MILESTONE
Siemens has finished the first phase shallow-water test of its The subsea compression trains at the Equinor-operated Åsgard
Subsea Power Grid in Trondheim, mid-Norway. The company, field in the Norwegian Sea have delivered 50,000 operational
in collaboration with Chevron, Equinor, ExxonMobil, and Eni hours with an availability of close to 100%.
Norge, is in the final stages of a program of developing what it In 2015, Åsgard became the world’s first subsea gas compres-
claims will become the world’s first seafloor power grid designed sion facility to enter service, 300 m (984 ft) subsea, and featuring
for distribution of medium voltage power using pressure-com- two HOFIM motor-compressor units supplied by MAN Energy
pensated technology. Solutions Switzerland.
Frode Tobiassen, Head of Subsea at Siemens, said: “There Previous analysis had suggested that by the end of 2015 the
will be more subsea compressors, pumps, processing plants, pressure in Åsgard’s reservoirs would have been too low to
and in the future entire production facilities placed on the
seabed, all of which require power.”
The Subsea Power Grid facilities comprise a subsea trans-
former, subsea switchgear, subsea variable-speed drive, subsea
wet mate connectors, and a remote control and monitoring
The Åsgard subsea gas compression facility features two HOFIM

motor-compressor units. (Courtesy MAN Energy Solutions)
ensure stable flows and satisfactory production, hence the need

for compression.The MAN units should help extend the reser-
The Subsea Power Grid will be the world’s first seafloor power grid voirs’ productive life for another 15 years, delivering around 282
designed for distribution of medium voltage power using pressure- MMboe. •
compensated technology. (Image courtesy Siemens)
1901OFF08-23.indd 17 1/4/19 4:27 PM

JESSICA STUMP
• VESSELS, RIGS, & SURFACE SYSTEMS HOUSTON
DAMEN VEROLME ROTTERDAM wind farms, to service the oil and gas industry, and for the
UPGRADING SAIPEM 7000 decommissioning of offshore installations.
Saipem has contracted Damen Verolme Rotterdam (DVR) to With a total installed capacity of 44,180 kW, the Orion will
upgrade the Saipem 7000’s DP-3 system. be equipped with a Liebherr crane with a lifting capacity of
The upgrade is to meet the new closed ring DP-3 configura- 5,000 metric tons. The loads can be lifted to a height of more
tion and ABS EHS-P notation. Under DP3 EHS-P notation, the than 170 m (558 ft).
vessel is said to achieve an exceptional level of redundancy with The 216.5-m (710.3-ft) long vessel will feature DP-3 capability,
four independent redundancy groups systems. dual fuel engines, and will have a Green Passport and Clean
The project will include the upgrade and modification of the Design notation. It will also have a waste heat recovery system
semisubmersible crane and pipelay vessel’s power system for that converts heat from the exhaust gasses and cooling water
load sharing, the installation of MV, LV and control cables, re- to electrical energy. The evaporation of LNG will cool the ac-
newal of the MV and LV switchboards and the motor control commodation with a cold recovery system.
The Orion is expected to join the fleet at the end of the year.
BP NAMES MAD DOG 2 PLATFORM

BP has chosen Argos as the name of the new floating production
unit for the Mad Dog 2 project in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico.
The name, chosen by the project team and an employee survey,
is a reference to Odysseus’ loyal dog from “The Odyssey,” and a
nod to the Mad Dog spar, an existing production facility operated
by BP that is located about six nautical miles away from the
Argos site.
The Mad Dog 2 project includes the Argos semisubmersible
platform with the capacity to produce up to 140,000 gross b/d
of crude oil through a subsea production system from up to 14
production wells and eight water injection wells.
“Selecting Argos as the name of our newest platform is an
The Saipem 7000 at Damen Verolme Rotterdam. (Courtesy Damen important milestone for the Mad Dog 2 project, which remains
Shipyards Group) on track and on budget,” said Starlee Sykes, BP’s regional pres-
ident for the Gulf of Mexico and Canada. “This project is key
centers, the installation of uninterrupted power supplies and to delivering high-margin production from one of the largest
the creation of an A60 compartment. fields in the Gulf of Mexico, and it will strengthen our position
Detailed engineering is being executed by Damen Verolme
Rotterdam in close cooperation with Saipem.
When completed, the vessel’s DP-3 system with its 12 thrust-
ers will ensure that the vessel can maintain its position in even
the most adverse weather conditions. In addition, because the
Saipem 7000 can accommodate up to 725 people, the vessel
will be able to assist hook-up and commissioning activities as
well as initial platform life support.
The works are expected to take about six months, with
completion due in 1Q 2019. This represents a tight schedule,
Damen said, mainly due to the delivery and installation for the
cables, the switchboards and the extensive structural
modifications. The Argos semisubmersible platform will have the capacity to
produce up to 140,000 gross b/d of crude oil through a subsea
The vessel’s most recent visit to DVR was in April 2018 when production system from up to 14 production wells and eight water
she spent nine days undergoing mobilization activities. injection wells. (Courtesy BP)
OFFSHORE INSTALLATION VESSEL LAUNCHED IN CHINA in the basin for years to come.”
DEME’s offshore installation vessel Orion was successfully The platform will be the first new BP-operated production
launched at the COSCO Qidong shipyard in China. The Orion facility in the Gulf of Mexico since 2008, when Thunder Horse
will feature a combination of high transport and load capacity, came online. It will be the company’s fifth operated platform
in your a
lifting heights, and green technology. in the Gulf of Mexico and it will help extend the life of the su-
The vessel will be deployed for the construction of offshore per-giant Mad Dog oil field beyond 2050. •
1901OFF08-23.indd 18 1/4/19 4:27 PM MagInt_

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1901OFF08-23.indd1 19
MagInt_OS_1901 1/4/19 10:35
12/21/18 4:27 PM
AM
BRUCE BEAUBOUEF
• DRILLING & PRODUCTION HOUSTON
OFFSHORE OILFIELD SERVICES MARKET PROJECTED

TO IMPROVE IN 2019
Rystad Energy forecasts $210 billion expenditure globally on
offshore oilfield services next year, as 100 new projects po-
tentially go forward. This follows four consecutive years of
declining revenues for offshore services contractors.
“The uptick in new projects in 2017, 2018 and now 2019
will be enough to turn revenue growth positive to mid-single
digits as offshore capex is set to increase due to the recent
years of capital commitments,” said Audun Martinsen, head
of oilfield service research at Rystad Energy.
Next year’s new projects carry combined greenfield com- The Johan Sverdrup processing platform is now sailing to Norway
mitments of around $120 billion, Rystad claimed. onboard the Boskalis Vanguard. (Courtesy Equinor)
Despite the recent swings in the oil price, operators still
plan to spend more next year and move forward on project “Having built this as a complete topside gave us a unique
sanctioning, with more than 85% of projects on course for opportunity to test a lot of systems that we normally wouldn’t
sanction likely to generate returns above 10% even at current have been able to test prior to installation offshore,” said Jill
oil prices. Sale, project manager for the processing platform and respon-
This is because development costs have come down by 30% sible for the Johan Sverdrup project in South Korea.
since 2014. Unit prices in 2018 were at levels not seen by the “This has given us a better picture of the quality of the work
offshore market since 2006, the analyst added. undertaken and helps safeguard the plan towards start-up of
“Couple that with one of the most profitable years for E&P the field next year.”
in decades in 2018, and the recent production cut agreement The topsides is now sailing to Norway onboard the
by OPEC and Russia – offshore operators want to focus on heavy-transport vessel Boskalis Vanguard. Its initial destination
field development again,” Martinsen said. will be the Kværner yard on Stord, off western Norway, where
In terms of value for next year’s projects, 30% is in the Middle two pedestal cranes will be mounted, and where further prepa-
East, 25% in South America, 15% in both Africa and Asia, and rations will follow before the structure is lifted into position
the remainder in Europe and North America combined. in one single lift by the Pioneering Spirit.
QATAR PETROLEUM TO PARTNER

NUMBER OF OFFSHORE PROJECTS BY COMMITMENT YEAR WITH ENI OFF MEXICO
120
Qatar Petroleum will acquire 35% of Eni’s interest in Area 1
110 in the Bay of Campeche, pending approval from the Mexican
100 96 authorities.
94
80
Area 1 was awarded outright to Eni under a competitive
bid round in September 2015 and signing of the produc-
Number of projects
62
60 tion-sharing contract followed three months later. To date it
45
40
has drilled five successful wells in the concession, which is
estimated to hold in-place resources of 2.1 Bboe in the Amoca,
20 Miztón and Tecoalli fields.
0
Recently, Eni took a final investment decision to proceed
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 with the $2-billion development, which will feature an initial
Source: Rystad Energy OFS Sanctioning Report - Oilfield Service Analytics early production phase. This is due to start up in mid-2019
through a wellhead platform on the Miztón field, with pro-
SVERDRUP PROCESS TOPSIDES HEADS TO NORWAY duction heading onshore through a 10-in. multiphase line
The topsides for the Johan Sverdrup processing platform in followed by treatment at an existing Pemex facility.
the Norwegian North Sea is setting sail from the Samsung Eni anticipates an early production plateau of 8,000 b/d;
Heavy Industries yard on Geoje Island, South Korea. full-field production will start in early 2021 through an FPSO
Aker Solutions was responsible for engineering and pro- with a treatment capacity of 90,000 b/d. Two more platforms
curement management for the topsides. According to Johan will be installed on the Amoca Tecoalli fields. Area 1 oil output
Sverdrup operator Equinor, since construction finished in will eventually total 90,000 b/d and 65 MMcf/d from 2021. •
May, there have been numerous tests to ensure the processing
facility is completed to the fullest extent possible prior to
installation next spring at the field location.
1901OFF08-23.indd 20 1/4/19 4:27 PM Ariel_O

1901OFF08-23.indd
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12/4/18 4:24 PM
PM
BRUCE BEAUBOUEF
• OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY HOUSTON
LEASE SALE OFFSHORE MASSACHUSETTS YIELDS and members of the Massachusetts Renewable Energy Task
$405 MILLION IN WINNING BIDS Force have been great partners throughout this process. We
In mid-December, the US Department of Interior and the Bureau look forward to working with them and the lessees as we move
of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) completed what it forward with next steps for developing offshore wind energy in
described as the nation’s eighth and highest grossing competitive a responsible manner.”
lease sale for renewable energy in federal waters. Before the lease is executed, the Department of Justice and
The lease sale offered about 390,000 acres offshore Massa- Federal Trade Commission will conduct an anti-competitiveness
chusetts for potential wind energy development and drew review of the auction, and the provisional winner will be required
competitive winning bids from three companies totaling about to pay the winning bid and provide financial assurance to BOEM.
$405 million. If fully developed, the areas could support approx- The lease will have a preliminary term of one year, during
imately 4.1 gigawatts of commercial wind generation, enough which the lessee may submit a site assessment plan (SAP) to
electricity to power nearly 1.5 million homes. BOEM for approval. The SAP will describe the facilities (e.g.,
meteorological towers or buoys) a lessee plans to install or
Provisional winner Lease area Acres Winning bid
deploy for the assessment of the wind resources and ocean
Equinor Wind US, LLC OCS-A 0520 128,811 $135,000,000.00
conditions of its commercial lease area.
Mayflower Wind Energy, LLC OCS-A 0521 127,388 $135,000,000.00
Following approval of an SAP, the lessee will then have four
Vineyard Wind, LLC OCS-A 0522 132,370 $135,000,000.00
and a half years to submit a construction and operations plan
The provisional winners of the lease sale are: (COP) to BOEM for approval. Once BOEM receives a COP, it
The following companies participated in the lease sale: Cobra will conduct an environmental review of the proposed project
Industrial Services, Inc.; East Wind, LLC; EC&R Development, and reasonable alternatives. Public input will be an important
LLC; EDF Renewables Development, Inc.; Equinor Wind US, part of BOEM’s review process. If BOEM approves the COP, the
LLC; Innogy US Renewable Projects, LLC; Mayflower Wind lessee will then have a term of 33 years to construct and operate
Energy, LLC; Northeast Wind Energy, LLC; PNE WIND USA, the project.
Inc.; Vineyard Wind, LLC; and wpd offshore Alpha, LLC. Before this lease sale, the highest grossing offshore wind
The three lease areas auctioned are located 19.8 nautical lease sale in the US was held in December 2016 for the lease
miles from Martha’s Vineyard, 16.7 nautical miles from Nan- area offshore New York. That lease sale received a winning bid
tucket, and 44.5 nautical miles from Block Island. of over $42 million, according to BOEM.
“This auction will further the administration’s comprehensive After this auction, BOEM now has 15 active wind leases. The
effort to secure the nation’s energy future,” said BOEM Acting bureau added that these lease sales have generated more than
Director Cruickshank. “The Commonwealth of Massachusetts $473 million in winning bids for nearly 2 million acres in federal
waters.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
A number of leading oil and gas service companies and man-
ufacturers are gearing up to serve the growing offshore wind
market. A brief survey of some of the now offerings is below.
Wind floater concept wins AIP. SBM Offshore has announced
that its wind floater design, including its mooring system and
featuring a commercially available offshore wind turbine, has
been granted an Approval in Principle (AIP) by classification
society American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).
Based on a TLP concept, SBM says that the wind floater has
been designed for operations across the full life cycle, including
in-place conditions, as well as for wet tow with the turbine
installed and mooring hook-up phase. The approved design has
been developed to a technology maturity level of a front-end
engineering design for all relevant extreme and fatigue load
cases, using detailed wind and metocean conditions for a site
offshore France.
SBM says that the complete design was developed in-house
and in collaboration with its partner, IFP Energies Nouvelles,
The December 2018 lease sale offshore Massachusetts offered using proprietary design tools and the detailed wind turbine
about 390,000 acres for potential wind energy development. model, including the controller.
(Courtesy BOEM) The AIP verifies that the floater is feasible for the intended
1901OFF08-23.indd 22 1/4/19 4:27 PM

BRUCE BEAUBOUEF
HOUSTON OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY •
onboard the Windea La Cour, a purpose-built SOV owned by

Bernhard Schulte Offshore. The vessel is fitted with other Wärt-
silä sensor solutions, including the RangeGuard Monopole,
which is said to be the first targetless local position reference
sensor based on radar technology.
NEW CONTRACTS
While oil and gas service companies and OEMs are gearing up
for the offshore wind market, developers are looking to offshore
oil and gas installation contractors to help advance their
projects.
Subsea 7 has announced the award of a contract to Seaway
Offshore Cables (SOC), an entity in Subsea 7’s Renewables and
Heavy Lifting Business Unit, for the Yunlin Offshore Wind Farm
Based on a TLP concept, SBM Offshore says that its wind floater
has been designed for operations across the full life cycle. project by YunNen Wind Power Co. for the supply and instal-
(Courtesy SBM Offshore) lation of the export and inner array grid cable system.
The Yunlin offshore wind farm is located approximately 8
application and, in principle, in compliance with the applicable km off the coast of Yunlin County within the Taiwan Strait on
requirements of the ABS Guide for Building and Classing Floating the west coast of Taiwan and comprises 80 wind turbine gen-
Offshore Wind Turbine Installations and with sound engineering erators each with a capacity of 8 megawatts. In addition to the
practices. submarine cable installation works, SOC will also provide the
SBM says that the independent review supports its confidence pre-installation of horizontal drilling conduits, submarine cable
in its wind floater’s performance, particularly related to its low route surveys, post lay trenching, termination and testing ser-
mass, its minimal seabed footprint and low motions at nacelle vices. Associated materials will be provided including the supply
level. of submarine composite cables and cable protection systems.
Wärtsilä launches SceneScan. This is described as the first Project engineering will commence immediately from SOC
laser sensor developed for offshore wind farm applications offices in Leer, Germany and Taipei, Taiwan. Offshore activities
where the need for installing fixed reflective targets is eliminated. are planned for execution in 2020.
The new technology has been designed to increase safety on- Elsewhere, Nexans has won a multi-million-euro contract
board service operation vessels (SOVs), since vessel positioning for Ørsted’s Borssele 1 and 2 wind farms off the Netherlands
sensors that rely on targets fixed to the structure are often coast. The contract for the 66-kilovolt (kV) submarine inter-array
unreliable because of poor placement, poor quality, and ob- cable with associated accessories is the first to be placed under
scurement by workers on the platform. The SceneScan has been a new five-year framework agreement recently signed by Nexans
designed and developed by Guidance Marine, which was ac- and Ørsted.
quired by Wärtsilä in 2017. According to Wärtsilä, the SceneScan The Netherlands plans to increase its use of renewable energy
Monopole’s software allows for the measurement of range and to represent 14% of its energy mix in 2020 and 16% in 2023.
bearing to the offshore wind turbine, independent of the use of Offshore wind energy is an important part of this transition,
targets and GPS. The technology is said to be highly applicable and a major milestone is expected to be reached in 2020 when
for China’s developing offshore wind market, as well as for North Ørsted brings its Borssele 1 and 2 wind farms online.
Sea wind farms. The first SceneScan Monopole was delivered Nexans is supplying a total length of between 170 km and
in summer 2018 for a Chinese SOV newbuild project carried 190 km of subsea cable rated at a maximum operating voltage
out by GE Power Conversion, a subsidiary of General Electric. of 72.5 kV to provide the inter-array connections between the
The system successfully underwent sea trials earlier this year turbines and the offshore substations.
Borssele 1 and 2 are located around 23 km off the Dutch
coast in 14 to 36 m of water. Together, they will have a total of
94 wind turbines generating 752 megawatt of power, which is
enough electricity to meet the needs of around one million
domestic households.
The array cables will be produced at the Nexans Germany
plant in Hanover for delivery in 2019. After they have been laid
in place on the seabed, Nexans Subsea and Land Systems will
Sea trials for the SceneScan system (a) were successfully carried complete connection to the turbine bases using in-house jointing
out onboard the Windea La Cour (b) earlier this year. (Copyright: expertise in 2020. The cable accessories will be supplied by
Bernhard Schulte) Nexans Euromold facility based in Erembodegem, Belgium. •
1901OFF08-23.indd 23 1/4/19 4:27 PM

Shell’s Kaikias achieves reduced

cycle time, lower costs
Deepwater project brought online a year ahead of schedule
BRUCE BEAUBOUEF, MANAGING EDITOR
SHELL HAS DEMONSTRATED what is possible in terms of

lower costs and reduced cycle times with its Kaikias project in
the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. In May, the company announced
that it had started production at the Kaikias project about one
year ahead of schedule. Cycle time from discovery to production
for Kaikias phase one was less than four years.
Discovered in August 2014, Kaikias is in about 4,575 ft (1,395
m) of water in the Mars-Ursa basin about 130 mi (210 km) off-
shore Louisiana. The Kaikias field is estimated to contain more
than 100 MMboe of recoverable resources. Shell is the operator
and has an 80% working interest. MOEX NA, a wholly owned sub-
sidiary of Mitsui Oil Exploration Co. Ltd., has the remaining 20%
working interest.
Shell says that Kaikias is a high-value opportunity in the deep-
water Gulf that is located in close proximity to existing Shell infra-
structure. The first-phase development sends production from four
wells to the Shell-operated (45%) Ursa hub, which is co-owned by Discovered in August 2014, Kaikias is in about 4,575 ft (1,395 m) of
BP (23%), ExxonMobil (16%), and ConocoPhillips (16%). From the water in the Mars-Ursa basin. (Images courtesy Shell)
Ursa hub, volumes ultimately flow into the Mars oil pipeline. Esti-
mated peak production is 40,000 boe/d. removed. Shell worked with its vendors and contractors to find
Shell will redevelop the existing exploration and appraisal wells ways of making its engineering and design concepts more efficient,
instead of drilling new production wells, which will help the com- and to look for new ways of reducing project costs. And reducing
pany achieve an approximate 50% reduction in the overall devel- cycle time to get the cash flow moving sooner has been a key goal
opment costs, while also facilitating the early commercialization throughout the process.
of the project. So it was with Kaikias, which involves a single flowline tieback
Since taking the investment decision in early 2017, Shell has to the Ursa TLP, located in Mississippi Canyon block 810, just six
lowered the forward-looking, break-even price to less than $30 miles away. “We’re using an existing facility to tie into, and we’re
per barrel of oil. using the existing process system on the Ursa TLP to further reduce
“We believe Kaikias is the most competitive subsea develop- capital costs on Kaikias,” said Rick Tallant, Asset Manager–Gulf of
ment in the Gulf of Mexico and a prime example of the deepwater Mexico East for Shell. “In the past, we may have wanted to build
opportunities we’re able to advance with our technical expertise a new processing train or make some other modifications. But
and capital discipline,” said Andy Brown, Upstream Director, Royal with this lean approach, we have been able to find a way to use
Dutch Shell. the existing facilities on Ursa, with some minor modifications, that
“In addition to accelerating production for Kaikias, we reduced allow us to bring the capital costs down even further.”
costs with a simplified well design and the incorporation of exist- By simplifying the design and using lessons learned from other
ing subsea and processing equipment.” projects, Shell has been able to reduce the total cost on Kaikias
The results at Kaikias are part of Shell’s efforts to restructure by nearly 50%. “We’re making use of assets that have already been
its deepwater business in the wake of the downturn. A key part of capitalized,” says Tallant. “If you look at both Mars and Ursa, pro-
that new approach has been to include what the company calls duction has been ongoing for years, and now there’s available
“competitive rescoping” – boiling down project designs to only capacity in those systems. There’s significant available weight,
the amount needed for safety requirements and minimum opera- space, and capacity at those facilities, because those fields have
tional specifications. Floating platforms system designs have sim- probably seen peak production. Kaikias is six miles away from
plified and made more efficient, or eliminated altogether. Other the Ursa platform. Using those assets is the most efficient way to
systems and components have been standardized, reduced, or produce those barrels. It just makes sense.”
1901OFF24-25.indd 24 1/4/19 4:08 PM

TOP OFFSHORE PROJECTS •
Reducing drilling and completion costs was a key

focus area. “When we looked at our well designs,
they were often quite complex in the past,” Tallant
said. “We’ve rescoped those to make sure that we’ve
looked at the drilling margins, and that we have
understood the safety concerns. No matter what we
do, we’re going to have a safe well. We’re not going to
do anything that is going to compromise safety. But,
we found that there are well designs that are more
efficient, and that we can drill these wells faster.”
The search for drilling efficiencies led Shell to
adopt a standardized well design. This enabled
the company to use economies of scale, and make
orders for multiple wells across the portfolio. “You
can have backups from each of the individual wells
The first phase of the Kaikias project will include four wells tied back using a single
to help each other, rather than buying two sets for flowline to the nearby Shell-operated Ursa production hub.
every single well,” Tallant noted.
The result has been significant operational efficiencies, greater
savings, and less downtime. “Honestly, it makes things run much
faster,” Tallant observed. “We find that if you standardize the well
and all its various components, the crew knows exactly how to
drill and complete each well. They’ve done it before with the same
type of well they’ve done previously.”
By standardizing its well design, Shell has been able to reduce
the amount of casing needed per well, which brings further sav-
ings. This can be done while still maintaining a safe well, Tallant
says. “Of course we want to drill a well safely, but we also want to
be more efficient, and shorten the duration of drilling.”
In fact, Shell completed the drilling and appraisal of Kaikias
ahead of schedule and under budget, allowing the company to
achieve more than 20% in cost savings in this key area. This achieve-
ment was reached despite the company drilling the longest well
ever drilled by Shell at 34,500 ft measured depth.
Shell has also worked with its vendors to standardize their sub-
Shell says that Kaikias is a high-value opportunity in the deepwater
sea offerings, and bring those costs down as well. A key part of this Gulf that is located in close proximity to existing Shell infrastructure.
was a systematic effort to standardize subsea trees. Shell worked
with TechnipFMC to move toward standardization of tree design
and components, and subsea flowline concepts. “We asked them: that in turn “has brought the break-even price down quite a bit,”
‘What kind of designs do we need? Do we really need dual flow- Tallant says. “Our drilling costs on Kaikias have come down prob-
lines, or can we get by with one?’,” Tallant noted. ably about 50% from what they would have been at the beginning
For a number of Shell’s upcoming deepwater projects, engi- of the down cycle,” Tallant observed, “and subsea costs are down
neers determined that field development could move forward with about 30% as well.”
only a single flowline. This has led to considerable capex savings. TechnipFMC says it worked with Shell during the front-end
Kaikias has been a good example of these structural re-engineer- planning and design for Kaikias phase one to engineer solutions
ing efforts, Tallant says. that would improve the overall cost and pace of development.
For example, Shell engineers decided to go with a single flow- Under the terms of the contract, TechnipFMC was responsible
line, rather than a dual flowline for Kaikias. “In the past, and with for the manufacturing, installation, and integration of proprietary
higher oil prices, I think we would have gone with a dual flowline subsea production systems and subsea riser, jumper and flowline
system,” Tallant observed. “Having a dual flowline is a nice luxury equipment that was designed to improve project economics by
– it gives you operational synergy and offers flexibility, but it over- optimizing field production and minimizing lead times.
capitalizes you upfront. In this case, we’re going with a single flow- “Kaikias is an example of a competitive and capital-efficient
line system, which has really reduced costs from the subsea side.” deepwater project using infrastructure already in place,” Brown
By taking a hard look at the three main components of Kaikias observed. “The team has done a great job [of reducing] the total
– the wells, the subsea system, and the tie-in – Shell has been able cost by around 50% by simplifying the design and using lessons
to optimize the design through the entire field development, and learned from previous subsea developments.” •
1901OFF24-25.indd 25 1/4/19 4:08 PM

The newly onstream Aasta

Hansteen spar platform.
(Courtesy Equinor/Roar
Lindefjeld and Bo B.
Randulff)
World’s largest spar platform opens

deepwater production offshore mid-Norway
Aasta Hansteen could serve as hub for stranded gas fields
JEREMY BECKMAN, EDITOR, EUROPE
AASTA HANSTEEN, which came onstream late last year is completions, and produced gas directed through a new offshore
Norway’s deepest offshore development to date, in nearly 1,300 pipeline north of the Arctic Circle to the existing reception
m (4,265 ft) of water. The location, 186 km (115 mi offshore) in terminal at Nyhmana in mid-Norway. This would also be the
the Norwegian North Sea, and 120 km (75 mi) northwest of the world’s largest spar platform to date, and the first with onboard
Norne FPSO, is one of the harshest for any Norwegian project storage for produced condensates. Norway’s parliament sanc-
to date in terms of waves and weather; during the pre-sanction tioned the development in 2013.
design phase, the area was also remote from offshore export
infrastructure. And there was uncertainty over the long-term FIELD HISTORY
production potential of gas/light oil reserves in the area. The initial development comprised three fields. In 1997, BP
For these and other reasons Equinor (then Statoil) and discovered Luva, since renamed Aasta Hansteen after the Nor-
its partners in license PL 218 opted for Norway’s first single wegian women’s rights campaigner. Nine years later, Equinor
point anchor reservoir (spar) production platform, with subsea became operator of the license by acquiring BP’s 25% interest
1901OFF26-29.indd 26 1/4/19 4:08 PM

and went on to drill the Snefrid South and Hakland discover-

LEFT: The Seven Arctic
ies. In 2015, the company also proved gas in three satellite pros- loading suction anchors and
pects, of which Snefrid North – 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Hansteen templates produced by Aker
– was included as a late addition to the development and which Solutions in Sandnessjøen
is due to come onstream in late 2019. Estimated recoverable for Aasta Hansteen and
Snefrid Nord. (Courtesy
volumes for the four fields are around 55.6 bcm of gas and 600 Aker Solutions)
MMcm of condensate.
A year prior to partner sanction, Technip (now TechnipFMC) BELOW: Lowering of one
won a front-end engineering and design (FEED) competition for subsea template into water
at installation. (Courtesy
the spar platform: Equinor had also evaluated a circular Sevan Aker Solutions)
FPSO but concluded that a spar would be superior in terms of
minimizing motions and that this would in turn reduce fatigue
on the risers. It subsequently awarded TechnipFMC the engi-
neering, procurement, construction and transportation con-
tract, in partnership with Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan,
South Korea, for the 200-m (656-ft) tall, 50-m (164-ft) diameter,
46,000-metric ton (50,706-ton) hull. In addition, the contract plant in Sandnessjøen and
covered the mooring system and design of the steel catenary installed by EMAS AMC’s
risers, which were a first for Norway, and which were selected Boa C construction vessel
partly as a lower-cost alternative to flexible risers. at the seafloor locations
Equinor exclusively assigned Hyundai the EPC contract for in mid-2015. The template
the 21,000-t topsides comprising a conventional integrated structures weigh from 115-180 metric tons (127-198 tons) and
deck, living quarters and a flare, with gas production capacity the suction anchors from 100-115 metric tons (110-127 tons),
of 23 MMcm/d, and storage for up to 25,000 cu m (883,000 cu explained Severin Lindseth, project manager at the time for
ft) of condensate for subsequent offloading to shuttle tankers. Aker Solutions. “The templates are each supported by only one
CB&I (since merged with McDermott) undertook the topsides suction anchor and there are systems that facilitate separate
FEED and detailed engineering, the solution involving use of installation of the suction anchor and the template structure.
heating and separation for conventional gas dehydration; dew The templates also allow for guideline-less installation of the
point control; compression of the gas for export through the trees.” Momek manufactured the suction anchors for the tem-
pipeline to Nyhamna; and stabilization of the condensate. plates and for the platform’s mooring lines and SCRs. Under a
Hyundai subcontracted Dutch fabricator CKT projects in separate contract, awarded following another design competi-
Rotterdam to build the eight-story, 2,600-t, 108-bed living quar- tion, Aker Solutions’ plant in Moss, Norway manufactured one
ters, designed to withstand extreme weather conditions, and dynamic and three static umbilicals ranging in length from 4
which would later be transported to Ulsan by the Dockwise Van- to 7 km (2.5 to 4.3 mi).
guard vessel; and Kvaerner to manage and assist completion of Earlier this year, Equinor cited Aasta Hansteen as one of its
the platform. Among the other main topsides items, GE would ongoing projects where costs had come down due to collabo-
supply the gas turbines under a five-year frame agreement with rative efforts with the well equipment providers. One of Aker
Equinor, with Unasys responsible for mechanical completion Solutions’ contributions in this regard, Lindseth said, was the
and commissioning services. provision of an advanced deepwater Open Water workover
system.
SUBSEA SYSTEMS Subsea 7 won the NOK2.2-billion ($257-million) EPIC con-
Aasta Hansteen’s production will come from eight wells, with tract that covered supply and installation of 18 km (11.2 mi)
the semisub Transocean Spitsbergen making good progress on of infield flowlines, all featuring BuBi mechanically-lined pipe;
the campaign, according to a recent update by the Norwegian installation of the umbilicals and tie-ins of these and the flow-
Petroleum Directorate (NPD). Equinor awarded Aker Solutions lines; and installation of the four-off SCRs and associated SCR/
the NOK2-billion ($234-million) EPC contract for the subsea flowline anchors. The subsea network comprises two produc-
production system (SPS) in early 2013 following a FEED com- tion flowlines from the Luva template to the platform; single
petition with FMC. Aker Solutions’ manufacturing plant in production flowlines from both the Hakland and Snefrid Sør
Tranby, Norway, has delivered horizontal Xmas trees for the templates to the platform; three SCRs for the flowlines, and
wells, comprising four for Luva, two for Hakland, one for Sne- one export SCR to the export pipeline system.
frid Sør, and one spare. The package included 8-in. wet gas flow In addition, Subsea 7 was responsible for the rigid spools,
meters for the design production rates, due to the fact that the manufactured at its Vigra spoolbase, which would connect the
multiphase meter is unusually large. flowlines to the manifolds; and for transportation of the spar
In addition, the SPS contract covered supply of two four-slot to the field location following pre-commissioning at Kvaerner
and one single-slot subsea templates, all built at Aker Solutions’ Stord, and subsequent hookup of the mooring lines to the
1901OFF26-29.indd 27 1/4/19 4:08 PM

platform and SCR/umbilical pull-in/hang-off operations. For pipeline to England via the Sleipner field hub in the North Sea,
these combined programs the company deployed a total of with further export options from Sleipner through the exist-
six vessels, the Seven Oceans, Seven Viking, Havila Subsea, Nor- ing transportation network delivering Norwegian gas to con-
mand Oceanic, Skandi Acergy, and Skandi Skansen. Among the tinental Europe.
contractors assisting these various campaigns, Nautronix was
commissioned to supply a subsea positioning system for the PLATFORM TOW
installations, and BMT the rock dumping to stabilize both the Construction of the platform in Ulsan took 39 months to com-
templates and the infield lines. plete, and shipment to Norway followed in two stages. In April
2017, the cylindrical substructure was loaded onto the heavy
POLARLED transport vessel Dockwise Vanguard which proceeded to sail west
During planning for Aasta Hansteen, the partners were aware via the Cape of Good Hope, arriving 60 days later at Hoylandsbig
that capacity through the Åsgard Transport System – the sole in the county of Sunnhordland where the hull was floated off
established gas export trunkline in the Norwegian Sea – would the vessel and towed to the Klosterfjorden outside the island of
be operating at full capacity for a few more years. With other Stord, near Bergen. There it was upended from the vessel into
stranded gas discoveries in the a vertical position and made
area, there was general recog- ready for the mating with the
nition of the need for a second integrated deck, which arrived
major pipeline system. Norwe- onboard the Dockwise White
gian trunklines operator Gassco Marlin at the end of November
started the planning process, 2017 following float-off and tow-
with Equinor taking over in late ing from Ølensvåg. Mating took
2011. Following a final invest- around three days to complete,
ment decision, Equinor submit- with the assistance of various
ted a plan for installation and tugs, barges and an onsite team
operation of the Polarled pipe- of 150 personnel managing and
line in January 2013 which Nor- verifying alignments, measure-
way’s parliament approved five ments and ballasting.
months later. In April 2018, the 339-m
Danish contractor Ramboll (1,112-ft) tall, 70,000-metric ton
performed detailed design of (77,162-ton) platform under-
the 482-km (300-mi), 36-in., went an 11-day tow by five tugs
70-MMcm/d capacity pipeline, to the field location. At the shal-
which the company claimed lowest point en route the clear-
would be the world’s deepest ance beneath the keel was 14 m
water installation to date for a (46 ft), and 20 m (65.6 ft) up to
line of this diameter. Equinor the crossing over the high-volt-
also contracted the Marubeni age cable over Langenuen. On
Itichu/JFE consortium to sup- arrival it was connected to the
ply 325,000 t of linepipe, coated pre-installed polyester mooring
externally and internally by Indonesia’s Wasco and subsequently lines, manufactured by Lankhorst, with First Subsea supply-
shipped to a newly built base in mid-Norway for the application ing the mooring connectors. Kvaerner then began assisting
of concrete coating. Kongsberg manufactured associated sub- Equinor with offshore hookup and preparations for the start
sea structures including in-line tees and connection systems of production.
– six tie-in points were pre-installed to accommodate gas from ABB is responsible for the platform’s electrical, control and
other future Norwegian Sea field developments. telecommunication system, from delivery through commis-
Between March and September 2015, Allseas’ Solitaire laid sioning, automation of the plant start-up sequences and related
the entire pipeline from the field location to the terminal at services. Following start-up, the company will also provide sup-
Nyhamna receiving gas from the Ormen Lange field, and which port as required to the platform and to Equinor’s Operations
would undergo expansion for Aasta Hansteen under operator North organization in Harstad, which will supervise offshore
Shell’s management. On completion of the pipeline installation, activity. ABB Oil, Gas and Chemicals in Norway managed design
Equinor said expenditure on the system ended up NOK4.5 bil- and engineering, with Equinor requesting various features to
lion ($526 million) below budget at NOK6.5 billion ($760 mil- improve the ease of operating the plant during normal opera-
lion) as a result of various measures that allowed it to adjust tion and to automate the start-up sequences.
the capacity and price to the market’s needs. Aasta Hansteen’s One of ABB’s tasks was to make the process leading up to first
gas will join Ormen Lange’s in heading through the Langeled gas as efficient and fast as possible, reducing a sequence of over
1901OFF26-29.indd 28 1/4/19 4:08 PM

said to have saved around 40 days in the

commissioning phase through identifying
and improving 57 different aspects of the
start-up process, and this led to a corre-
sponding reduction in trouble-shooting
and corrective measures, ABB claimed,
of around 2,700 man-hours. Obstacles
that came to light included inter-depen-
dencies between the physical instrumen-
tation and control logic that would be
difficult or time-consuming to operate.
In addition, ABB provided a condition
monitoring system that can monitor over
100,000 maintenance conditions for more
than 4,000 equipment items, along with
Aasta Hansteen substructure upending. (Courtesy Equinor/Espen Rønnevik/ Roar Lindefjeld)
tools for alarm management and alarm
rationalization, and third-party system
integration of essential data traffic.
CONCLUSION
The NPD estimates investment costs
for the entire development at around
NOK37.5 billion ($4.38 billion), in line
with the scenarios forecast in the devel-
opment plan. At peak, expected shortly
after start-up, Aasta Hansteen will deliver
23 MMcm/d with the plateau figure set
to be sustained until 2023, including out-
put from Snefrid Nord. Tie-in points have
been installed at the platform to accom-
modate future developments in the area
after the field has come off plateau: these
could include new discoveries drilled by
Equinor close to Aasta Hansteen, and
the company’s 16-bcm Asterix field, 80
km (49.7 mi) west of Aasta Hansteen,
Spar platform tow from Stord to the field. (Courtesy Woldcam/Equinor) drilled in 2009 in 1,360 m (4,462 ft) water
depth. •
1,000 conventional manual interventions to the bare minimum.

For this the company applied ABB Ability, which it describes as “a
unified, cross-industry digital offering, extending from device to
edge to cloud, with devices systems, solutions, services and a plat-
form that allow clients to know and do more, better and together.”
The company deployed its ABB Ability System 800XA simula-
tor in the Professional version which allows the Equinor team to
operate and improve operations “in a pure virtual environment.”
The simulator’s control system is disconnected from the physical
process and is instead simulated by a high-accuracy mathemat-
ical dynamic process model that represents the physical process
of the plant. The model, integrated with the simulator, is said to
provide a realistic simulation environment.
According to ABB Oil, Gas and Chemicals Managing Director ABB Ability 800xA simulator saved an estimated 40 days in the
Per Erik Holsten, by automating much of the process the number commissioning phase by reducing manual interventions by 98%.
of manual interventions was limited to 20. The simulator is also (Courtesy ABB)
1901OFF26-29.indd 29 1/4/19 4:08 PM

The Shah Deniz Bravo production and risers platform (left)

bridge-linked to the quarters and utilities platform (right) offshore
Azerbaijan in the Caspian Sea. (All images courtesy BP)
Shah Deniz 2 marks starting point

for the Southern Gas Corridor
Local content plays major role
JESSICA STUMP, ASSISTANT EDITOR
THE BP-LED SHAH DENIZ consortium started up the Shah The Shah Deniz consortium is: BP, 28.8% - operator; TPAO,
Deniz Stage 2 project in the Azeri sector of the Caspian Sea on 19%; Petronas, 15.5%; AzSD, 10.0%; SGC Upstream, 6.7%; Lukoil,
June 30, 2018, including first commercial gas delivery to Turkey. 10%; and NICO, 10%.
The $28-billion project is the first subsea field development in At plateau, Shah Deniz 2 is expected to produce 16 bcm/yr
the Caspian Sea and the largest subsea infrastructure operated of gas. Together with output from the first phase of develop-
by BP worldwide. It is also the starting point for the Southern ment, total production from the Shah Deniz field will be up to
Gas Corridor series of pipelines that will for the first time deliver 26 bcm/yr of gas and up to 120,000 b/d of condensate.
natural gas from the Caspian Sea direct to European markets. Offshore, the Shah Deniz 2 project includes 26 subsea pro-
According to BP group chief executive Bob Dudley, “Shah duction wells in five clusters, 500 km (311 mi) of subsea pipe-
Deniz 2 is one of the biggest and most complex new energy lines and flowlines, and two new bridge-linked platforms. Gas is
projects anywhere in the world, comprising major offshore, transported onshore through an 85-km (53-mi) pipeline to the
onshore, and pipeline developments. BP and our partners have Sangachal terminal near Baku, which underwent a major expan-
safely and successfully delivered this multi-dimensional project sion to accommodate the increased gas output. The project also
as designed, on time, and on budget. includes the South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion that called for
“Together with the Southern Gas Corridor pipeline system, 428 km (266 mi) of new pipeline in Azerbaijan and 59 km (37 mi)
Shah Deniz 2 will deliver significant new energy supplies to of new pipeline and two new compressor stations in Georgia.
Europe, further diversifying its sources of energy and provid- Discovered in 1999, Shah Deniz is one of the largest gas/con-
ing new supplies of natural gas which will be essential in the densate fields in the world. It is located on the deepwater shelf
energy transition.” of the Caspian Sea, 70 km (43 mi) southeast of Baku, in water
1901OFF30-32.indd 30 1/4/19 4:08 PM

depths ranging from 50 to 500 m (164 to 1,640 ft). The field is Tofiq Ismayilov, and the derrick barge Azerbaijan.
estimated to hold about 1 tcm of gas and 2 Bbbl of condensate. All the fabrication and construction work was conducted at
It covers about 860 sq km (332 sq mi), roughly the same size the Heydar Aliyev Baku Deepwater Jackets Factory.
and shape as Manhattan Island. Shah Deniz 1, the first phase The production and risers platform (SDB-PR) jacket, which
of development, began production in 2006. It currently supplies weighs 13,150 metric tons and stands 105 m (344 ft) high, was
gas to Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. installed in a water depth of 94 m (308 ft) in late September
The Shah Deniz consortium took the final investment deci- 2016. It contains 12 production risers, three export risers, and a
sion for Shah Deniz 2 in December 2013. dedicated monoethylene glycol import riser. The quarters and
Local content played a major role in this full field development utilities platform (SDB-QU) jacket, which weighs about 12,084
project. According to BP, at peak the Shah Deniz 2 development metric tons and stands 105 m (344 ft) high, was installed in a
supported more than 30,000 jobs in Azerbaijan and Georgia and water depth of 95 m (312 ft) in mid-2017. It contains 31 J Tubes,
in total included more than 180 million hours of work. seven utility caissons, and three J tube caissons.
The consortium consisting of BOS Shelf LLC, Saipem Con- The AMEC-Tekfen-Azfen consortium won a $974-million
tracting Netherlands B.V, and Star Gulf FZCO won the $750-mil- contract for the fabrication, load out and offshore hook-up and
lion contract for the fabrication of the platform jackets, pin piles, commissioning of the topsides units of the SDB-PR and SDB-QU.
and subsea structures. The scope of work included construc- Both topsides units were built at the Azfen fabrication yard in
tion of two eight-legged single batter jackets and the fabrication Bibi-Heybat near Baku.
of 2,300 subsea structures with a total weight of 30,000 metric The QU topsides unit weighs about 12,400 metric tons and is
tons. The subsea fabrication scope included eight subsea iso- 100 m (328 ft) long by 60 m (197 ft) wide. It contains 100-person
lation valve structures, 10 flowline termination assemblies, 80 living quarters (supplied by Apply Emtunga), four main power
walking anchors, 100 subsea tie-in piping spools, 100 pipeline generators totaling 60 MW, 10 direct electrical heating, mod-
crossing supports, 1,000 concrete mattresses and 1,000 metric ules, and a range of subsea production equipment. It was com-
tons of current transfer zone foundations. pleted ahead of schedule and was installed offshore in June 2017.
In addition, the BOS Shelf, Saipem, Star Gulf consortium The PR platform topsides unit weighs about 15,800 metric
received a $1.8-billion contract for the offshore transport and tons and is 100 m (328 ft) long by 60 m (197 ft) wide. It con-
installation of both jackets and topside units, subsea produc- tains a 133-m (436-ft) long flare boom, 10 flowline reception
tion systems, and subsea structures. It also included the lay- facilities, five production separators, two flash gas compres-
ing of more than 360 km (224 mi) of subsea pipelines, diving sors, and three production export flowlines. The PR topsides
support services, and the upgrade of three installation vessels was also completed ahead of schedule and was installed off-
– the pipelay barge Israfil Huseynov, the diving support vessel shore in September 2017.
The Khankendi was specifically

designed and built to install
the biggest subsea production
system in the Caspian Sea as part
of the Shah Deniz Stage 2 project.
1901OFF30-32.indd 31 1/4/19 4:08 PM

strengthened moonpool. The Khankendi

is said to be able to carry out complex
activities without the need for anchors.
It has a maximum capacity of 175 peo-
ple on board.
The semisubmersibles Heydar Aliyev
and Istiglal are drilling the 26 wells.
SOUTHERN GAS CORRIDOR

Shah Deniz 2 is the starting point for the
Southern Gas Corridor series of pipe-
lines that will deliver natural gas from the
Caspian Sea direct to European markets
from 2020. When complete, the South-
ern Gas Corridor will in total comprise
3,500 km (2,175 mi) of pipelines, including
the South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion
(SCPX) across Azerbaijan and Georgia,
the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipe-
The Southern Gas Corridor will in total comprise 3,500 km (2,175 mi) of pipelines.
line (TANAP) across Turkey, and the
Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) across
Greece, Albania, and into Italy.
Baku Shipyard designed and built the Khankendi, a $378-million flagship subsea SCPX consists of 428 km (266 mi) of
construction vessel. It was specifically designed and built to install the biggest sub- 48-in. pipeline through Azerbaijan and
sea production system in the Caspian Sea as part of the Shah Deniz Stage 2 project. 59 km (37 mi) of new 48-in. pipeline and
Launched in 2017, the vessel will perform subsea installation and construction work two new compressor stations in Georgia.
over the next 11 years at the field. The vessel is 155 m (509 ft) in length and 32 m (105 TANAP consists of 1,340 km (833 mi) of
ft) in width with 2,000 sq m (21,528 sq ft) of deck space. It has a total weight of 17,600 56-in. pipeline, 34 km (21 mi) of 36-in.
metric tons, a carrying capacity of 5,000 metric tons at 6.5 m (21 ft) draft and two pipeline, and 476 km (296 mi) of 48-in.
engine rooms with 6 x 4.4-MW and 2 x 3.2-MW generators. It is equipped with dynamic pipeline across Turkey. TAP consists of
positioning to allow working in 3.5 m (11 ft) significant wave height, a 900-metric ton 878 km (546 mi) of 48-in. pipeline across
main crane capable of placing 750-metric ton subsea structures down to 600 m (1,968 Greece, Albania, and into Italy. •
ft) below sea level, an 18-man two-bell diving system, two work-class ROVs and a
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12/20/18 1:312019
PM
1901OFF30-32.indd 32 1/4/19 4:08 PM

OFFSHORE OUTLOOK •
Offshore is back – and shallow water

is no exception
Jackup market expected to recover in 2019
ODDMUND FØRE, RYSTAD ENERGY
THE OFFSHORE industry weathered the Hail shallow-water assets under the Hail and Ghasha Sour Gas project could generate
storm of low oil prices by cutting costs and over $10 billion in capex. However, their current breakeven price of over $60/bbl merits
sanctioning fit-for-purpose scopes. The more caution as they head to a sanctioning decision mid-2019.
industry also reduced unit price reductions, In the new wave of offshore sanctioning, shelf developments are expected to strengthen
sought efficiency gains, and reduced the their position in the offshore market. During the period prior to 2014, greenfield commit-
scope of projects to push down breakeven ments for shelf developments made up approximately 41% of total greenfield investments,
costs for both deep and shallow water fields but this is likely to grow to 44% in the period from 2017 to 2021. Similarly, the new offshore
by over $30/bbl from their 2013-14 lev- investment cycle is set to be more dependent on commitments from smaller operators,
els. Now with the worst of the downturn which are expected to take up 46% of total greenfield commitments from 2017 to 2021
behind, the industry appears ready to start compared to 32% prior to 2014. The change in dynamics can be related to the trend seen
a new wave of project sanctioning. during the downturn, where big oil companies divested their offshore exposure in favor
In fact, greenfield project commit- of shale, illustrating the tremendous competition for investment dollars that confronted
ments have risen every year since 2016. the offshore market by the shale industry.
The year 2018, for its part, is likely to close After the oil price started to recover back in 2016, investments in the short-cycled shale
with over $85 billion of greenfield project industry gained momentum very quickly. In contrast, offshore greenfield investments
commitments. While that represents a 25% failed to show growth reflective of the uptick in the oil price. The greenfield commitments
increase over 2017’s commitment levels, materializing in the offshore space during this period was skewed toward further devel-
it could have been even higher. Sanctions opment of existing infrastructure, where more than 40% of all greenfield commitments
between the USA and Iran, contract delays in 2016 were related to subsea tiebacks, showing that the short-cycle focus was also pres-
and operators deferring investment deci- ent in the offshore market.
sions led to a delay of over $20 billion of Going forward, it is not only the amount of greenfield investments that speaks for
potential commitments. improved market conditions in the offshore space. Operational expenditures are also set
Over the next three years, the industry to increase by 10% per annum toward 2021, driven primarily by the large demand for oil-
looks poised to sanction at least $100 billion field services in shallow waters, which are set to grow from approximately $100 billion in
of greenfield projects per year (on average).
These projects have breakeven prices below
$60/bbl and are expected to reach a final F1: GREENFIELD CAPEX IS DRIVING THE UPCOMING RECOVERY
investment decision by the end of 2021. In
Offshore greenfield capex by commitment year
the near-term, all eyes will be on Qatargas’s
250
North Field Expansion mega-project. This
202
three-train steel platform development will
require over $26 billion of capex to reach a 200
mid-2024 start-up of the first train. While 170
US $, billions
an investment decision is expected by year- 150 146 140

133
end, Qatargas has already started to engage
potential contractors. In addition, Exxon-
100 96
Mobil’s work in Mozambique and Guyana 79 84
could result in over $15 billion in sanction- 55
67
ing alone next year. 50 33
However, these will not be the only off-
shore projects garnering attention. An addi-
0
tional $25 billion of yearly commitments is 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Average
being held hostage by unattractive $60+ per 2019-21
barrel breakeven prices. The Ghasha and Source: Rystad Energy DCube
1901OFF33-34.indd 33 1/4/19 4:08 PM

• OFFSHORE OUTLOOK
2018 to $130 billion on 2021. The Middle East, Western Europe and North America are tendering activity is improving and rigs are
driving this growth. being reactivated – all indications that the
This is very good news for drillers waiting for utilization and rig rates to bounce back market is in the midst of re-setting itself.
up to sustainable levels. After some tough years in the wake of a market collapse, the tide Rig rates for the US Gulf of Mexico have
has turned and the market is seeing substantial improvements in the rig market with the been on the rise for the past two years. In
shallow water space no exception. Several key markets have started to see a consider- the same period, the number of rigs on
able uptick in utilization this year, and some are expected to be close to sold out in 2019. contract doubled in order to keep up with
While the Middle East is still the main driver of jackup demand, the regional markets in the growing demand on the shelf. Look-
West Africa, Southeast Asia, the North Sea and the US Gulf of Mexico have all seen posi- ing ahead there is reason to believe that
tive development in utilization levels in 2018, and some of these markets are already reg- the drillers can look forward to a further
istering higher day rates. Furthermore, we know that contract lead times are increasing, increase in utilization and rig rates as
demand is picking up due to increased
F2: OFFSHORE GREENFIELD COMMITMENTS 2011-2013 VS 2017-2021 investments driven largely by brownfield
activities. The reform of the fiscal regime
2011-13 Customer market share 2017-21 Customer market share in the US Gulf should also be favorable for
Small Small the shallow waters in the region and we
E&P E&P
have already seen growing numbers in lease
Large Large
E&P E&P rounds over the past couple of years.
NOC 32% NOC The Norwegian continental shelf (NCS)
Other 46% is another market expected to have very
Other few rigs available to take on additional
Majors/ Majors/ work due to the country’s stringent spec
IOCs IOCs
requirements and the need for an Acknowl-
edgement of Compliance. As such the NCS
market is already sold out when looking
2011-13 Waterdepth market share 2017-21 Waterdepth market share into 2019. The tightening of the NCS market
UDW UDW has been visible through increasing rates
1500m+ 1500m+ lately. For example, the Maersk Intrepid
19% 21%
Shelf Shelf signing off at $266,000 with Equinor. This
<125m <125m
41% 44% is double the rates signed for drillships so
far in 2018. The CJ70 design has typically
40% 35% been earning a premium in the region.
MW MW West Africa is also a region where we
125-1500m 125-1500m expect a substantial uptick in demand
Source: Rystad Energy DCube going forward, and we have already seen
this starting to materialize in the number
of rigs on contract. Accordingly, we expect
F3: OFFSHORE OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURE SET TO utilization to increase on the assumption
INCREASE 10% P.A. TOWARDS 2021 of no further retirements of the fleet. We
therefore believe that there will be a need
250
Shelf (to 125 m) for new capacity as well as a call for new-
Deep water (125-1,500 m) builds into the 2020s.
Ultra deep water (1,500 + m)
200 On the whole, we expect the jackup
market to recover next year with a steady
stream of work from greenfield and brown-
Thousands
150 CAGR
+9%
fields projects and decommissioning work.
With utilization and rig rates on the mend
100 for several markets around the world,
there is some potential uplift if the indus-
CAGR try retires more units. If this is done, then
50 +8%
we would expect a fundamental increase
CAGR in rig rates thereby unlocking some of the
+19%
0 capacity sitting in Chinese shipyards which
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
would be needed in order to meet the grow-
Source: Rystad Energy DCube ing demand we see in the future. •
1901OFF33-34.indd 34 1/4/19 4:08 PM

The upturn is now

Recent consolidation set to pay off as market fundamentals improve
JAMES WEST, EVERCORE ISI
WHAT A WILD RIDE it has been. We McDermott. In 2015, Schlumberger agreed to buy Cameron; and this was fol-
delivered a speech in 2014 when we lowed in 2016 with Technip and FMC Technologies agreeing to merge. Thus two
first joined Evercore ISI at a deepwater offshore/subsea powerhouses were created. These two companies are pioneering
conference in London. In our speech new ways of collaborating and standardization; they are evolving the industry.
we discussed the challenges facing Drilling adjustments. Faced with collapsing demand, falling day rates and heavy
the deepwater and offshore markets, debt burdens, the 2015-2017 period was extremely difficult for the offshore drill-
including collapsing returns for the ers. Many went bankrupt, many issued equity and were forced to issue secured
majors (even before the oil price drop); debt, and difficult revolver negotiations ensued. Next, the companies slashed
persistent cost overruns; a significant and burned costs. They found that reductions in cost structures of 30-50% were
lengthening of time from discovery to
first oil; and the threat of relatively new F1: GLOBAL FLOATER SUPPLY
short cycle shale. In our view, major
industry changes were needed – col- 340
Newbuilds
laboration, cooperation, and standard- Retirements
320
ization to name a few.
And customers have awoken to the 300
idea of increased collaboration. The oil
US $, billions
companies now understand the need 280

for change. These changes include
260
the need to drive better collaboration
in order to improve project planning 240
and the contract negotiation process;
partnering to improve outcomes and 220
speed up the timeline to bring R&D
to market; leveraging digitalization to 200
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
enable smarter decision making; and
changing employees’ mindsets to work Source: IHS-Petrodata, Evercore ISI Research
differently.
This down cycle has witnessed an F2: FLOATER SUPPLY, DEMAND & UTILIZATION
unprecedented number of changes to EVRISI estimates 100
the offshore industry including. These
300
are detailed below. 80
Subsea first. The subsea and marine 250
Percent utilization
construction companies moved first,

Number of units
initially with joint ventures (OneSub- 200 60

sea was a JV with Schlumberger and
150
Cameron; Forsys Subsea was a JV 40
with Technip and FMC Technologies) 100
and then alliance agreements (Helix 20
joined SLB and OneSubsea to create 50
the Subsea Services Alliance, and sep-
arately a few months later Subsea 7 0 0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020E
and SLB announced a global alliance)
Excess supply Demand
while at the same time, Baker Hughes
Utilization Effective utilization
teamed up with Aker (now with Vetco
Source: IHS-Petrodata, Everore ISI Research
as part of the new BHGE); then BHGE
subsequently formed an alliance with
1901OFF35-36.indd 35 1/4/19 4:08 PM

plausible. New ways of working evolved; rig equipment suppliers took on risk; 40+ in 2018). Underpinning our bull-
performance-based contracts permeated the industry; and the adoption of big ish thesis for the offshore market is
data analytics and automation unfolded. the fact that the necessary supply of
Contractor M&A. As the industry begins to climb out of the most horrific down- global oil cannot come solely from the
turn since the 1980s, an M&A cycle has begun in earnest. Transocean bought Permian basin. For years, IOCs have
Songa and Ocean Rig. Ensco grabbed Atwood and is now merging with Rowan. enacted capital discipline while explo-
Noble is picking off assets in the shipyards. Borr Drilling, a scrappy upstart, has ration activities (and thus, new reserve
systemically scooped up jackup rigs at the market bottom. The great consolida- discoveries) and infrastructure have
tion wave is here and it could not come at a better time. Day rates have already received scant attention. While the
moved substantially higher for harsh-environment floaters, and day rates are timing remains uncertain, we remain
jumping 30-40% off the bottom for high-specification jackups. We believe that steadfast in the belief that eventually,
the move for high-specification drillships is next. the necessity of supplying the incre-
Despite the recent pullback in oil prices, the offshore rig market outlook remains mental barrel of oil to support global
encouraging with demand still healthy at $60 Brent. Notably rig contractors are demand growth will have to come from
continuing to proactively manage supply, with three additional newbuild floaters outside of the North American land
and 12 newbuild jackups deferred over the past month. The industry is on track market. Reserve replacements are at
to take delivery of only one to four newbuild floaters and 16 to 21 newbuild jack- a 20-year low; the industry is replac-
ups this year (with three and five respective newbuilds scheduled between now ing only one-third of offshore produc-
and year-end). This is a far cry from 22 floater and 64 jackup newbuilds sched- tion; and delays in project FIDs over the
uled at the start of the year, which combined with ongoing rig attrition (17 float- past four years have removed 6 Mb/d
ers and 35 jackups YTD) implies a net reduction of at least 14 jackups (2.6%) and of 2025 supply.
13 floaters (5%) for the year. Overall, global floater supply has contracted by 83 We believe that deepwater develop-
units or 25% from the October 2014 peak with retirements exceeding newbuild ment will play a sizeable role in global
additions for four straight years, while the global jackup supply is down 16 units supply and while well breakevens have
or 3% from the January 2018 peak. come down, the industry remains laser
There is now a visible path to higher day rates. Reflecting our demand forecasts focused on making deepwater devel-
and assumptions for incremental retirements and modest newbuild additions, we opment competitive with shale. The
see a visible path to effective utilization improving to 82% for jackups and 74% subsea and marine construction com-
for floaters in 2019 and 86% for jackups and 82% for floaters in 2020. While there panies want to be in the forefront to
is no firm timeline for when day rates will begin to move up, pricing power tends drive fundamental changes around how
to swing to the contractor when utilization gets back to the 80s. deepwater discoveries are developed,
There are other positive trends: projects seem to be moving toward FID; the and how interactions with customers
need to replace reserves is becoming a major concern; and oil prices remain sup- take place. They want to leverage their
portive. Offshore FIDs are growing (31 projects sanctioned in 2016 compared to portfolios to lower operators’ capex and
opex requirements, and make better
use of technology to unlock data and
F3: JACKUP SUPPLY, DEMAND & UTILIZATION better enable decision makers. They
also want to leverage flexible partner-
EVRISI estimates 100 ships and commercial models, and
500 standardize equipment to help drive
80 lower total cost of ownership. •
400
Percent utilization
Number of units
60
300
40
200
100 20
0 0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020E
Excess supply Demand

Utilization Effective utilization
Source: IHS-Petrodata, Everore ISI Research
1901OFF35-36.indd 36 1/4/19 4:08 PM

Floating production market

outlook strengthens
Brazil, West Africa rank as top growth areas
DAVID BOGGS, ENERGY MARITIME ASSOCIATES PTE LTD.
THE FLOATING production market out- F1: HOW CONFIDENT ARE YOU ABOUT THE BUSINESS OUTLOOK
look continues to strengthen, making this FOR YOUR COMPANY IN THE COMING 12 MONTHS?
the third year in a row that more than 50%
of survey respondents expressed positive 1%
6% 4% 10%
sentiment (somewhat confident to highly 23% 15%
confident), according to EMA’s annual 14%
Global Floating Production Industry Sur-
vey. The percentage of respondents who are
highly confident rose from 10% last year to 13%
23% this year. The number of respondents
expressing somewhat pessimistic and
58%
highly pessimistic outlooks dropped from 56%
19% to 7%. Interestingly, while the share of
pessimistic outlooks decreased, and the Highly confident - we will achieive or exceed our revenue and production
targets; likely to out perform 2018
share of high optimism increased, the pro-
Somewhat confident - there is a 50-70% chance we will achieve our revenue
portion of those cautiously optimistic and and production targets
neutral remained almost unchanged. This Neither confident nor pessimistic
suggests that while strong oil prices have
improved confidence, the vast majority of Somewhat pessimistic - there is a 50-70% chance we won’t achieve our
revenue and production targets
respondents see gradual improvements Highly pessimistic - most likely won’t achieve targets, may even under perform
with about a quarter expecting strong compared to 2018
growth. A few key quotes are highlighted Source: EMA, Global Floating Production Industry Survey
below:
“We have factored a very slow rate of the FPS market is not out of the woods yet. Nineteen percent still think it will take another
recovery into our business plans - so we 2+ years for the market to improve.
expect a limited uptake in our offshore sec-
tor in the next 12 months…” – International IMPACT OF THE DOWN CYCLE
Classification Society Two years after the worst period in the FPS industry, the survey asked how the industry
Expectations for the floating production has changed. The survey asked respondents whether the cost savings and efficiencies
market recovery proceeded in line with achieved during the downturn will be sustainable and make a lasting change on how the
last year’s results (with a shift by one year). FPS industry operates. The largest proportion, 40%, felt that less than a quarter of the
Almost two-thirds of respondents believe savings would be sustainable. Twenty-seven percent of respondents believe a significant
the offshore industry will recover in one portion (25-50%) will be sustained, while 29% of respondents are optimistic that a 50%+
year or less. Furthermore, 14% of respon- of cost savings will continue in the long run.
dents now believe that the current pace Most respondents believe that while there may be some long-term savings, many costs
of activity has recovered to pre-oil price will increase as activity picks up. A few key quotes are highlighted below:
crash levels. “As far as we can see as a supplier, a good chunk of the current cost savings are related
“We believe that the bottom of the mar- to squeezing the supplier in price without simplifying the requirements.” – Major Equip-
ket was realized in mid-2018.” – Leading ment Supplier
Mooring Contractor “I foresee the contributions of technology and project execution strategy as sustainable
“The FPSO sector has just passed its bot- going forward.” – Strategic Oil & Gas Consultant
tom ... and is just about to start a slow recov- “If the oil price spikes … the industry will be critically short on capacity and experi-
ery.” – International Classification Society enced personnel. In that case all the ‘savings’ will be thrown out the window. If the price
However, some respondents still believe stays stable, the cost savings and processes will continue unchanged.” – Project Developer
1901OFF37-40.indd 37 1/4/19 4:08 PM

F2: WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE COST SAVINGS ACHIEVED DURING replace drilling and subsea as the second and
THE DOWNTURN ARE FUNDAMENTAL AND WILL BE SUSTAINED third ranked potential bottlenecks. This new
GOING FORWARD? ranking reflects the current stage of recovery
as a number of projects are now in the early
Less than 25% 40%
development stages where engineering and
management are critical. Fabrication yards
25-50% 27%
moved up to fourth position from eighth last
year as orders resume at experienced yards,
More than 50% 19%
all of which have downsized.
“The main capacity constraints will be
Almost all
10%
personnel driven rather than materials,
(fundamental cost savings)
hardware or asset driven. A lot of good peo-
Almost none ple have left the industry and they are not
(not fundamental 4%
cost savings) being replaced.” – Independent Oil Company
Drilling and subsea dropped down to
Source: EMA, Global Floating Production Industry Survey
the eight and tenth positions reflecting sub-
GREATEST GROWTH OBSTACLES stantial availability in 2019-2020. These two
For the fifth year in a row, the price of oil was identified as the greatest obstacle to offshore industries have undergone significant con-
project growth. Most respondents are concerned with the volatility in oil prices rather than solidation and although activity has picked
the overall level. However, other concerns are shifting in priority. This year, access to finance up, there is still plenty of uncommitted
rose from third position to second with political issues moving up to third. This reflects capacity in the near term.
overall political and trade instability and new leadership in key markets such as Brazil and
Mexico. Macroeconomic concerns over risk naturally lead to tighter financing as investors MOST ATTRACTIVE GROWTH
and banks remain cautious. Environmental regulations moved from last place up the sixth, REGIONS
reflecting a larger impact in design, operations, and decommissioning. Costs remain low on Brazil and West Africa ranked as the top two
the list of concerns with drilling and subsea costs in the last positions this year. growth regions again this year, as they have
been since the beginning of the FPS Mar-
F3: WHAT ARE THE LARGEST OBSTACLES FOR AWARD OF NEW ket Sentiments Survey. Brazil improved its
OFFSHORE PREJECTS IN THE NEXT 12 - 24 MONTHS? standing as Petrobras has resumed ordering
FPSOs and other operators are progressing
new developments.
Price of oil 24%
The biggest changes this year are the
Access to finance 14%
attractiveness of the countries after the top
two. South America (ex-Brazil) jumped from
Political issues 13% ninth place to fourth place this year, driven
by the opportunities in Guyana as well as
More attractive investment 11%
opportunities (e.g. shale oil/gas) other frontier regions. Respondents are opti-
mistic about the Gulf of Mexico, moving
Price of natural gas 8%
up one spot to third. The US leaped up to
Environmental regulations 6%
fifth position buoyed by recent deepwater
discoveries such as Whale and Ballymore.
FPS costs 5%
TECHNOLOGY GAME CHANGERS
Technical challenges (e.g. water
5% The survey asked which type of technology
depth, high temp/high pressure)
will have the largest impact on the offshore
Reservoir uncertainty 5%
industry. The results were unmanned pro-
Subsea costs 4% duction facilities (UPF) and long distance
subsea tiebacks as a close first and second.
Drilling costs 4% A number of the reasons may account
for UPF’s rise in popularity—the high cost
Source: EMA, Global Floating Production Industry Survey of personnel as a portion of operating costs,
re-thinking current practices to develop
POTENTIAL BOTTLENECKS cost-effective solutions, and the increas-
For the third year in a row, most respondents do not see any capacity constraints in the ing application of digital solutions. While
next 1-2 years. However, this year FEED engineering and project management moved up to unmanned fixed facilities are common, the
1901OFF37-40.indd 38 1/4/19 4:08 PM

F4: IN WHICH SPECIFIC SECTORS DO YOU FORESEE CONSTRAINTS IN

THE COMING 12-24 MONTHS? technology has not yet been transferred to float-
ers. Even if a completely unmanned facility is not
No capacity constraints 14%
expected realized, reductions in personnel offshore would
result in lower operating costs.
FEED engineering 12%
Longer distance subsea tiebacks could enable
Project management 11% development of marginal fields, with shorter pay-
back while increasing the utilization of existing
Fabrication yards 11% facilities. Tiebacks certainly will extend the life
of currently installed production units, while the
Operations management 7% impact of future requirements is yet to be seen.
Some stand-alone FPS developments could be
Offshore installation 7%
replaced by tiebacks, while an FPS hub could
Shipyards 7% be made economic by tieback of multiple fields.
FLNGs dropped from first to fourth place as
Drilling 6% financing troubles have delayed sanction of new
Gas processing FLNG projects.
equipment 6%
Subsea
FIVE YEAR FORECAST
5%
The results of this survey are taken into account
Oil processing when compiling EMA’s outlook for floating pro-
4%
equipment
duction orders. In the base case scenario, EMA
Support service (class, 4%
insurance, legal, etc.)
expects 127 awards for FPS units worth just under
Power generation
$100 billion in the next five years. This year, the
3%
equipment firm has increased the projected number of FPSO
Other
awards by 9%, as investment returns to deepwa-
2%
ter projects. FPSOs will account for 40% of the
Mooring 1% orders and 75% of the capex. In terms of spend-
ing, Brazil will remain the largest market by far,
Risers 1% followed by Africa and the US Gulf of Mexico.
Orders are expected to resume for Australian
Source: EMA, Global Floating Production Industry Survey developments toward the back end of the forecast
F5: WHAT REGIONS OR COUNTRIES WILL PRESENT THE LARGEST GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES
OVER THE NEXT 5-10 YEARS?
18%
13%
11%
9% 9%
6% 6%
5% 5%
4% 4%
3% 3%
2% 2%
Brazil West GOM- South GOM- Southeast Australia/ East China Middle North Sea- South North Sea- Canada Med
Africa Mexico America US Asia New Africa East UK Asia Norway
(ex Brazil) Zealand
Source: EMA, Global Floating Production Industry Survey
1901OFF37-40.indd 39 1/4/19 4:08 PM

F6: FORECAST OF TOTAL CAPEX OF ALL FPS TYPES BY REGION ($1,M)
Based on Middle Case 2019-23 forecast
Brazil FPSO 28,400
Africa FLNG FPSO 17,500
GOM-USA FLNG Semi 10,000
SEA FPSO 9,890
Australia FPSO 7,700
South America FPSO 7,100

Northern
Europe
FPSO 6,055 FSO
SW Asia/ Spar
FPSO 3,955
Mid-East TLP
GOM-Mexico FPSO 3,455 Semi

FPSO
China 1,300 FSRU
FLNG
Mediterranean 640
0K 2K 4K 6K 8K 10K 12K 14K 16K 18K 20K 22K 24K 26K 28K 30K
Capex ($,m)
Source: EMA
period. South America (other than Brazil) will see $7 billion of capital
spent for FPSOs in frontier areas such as Guyana.
SUMMARY
The sentiment for the global FPS industry has continued to improve
since 4Q 2016. Awards have returned to levels last seen in 2013-2014,
prior to the oil price crash, and are projected to remain steady. How-
ever, certain sub-sectors and specialist contractors are busy, while
most continue to look for additional work. Development costs remain
low, fueled by excess drilling and subsea capacity, but offshore project
sanctions continue to be delayed as operators cherry-pick the best
opportunities in their global portfolios. Activity levels are expected
to increase, but at a measured pace as operators keep a close watch
on costs and spending.
ABOUT THE SURVEY

EMA’s Global Floating Production Industry Survey, now in its sixth
year, gauges the current market sentiment as well as where the
industry is heading in the future. This year EMA partnered with
Offshore magazine and the survey had a record response rate from
all areas of the industry and from all parts of the globe. The respon-
dents come from a mix of oil companies, engineering firms, finan-
cial institutions, equipment providers, construction yards, and asset
owners/operators. Respondents are from a range of executive-level
positions — senior executives to mid-level and front-line managers
— providing an industry-wide perspective. Respondents also come
from a wide range of functions, including strategy/planning, sales/
business development, engineering/technical, project management,
and commercial/finance. •
RMYou_OS_1901 1 12/17/18 4:21 PM
1901OFF37-40.indd 40 1/4/19 4:08 PM

Boom in US offshore wind to boost

America’s energy suppliers
$50 billion capex by 2030 extends potential windfall across supply chain
STEPHANIE MCCLELLAN, UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
THERE IS VERY GOOD REASON to be bullish about the forecast

for America’s emerging new offshore wind power (OSW) industry.
Even more reason to be buoyed by the new business opportuni-
ties it will generate for suppliers and developers across the US off-
shore energy sector.
Six East Coast states – Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Rhode Island, Connecticut and Maryland – are proceeding with
firm plans for almost 10 GW of OSW by 2030. Analysis shows it
will require close to $50 billion in capex to bring this new capacity
online, which will supply steady, market-priced OSW power to light
up boardwalks and boardrooms for consumers and businesses up
and down the Atlantic seaboard.
Importantly, building it means we will be able to leverage the
offshore expertise and synergies of the US oil and gas sector, with
a supply chain that stretches from the East Coast into the central
US and the Gulf of Mexico. Industry experts estimate 70% of the Offshore wind turbines near Block Island, Rhode Island. Source:
capex to install and operate these new offshore wind farms can Deepwater Wind
be delivered by the US
supply chain.
SECRETS TO US
OSW SUCCESS
It has been a long time
coming. But the road-
map is now defined
and progress well
under way to build a
new US heavy indus-
try to supply America’s
vast market for OSW
power. The early focus
has been the Atlantic
coast, which put the
first US OSW “steel
in the water” with the
30-MW wind farm off
Block Island, Rhode
Island, and has policy
commitments and
market impetus to
develop 10 GW more
by 2030.
And we expect
this number to grow.
1901OFF41-43.indd 41 1/4/19 4:08 PM

F1: CUMULATIVE OFFSHORE WIND POWER CONTRACTS FORECAST and stand taller than San Francisco’s Transamerica
Pyramid. Advances in OSW turbine cost-efficiency
For six northeastern states through 2030 Contracted and size are remarkable
60 12,500 90 MW-NY feats of technology and
368 MW-MD
may be the most visible
800 MW-MA
elements of new US OSW
Capex estimate (US $, billions)
50 In negotiation
10,000
400 MW- RI farms (though barely,
40 200 MW-CT given the distance from
7,500 Solicitations scheduled
800 MW-NY
shore of most new US
MWs
30 400 MW-RI projects). But turbines
5,000
800 MW- MA represent only a fraction
1,100 MW- NJ
20 of the total capex required
Solicitations predicted
1,600 MW- NY to operate and install 10
2,500 Others - for state goals GW of OSW off America’s
10
2,400 MW- NJ shores.
500 MW-MD
0 0 200 MW-RI
This is where OSW
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total: 9,658 MW synergies with America’s
Source: RCG analysis; Special Initiative on Offshore Wind (SIOW), University of Delaware, offshore energy sector
College of Earth, Ocean & Environment.
come in. When Deepwater Wind installed OSW
turbines off Block Island, it contracted with Loui-
siana’s Gulf Island Fabrication, which constructs oil rigs, to build
Several states – including Massachusetts, New York, and New Jer- the foundations. Liftboat operator SEACOR Marine, also based in
sey – are taking steps to advance their OSW progress and goals. Louisiana, transported them by barge to the wind farm site. And
Others – including Virginia, North Carolina, and California – are a number of US companies, including vessel operators, are forging
making pledges and plans to join the leaders. The Department of partnerships with experienced OSW suppliers to ensure the US OSW
Energy (DOE) reports the project pipeline for US OSW has reached industry has the Jones Act compliant vessels it needs.
25.5-GW potential capacity, with 37 projects in 13 states on the East By the end of 2018, signed power contracts for US OSW were
and West Coasts, Great Lakes, and Hawaii. By 2050, DOE says 86 expected to total 1.6 GW. New York and New Jersey have issued
GW of OSW will support 160,000 US jobs.
Policy certainty from this commitment to scale by states has F2: US OFFSHORE WIND SUPPLY CHAIN
been a critical factor in kick-starting the US OSW industry. It has
Key elements - cost breakout by percentage
given market visibility and a future order book to spur competition, Substation maintenance
Subsea cable maintenance
encourage institutional investors, and drive down costs, as occurred & service 1.7% & service .8%
Project development
in Europe where OSW now produces almost 20 GW of cost-com- Foundation maintenance & management 2.9%
petitive power. In Massachusetts, contracts for its first 800 MW of & service .8% Nacelle, rotor
& assembly 10.7%
OSW with Vineyard Wind came in at a remarkable $65/MWh for Turbine
maintenance
the final project phase, significantly below expectations and saving & service 23.4% Blades 5%
consumers as much as $1.4 billion. 2.9% Tower 1.7%
17.4%
For US OSW, “going big” is essential to generate necessary econ-
Foundation
omies of scale and reduce levelized cost of energy (LCOE). This was 41.6% supply 7.7%
22%
confirmed in research by the Special Initiative on Offshore Wind
Array cable
(SIOW) into key drivers for OSW success. In 2015, a study for the 16.1% supply 2.2%
Wind farm
state of New York quantified the role of scale in cutting costs for operation 14.9% Export cable
supply 5.1%
ratepayers and raising benefits for the state. In 2016, a study for
Onshore & Offshore
the state of Massachusetts found the best way to lower LCOE was Other installation 1.3% substaion supply 6.6%
clear commitments to a big OSW market. Export cable Operational
installation 3.1% infrastructure .4%
Array cable Turbine installation 3.2%
OUTLOOK FOR POWER, SUPPLY CHAIN CONTRACTING installation 4%
Foundation
Two years later, US OSW is on a roll – with policy support from installation 4.5%
state houses to the White House, robust market confidence, and Turbines Operations,
maintenace, & service
burgeoning activity to build a supply chain and infrastructure at Ballance of plant
Project development
key US ports. Installation & & management
To continue cutting costs, the size of OSW turbines is also growing commissioning
along with the scale of total GWs to be installed. New OSW turbines Source: New York State Energy Research Development Authority; Special Initiative
are being tested or planned that reach or exceed 10 MW of power on Offshore Wind (SIOW), University of Delaware, College of Earth, Ocean & Environment.
1901OFF41-43.indd 42 1/4/19 4:08 PM

solicitations, respectively, for 800 MW and be the best regional teams and industry leaders with vision to tap this vast resource. Con-
1.1 GW more OSW, which will increase total tenders are sizing up the competition, scaling up their GWs, and sprinting out of the gate.
expected power contracts to roughly 3.5 GW Let the competition begin. •
by 2020. Through 2030, capex opportuni-
ties will continue to expand as more con- THE AUTHOR
tracts are signed, to nearly $50 billion for 10 Dr. Stephanie McClellan, Director, Special Initiative on Offshore Wind, Univer-
MW of US OSW. The primary initial spend sity of Delaware
through 2020 will be for support vessels to
install and operate the growing fleet of US
offshore wind farms. In 2020, we expect to
see additional work packages signed, with
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In October, Danish OSW leader Ørsted
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1901OFF41-43.indd 43 1/4/19 4:08 PM

GULF OF MEXICO
The Dover discovery was drilled

by the Transocean Deepwater
Poseidon ultra-deepwater
drillship. (Courtesy Shell)
Operators make handful of important

deepwater discoveries in 2018
Norphlet play figures prominently in new findings
THE OUTLOOK for deepwater drilling in the Gulf of Mexico shows how, through exploration, we are sustaining a strong pipe-
has been slowly improving over the past year. The number of line of discoveries and future projects to sustain this deepwa-
drilling rigs in the Gulf is up by four, from 19 to 23, compared ter growth.”
to last year, according to the Baker Hughes rig count of Dec. 14, Whale is operated by Shell (60%) and co-owned by Chevron
2018. And that number is up by one compared to two years ago U.S.A. Inc. (40%). It was discovered in the Alaminos Canyon block
(2016), when the active US GoM rig count stood at 22. 772, adjacent to the Shell-operated Silvertip field and approxi-
And, operators reported finding a number of new and import- mately 10 mi (16 km) from the Shell-operated Perdido platform.
ant oil discoveries in the deepwater US Gulf in 2018. “Whale builds on Shell’s successful, nearly 40-year history in
In January, both Shell and Total announced new deepwater the deepwaters of the Gulf of Mexico and is particularly special
discoveries. Shell Offshore Inc. reported that it had made one in that it offers a combination of materiality, scope and prox-
of its largest US Gulf of Mexico exploration finds in the past imity to existing infrastructure,” said Marc Gerrits, Executive
decade from its Whale deepwater well. The well encountered Vice-President Exploration for Royal Dutch Shell. “The result
more than 1,400 net ft (427 m) of oil-bearing pay. Evaluation of is another opportunity to think differently about ways we can
the discovery is ongoing, and appraisal drilling is under way to competitively develop deepwater resources.”
further delineate the discovery and define development options. This major discovery in a key Shell production area added to
“Deepwater is an important growth priority as we reshape the company’s Paleogene exploration success in the Perdido area.
Shell into a world-class investment case,” said Andy Brown, Through exploration, Royal Dutch Shell says it has added more
Upstream Director for Royal Dutch Shell. “Today’s announcement than 1 Bboe resources in the last decade in the Gulf of Mexico.
1901OFF44-49.indd 44 1/4/19 4:08 PM

GULF OF MEXICO •
Shell described its Dover exploration well in the Norphlet geologic

play as a “large oil discovery.” (Courtesy Shell)
Total added to its deepwater reserves with its Ballymore

prospect in the Eastern GoM, which it described as “a major
oil discovery.” The well was drilled to a final depth of 29,193 ft
(8,898 m) and encountered 673 ft (205 m) of net oil pay in a high
quality Norphlet reservoir.
Arnaud Breuillac, President Exploration & Production at Total described its Ballymore prospect in the Eastern GoM as “a
Total, said: “This major discovery gives us access to large oil major oil discovery.” (Courtesy Total)
resources and follow on potential in the emerging Norphlet
play. It also demonstrates all the interest of Total’s GoM farm-in (Central GoM) and Norphlet (Eastern GoM) plays thanks to
agreement with Chevron, where we acquired a 40% interest in an agreement signed with Chevron last September, and in the
Ballymore. While already deemed commercially viable, we will Jack field where the group will acquire a 25% interest as part
work together on the appraisal of this discovery and a cost-ef- of the Maersk Oil deal.”
fective scheme to ensure a rapid, low breakeven development.” Discovered in the Wilcox play in 2014, Anchor is about 140
Located in water depth of about 6,562 ft (2,000 m) and 75 mi (225 km) offshore Louisiana in more than 4,921 ft (1,500 m)
mi (120 km) from the Louisiana coast, the Ballymore prospect of water. Anchor is operated by Chevron (55%) alongside Cobalt
covers four blocks in the Norphlet play, including Mississippi (20%), and Venari (12.5%).
Canyon block 607 where the discovery was made. Shell added to its deepwater findings in May, when it reported
Total’s acquisition of a 40% working interest in Ballymore was that it had made a “large oil discovery” with its Dover explora-
part of an exploration agreement with Chevron (60%, operator) tion well in the Norphlet geologic play in the deepwater Gulf.
signed in September 2017 that included seven prospects cov- The Dover discovery, drilled by the Transocean Deepwater
ering 16 blocks in the Norphlet (Eastern GoM) and the Wilcox Poseidon ultra-deepwater drillship, is Shell’s sixth in the Nor-
(Central GoM) plays. phlet and encountered more than 800 net ft (244 m) of pay.
“Ballymore is the largest discovery by Total in the prolific The well was drilled in Mississippi Canyon block 612, located
Gulf of Mexico and bolsters our new exploration strategy put about 170 mi (273 km) southeast of New Orleans, in a water
in place since 2015,” said Kevin McLachlan, Senior Vice Presi- depth of 7,500 ft (2,280 m) to a total vertical drilling depth of
dent Exploration at Total. 29,000 ft (8,839 m) measured depth.
Total also increased its access to the Gulf ’s deepwater reserves Andy Brown, Upstream Director for Royal Dutch Shell, said:
by acquiring an interest in the Anchor discovery in the Green “Dover showcases our expertise in discovering new, commercial
Canyon area. It did so through an agreement with Samson to resources in a heartland helping deliver our deepwater growth
acquire Samson Offshore Anchor, LLC, which held a 12.5% priority. By focusing on near-field exploration opportunities in
interest in four blocks covering the deepwater Anchor discov- the Norphlet, we are adding to our resource base in a prolific
ery in the Gulf of Mexico. The deal also included a 12.5% inter- basin that will be anchored by the Appomattox development.”
est in the nearby Green Canyon block 761, where Total already The discovery is located about 13 mi (21 km) from the Appo-
has a 25% interest. mattox host and is considered an attractive potential tieback. •
Arnaud Breuillac, President Exploration & Production at
Total, said: “The entry in the Anchor discovery further increases For more on deepwater discoveries made in the Gulf of Mexico,
turn to Offshore’s annual survey starting on page 46.
Total’s footprint in deepwater Gulf of Mexico. It follows our entry
in seven exploration prospects located in the promising Wilcox
1901OFF44-49.indd 45 1/4/19 4:08 PM

• GULF OF MEXICO
Status of US Gulf of Mexico deepwater discoveries

Year Water
of depth Projected Prod.
Field name Location disc. (ft) Operator Status Onstream onstream Type*
Aconcagua Mississippi Canyon 305 1999 7,039 Marubeni Producing 2002 — SS
Allegheny South Green Canyon 298 2005 3,280 ENI Producing 2005 — SS
Amethyst Mississippi Canyon 26 2014 1,122 Talos Energy Producing 2016 — SS
Anchor Green Canyon 807 2015 5,183 Chevron Appraisal — — —
Anduin Mississippi Canyon 755 2005 2,400 W&T Producing 2007 — SS
Anduin West Mississippi Canyon 754 2008 2,696 LLOG Producing 2010 — SS
Appaloosa Mississippi Canyon 459 2008 2,500 ENI Producing 2011 — SS
Appomattox Mississippi Canyon 392 2010 7,290 Shell Development — 2019 FPS
Aspen Green Canyon 243 2001 3,063 Walter Producing 2002 — SS
Atlantis Green Canyon 699 1998 6,133 BP Producing 2007 — Semi
Atlas Lloyd Ridge 50 2003 9,000 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Atlas NW Lloyd Ridge 5 2004 8,810 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Balboa East Breaks 597 2001 3,373 Apache Producing 2010 — SS
Ballymore Mississippi Canyon 607 2018 6,562 Chevron Appraisal — — —
Barataria Mississippi Canyon 521 2015 6,771 Kosmos Energy Producing 2017 — SS
Bass Lite Atwater Valley 426 2001 6,623 Apache Producing 2008 — SS
Big Bend Mississippi Canyon 698 2012 7,200 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2015 — SS
Big Foot Walker Ridge 29 2006 5,000 Chevron Producing 2018 — TLP
Black Widow Ewing Bank 966 1998 1,840 — Apache Producing 2000 — SS
Blind Faith Mississippi Canyon 696 2001 6,900 Chevron Producing 2008 — Semi
Blue Wing Olive Mississippi Canyon 427 2016 5,800 LLOG Development — 2019 SS
Boomvang East Breaks 642 1997 3,539 Anadarko Producing 2002 — Spar
Boomvang North East Breaks 599 2001 3,153 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Boris Green Canyon 282 2001 2,393 BHP Producing 2003 — SS
Brutus Green Canyon 158 1989 2,985 EnVen Energy Ventures Producing 2001 — TLP
Brutus Ru Green Canyon 202 2002 3,160 EnVen Energy Ventures Producing 2003 — SS
Buckskin Keathley Canyon 872 2009 6,920 LLOG Development — 2019 SS
Caesar Green Canyon 683 2006 4,500 Anadarko Producing 2012 — SS
Caicos Green Canyon 564 2016 4,225 BHP Appraisal — — —
Callisto Mississippi Canyon 876 2001 7,800 Anadarko Producing 2011 — SS
Calpurnia Green Canyon 727 2017 4,330 Anadarko Appraisal — — SS
Camden Hills Mississippi Canyon 348 1999 7,213 Shell Producing 2002 — SS
Cardamom Garden Banks 427 2010 2,720 Shell Producing 2014 — SS
Cardona Mississippi Canyon 29 2014 2,135 Talos Energy Producing 2014 — SS
Cardona South Mississippi Canyon 29 2014 2,135 Talos Energy Producing 2014 — SS
Cascade Walker Ridge 206 2002 8,203 Petrobras Producing 2012 — FPSO
Cheyenne Lloyd Ridge 399 2004 8,987 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Chinook Walker Ridge 469 2003 8,826 Petrobras Producing 2012 — SS
Claiborne Mississippi Canyon 794 2015 1,500 LLOG Development — 2019 SS
Clipper Green Canyon 299 2005 3,452 Bennu Oil & Gas Producing 2013 — SS
Coelacanth Ewing Bank 834 2012 1,186 Walter Development — 2019 FP
Conger Garden Banks 215 1998 1,450 Hess Producing 2000 — SS
Constellation Green Canyon 627 2014 4,385 Anadarko Development — 2019 SS
Constitution Green Canyon 680 2003 5,100 Anadarko Producing 2006 — Spar
Coronado Walker Ridge 98 2013 6,127 Chevron Appraisal — — —
Cottonwood Garden Banks 244 2001 2,000 Petrobras Producing 2007 — SS
Crosby Mississippi Canyon 899 1997 4,400 Shell Producing 2001 — SS
Crown & Anchor Viosca Knoll 959 2015 4,300 LLOG Producing 2018 — SS
Dalmatian DeSoto Canyon 48 2008 5,876 Murphy Producing 2014 — SS
Dalmatian South DeSoto Canyon 134 2012 6,394 Murphy Producing 2014 — SS
Danny Garden Banks 506 2007 2,700 Talos Energy Producing 2010 — SS
Daniel Boone Green Canyon 646 2004 4,230 W&T Producing 2009 — SS
Dantzler Mississippi Canyon 782 2013 6,580 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2015 — SS
Dawson Garden Banks 669 2001 3,000 Anadarko Producing 2004 — SS
Dawson Deep Garden Banks 625 2004 2,900 Anadarko Producing 2006 — SS
Deimos Mississippi Canyon 806 2002 3,000 Shell Producing 2005 — SS
Delta House - Marmalard Mississippi Canyon 300 2012 5,781 LLOG Producing 2015 — FPS
Delta House - Son of Bluto II Mississippi Canyon 431 2012 5,013 LLOG Producing 2015 — FPS
Devils Tower Mississippi Canyon 773 1999 5,607 ENI Producing 2004 — Spar
Diana East Breaks 945 1990 4,670 ExxonMobil Producing 2000 — Spar
Diana South Alaminos Canyon 65 1996 4,679 ExxonMobil Producing 2000 — SS
Don Larsen East Breaks 598 2001 3,416 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Dorado Viosca Knoll 915 2002 4,023 Anadarko Producing 2009 — SS
Dover Mississippi Canyon 612 2018 7,500 Shell Appraisal — — —
1901OFF44-49.indd 46 1/4/19 4:08 PM

GULF OF MEXICO •

Year Water
Droshky Green Canyon 244 2007 2,900 Marathon Producing 2010 — SS
Durango Garden Banks 667 2001 3,150 Anadarko Producing 2004 — SS
Einset Viosca Knoll 873 1998 3,500 Shell Producing 2002 — SS
Europa Mississippi Canyon 935 1994 3,900 Shell Producing 2000 — SS
Ewing Bank 1006 Ewing Bank 1006 2003 1,854 Walter Producing 2005 — SS
Falcon East Breaks 579 2001 3,400 Marubeni Producing 2003 — SS
Fastball Viosca Knoll 1003 1999 3,000 W&T Producing 2009 — SS
Fort Sumter Mississippi Canyon 566 2016 7,062 Shell Appraisal — — —
Friesian Green Canyon 599 2006 3,830 Anadarko Appraisal — — —
Front Runner Green Canyon 338 2000 3,500 Murphy Producing 2004 — Spar
Front Runner South Green Canyon 339 2001 3,500 Murphy Producing 2005 — SS
Garden Banks 205 Garden Banks 205 2002 1,329 LLOG Producing 2005 — SS
Geauxpher Garden Banks 462 2008 2,820 Apache Producing 2009 — SS
Genghis Khan Green Canyon 652 2005 4,300 BHP Producing 2007 — SS
Gila Keathley Canyon 93 2013 4,900 BP Appraisal — — —
Gladden Mississippi Canyon 800 2008 3,116 W&T Producing 2011 — SS
Glider Green Canyon 248 1996 3,300 EnVen Energy Ventures Producing 2004 — SS
Goldfinger Mississippi Canyon 771 2004 5,423 ENI Producing 2005 — SS
Goose Mississippi Canyon 751 2003 1,548 LLOG Producing 2012 — SS
Gotcha Alaminos Canyon 856 2006 7,800 Total Development — — SS
Great White Alaminos Canyon 857 2002 8,009 Shell Producing 2010 — Spar
Guadalupe Keathley Canyon 10 2014 3,992 Chevron Appraisal — — —
Gunflint Mississippi Canyon 948 2008 6,100 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2016 — SS
Gunnison Garden Banks 668 2000 3,131 Anadarko Producing 2003 — Spar
Habanero Garden Banks 341 1999 2,001 Shell Producing 2003 — SS
Hadrian South Keathley Canyon 919 2009 7,425 ExxonMobil Producing 2015 — SS
Harrier East Breaks 759 2003 3,609 Marubeni Producing 2004 — SS
Hawkes Mississippi Canyon 509 2001 4,174 ExxonMobil Possible — — FPS
Healey Green Canyon 82 2007 2,420 W&T Appraisal — — —
Heidelberg Green Canyon 903 2009 5,300 Anadarko Producing 2016 — Spar
Holstein Green Canyon 644 1999 4,292 Anadarko Producing 2004 — Spar
Holstein Deep Green Canyon 643 2014 2,890 Anadarko Development — 2019 SS
Hoover Alaminos Canyon 25 1997 4,806 ExxonMobil Producing 2000 — Spar
Horn Mountain Mississippi Canyon 126 1999 5,400 Anadarko Producing 2002 — Spar
Isabela Mississippi Canyon 562 2007 6,500 BP Producing 2012 — SS
Jack Walker Ridge 759 2004 7,000 Chevron Producing 2014 — FPS
Jubilee Atwater Valley 349 2003 8,800 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Jubilee Extension Lloyd Ridge 309 2005 8,774 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Julia Walker Ridge 627 2007 7,087 ExxonMobil Producing 2016 — SS
K2 Green Canyon 562 2002 3,956 Anadarko Producing 2005 — SS
K2 North Green Canyon 518 2004 4,000 Anadarko Producing 2006 — SS
Kaikias Mississippi Canyon 2014 4,575 Shell Producing 2018 — SS
Kaskida Keathley Canyon 292 2006 5,860 BP Appraisal — — —
Katmai Green Canyon 40 2014 2,100 Fieldwood Energy Appraisal — — —
Khaleesi Green Canyon 389 2017 3,552 LLOG Appraisal — — —
King Mississippi Canyon 764 1997 2,940 Shell Producing 2000 — SS
King Mississippi Canyon 84 1993 5,386 Anadarko Producing 2002 — SS
King Kong Green Canyon 472 1989 3,799 ENI Producing 2002 — SS
King West Mississippi Canyon 84 2002 5,430 Anadarko Producing 2003 — SS
King’s Peak Desoto Canyon 133 1992 6,541 BP Producing 2002 — SS
Kodiak Mississippi Canyon 771 2008 4,829 Kosmos Energy Producing 2016 — SS
LaFemme Mississippi Canyon 427 2016 5,800 LLOG Development — 2019 SS
Ladybug Garden Banks 409 1997 1,360 Union Oil Co. of California Producing 2001 — SS
Leon Keathley Canyon 642 2014 6,119 Repsol Appraisal — — —
Llano Garden Banks 386 1997 2,294 Shell Producing 2004 — SS
Logan Walker Ridge 969 2011 7,750 Equinor Appraisal — — —
Longhorn Mississippi Canyon 502, 546 2006 2,461 ENI Producing 2009 — SS
Lorien Green Canyon 199 2003 2,179 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2006 — SS
Lost Ark East Breaks 421 2001 2,740 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2002 — SS
Lucius Keathley Canyon 875 2009 7,100 Anadarko Producing 2015 — Spar
Mad Dog Green Canyon 826 1999 4,400 BP Producing 2005 — Spar
Madison Alaminos Canyon 24 1998 4,854 ExxonMobil Producing 2002 — SS
1901OFF44-49.indd 47 1/4/19 4:08 PM

• GULF OF MEXICO

Year Water
Magellan East Breaks 424 2007 2,800 Apache Appraisal — — SS
Magnolia Garden Banks 783 1999 4,700 ConocoPhillips Producing 2004 — TLP
Manatee Green Canyon 155 1998 1,940 Shell Producing 2002 — SS
Mandy Mississippi Canyon 199 2010 2,465 LLOG Producing 2012 — SS
Marco Polo Green Canyon 608 2000 4,300 Anadarko Producing 2004 — TLP
Mars B Mississippi Canyon 807 1989 3,100 Shell Producing 2014 — TLP
Mars B - West Boreas Mississippi Canyon 762 2004 3,112 Shell Producing 2014 — SS
Mars B - South Deimos Mississippi Canyon 762 2010 3,122 Shell Producing 2014 — SS
Marshall East Breaks 949 1998 4,376 ExxonMobil Producing 2001 — SS
Matterhorn Mississippi Canyon 243 1991 2,862 W&T Producing 2003 — TLP
Medusa Mississippi Canyon 582 1999 2,125 Murphy Producing 2002 — Spar
Medusa North Mississippi Canyon 538 2003 2,185 Murphy Producing 2005 — SS
Mensa Mississippi Canyon 731 1986 5,300 Shell Producing 2000 — SS
Merganser Atwater Valley 37 2002 7,900 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Mica/Mickey Mississippi Canyon 211 1990 4,314 ExxonMobil Producing 2001 — SS
Mirage Mississippi Canyon 941 1991 3,914 Bennu Oil & Gas Producing 2010 — SS
Mississippi Canyon 401 Mississippi Canyon 401 2002 1,134 Apache Producing 2005 — SS
Mississippi Canyon 68 Mississippi Canyon 68 2000 1,353 Walter Producing 2001 — SS
Mississippi Canyon 837 Mississippi Canyon 837 2001 1,520 Walter Producing 2003 — SS
Mississippi Canyon 72 Mississippi Canyon 72 2008 2,013 LLOG Producing 2009 — SS
Moccasin Keathley Canyon 736 2011 6,739 Chevron Appraisal — — SS
Morgus Mississippi Canyon 942 1999 3,937 Bennu Oil & Gas Producing 2012 — SS
Mormont Green Canyon 478 2017 3,774 LLOG Appraisal — — —
Na Kika - Ariel Mississippi Canyon 429 1995 6,200 BP Producing 2004 — SS
Na Kika - Coulomb Mississippi Canyon 657 1988 7,600 Shell Producing 2004 — SS
Na Kika - E. Anstey Mississippi Canyon 607 1998 7,000 BP Producing 2004 — SS
Na Kika - Fourier Mississippi Canyon 522 1989 7,000 BP Producing 2004 — SS
Na Kika - Herschel Mississippi Canyon 520 1997 6,800 BP Producing 2004 — SS
Na Kika - Kepler Mississippi Canyon 383 1987 5,800 BP Producing 2004 — SS
Nansen East Breaks 602 1999 3,686 Anadarko Producing 2002 — Spar
Navajo East Breaks 690 2001 4,114 Anadarko Producing 2002 — SS
Neptune Atwater Valley 575 1995 6,162 EnVen Energy Ventures Producing 2008 — TLP
Nile Viosca Knoll 914 1997 3,534 BP Producing 2001 — SS
Northwest Navajo East Breaks 646 2002 3,937 Anadarko Producing 2003 — SS
Northwestern Garden Banks 200 1998 1,750 Hess Producing 2000 — SS
North Platte Garden Banks 959 2012 4,871 Total Appraisal — — —
Ochre Mississippi Canyon 66 2002 1,144 Apache Producing 2003 — SS
Odd Job Mississippi Canyon 215 2014 5,996 Kosmos Energy Producing 2016 — SS
Oregano Garden Banks 559 1999 3,400 Shell Producing 2001 — SS
Orion Mississippi Canyon 110 1998 1,200 BP Producing 2000 — SS
Otis Mississippi Canyon 79 2014 3,800 LLOG Producing 2016 — SS
Ozona Deep Garden Banks 515 2001 3,280 Marathon Producing 2011 — SS
Pardner Mississippi Canyon 400 2001 1,200 Anadarko Producing 2002 — SS
Pegasus Green Canyon 385 2005 3,491 ENI Producing 2008 — SS
Penn State Deep Garden Banks 216 1996 1,500 Hess Producing 1999 — SS
Perseus Viosca Knoll 830 2003 3,376 Chevron Producing 2005 — DT
Petronius Viosca Knoll 786 1995 1,754 EnVen Energy Ventures Producing 2000 — CT
Phoenix Green Canyon 236 1998 1,969 Talos Producing 2010 — FPU
Phobos Sigsbee Escarpment 39 2013 8,500 Anadarko Appraisal — — —
Power Play Garden Banks 258/302 2006 2,310 Anadarko Producing 2008 — SS
Prince Ewing Bank 1003 1999 1,450 EnVen Energy Ventures Producing 2001 — TLP
Princess Mississippi Canyon 765 2000 3,650 Shell Producing 2002 — SS
Prosperity Viosca Knoll 742 1997 1,000 Chevron Producing 2001 — DT
Puma Green Canyon 821 2004 4,130 BP Appraisal — — —
Pyrenees Garden Banks 293 2009 2,100 W&T Producing 2012 — SS
Q Mississippi Canyon 961 2005 7,925 Equinor Producing 2007 — SS
Quatrain Green Canyon 382 2002 3,500 Murphy Producing 2005 — SS
Raptor East Breaks 668 2003 3,600 Marubeni Producing 2004 — SS
Raton Mississippi Canyon 248 2006 3,400 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2008 — SS
Redrock Mississippi Canyon 204 2006 3,334 Fieldwood Energy Appraisal — — —
Red Zinger Mississippi Canyon 257 2016 6,000 LLOG Development — 2019 SS
Rydberg Mississippi Canyon 525 2014 7,479 Shell Appraisal — — —
Sargent Garden Banks 339 2008 2,240 Kosmos Energy Producing 2010 — SS
Samurai Green Canyon 432 2009 3,400 Anadarko Appraisal — — —
1901OFF44-49.indd 48 1/4/19 4:08 PM

GULF OF MEXICO •

Year Water
San Jacinto DeSoto Canyon 618 2004 7,850 ENI Producing 2007 — SS
Santa Cruz Mississippi Canyon 563 2009 6,515 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2012 — SS
Sangria Green Canyon 177 1999 1,320 Apache Producing 2002 — SS
Santiago Mississippi Canyon 519 2011 6,500 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2012 — SS
Serrano Garden Banks 516 1996 3,400 Shell Producing 2001 — SS
Seventeen Hands Mississippi Canyon 299 2000 5,400 ENI Producing 2006 — SS
Shenandoah Walker Ridge 52 2009 5,750 LLOG Appraisal —— — —
Shaft Green Canyon 141 2008 1,016 LLOG Producing 2010 — SS
Shenzi Green Canyon 654 2002 4,400 BHP Producing 2009 — TLP
Shiloh DeSoto Canyon 269 2003 7,509 Shell Appraisal — — —
Silvertip Alaminos Canyon 815 2004 9,226 Shell Producing 2010 — SS
South Dachshund/Mondo NW
Lloyd Ridge 001 2005 8,340 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Extension
South Dorado Viosca Knoll 915 2003 3,494 Anadarko Producing 2004 — SS
South Raton Mississippi Canyon 292 2007 3,400 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2012 — SS
South Santa Cruz Mississippi Canyon 563 2015 6,500 Kosmos Energy Producing 2017 — SS
Spiderman DeSoto Canyon 621 2003 8,100 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
St. Malo Walker Ridge 678 2003 6,900 Chevron Producing 2014 — FPS
Stampede - Knotty Head Green Canyon 512 2005 3,557 Hess Producing 2018 — TLP
Stampede - Pony Green Canyon 468 2005 3,440 Hess Producing 2018 — TLP
Stones Walker Ridge 508 2005 9,576 Shell Producing 2016 — FPSO
Stonefly Viosca Knoll 999 2016 4,119 LLOG Development — 2019 SS
Sturgis Atwater Valley 183 2003 3,700 Chevron Appraisal — — —
SW Horseshoe East Breaks 430 2000 2,285 Walter Producing 2005 — SS
Swordfish Viosca Knoll 961 2001 4,677 Fieldwood Energy Producing 2005 — SS
Tahiti Green Canyon 640 2002 4,017 Chevron Producing 2009 — Spar
Telemark Atwater Valley 63 2000 4,385 Bennu Oil & Gas Producing 2010 — SS
Thunder Hawk Mississippi Canyon 734 2004 5,724 Murphy Producing 2009 — Semi
Thunder Horse Mississippi Canyon 778 1999 6,103 BP Producing 2008 — Semi
Thunder Horse North Mississippi Canyon 776 2000 5,640 BP Producing 2009 — SS
Tiber Keathley Canyon 102 2009 4,132 BP Appraisal — — —
Ticonderoga Green Canyon 768 2004 5,250 Anadarko Producing 2006 — SS
Tiger Alaminos Canyon 818 2004 9,004 Chevron Appraisal — — —
Tobago Alaminos Canyon 859 2004 9,627 Shell Producing 2010 — SS
Tomahawk East Breaks 623 2003 3,514 Marubeni Producing 2004 — SS
Tornado Green Canyon 280 2016 2,760 Talos Energy Producing 2016 — SS
Tortuga Mississippi Canyon 561/605 2008 6,500 Fieldwood Energy Appraisal — — —
Trident Alaminos Canyon 903 2002 9,687 Chevron Producing 2010 — SS
Trion AE-0092/93 2002 8,202 BHP Appraisal — — —
Triton Mississippi Canyon 772 2002 5,610 ENI Producing 2005 — SS
Troubadour Mississippi Canyon 699 2013 7,273 Fieldwood Energy Appraisal — — —
Tubular Bells Mississippi Canyon 683 2003 4,300 Hess Producing 2014 — FPS
Tucker Walker Ridge 543 2006 6,778 Equinor Appraisal — — —
Tulane Garden Banks 158 2001 1,100 Hess Producing 2001 — SS
Valley Forge Mississippi Canyon 707 2004 1,538 LLOG Producing 2008 — SS
Vicksburg DeSoto Canyon 353 2007 7,457 Shell Development — 2020 FPS
Vito Mississippi Canyon 984 2009 4,038 Shell Development — 2021 FPS
Vortex Atwater Valley 261 2002 8,340 Anadarko Producing 2007 — SS
Warrior Green Canyon 518 2016 4,122 Anadarko Appraisal — — SS
West Navajo East Breaks 689 2002 3,905 Anadarko Producing 2003 — SS
West Tonga Green Canyon 726 2007 4,700 Anadarko Producing 2012 — SS
Whale Alaminos Canyon 772 2018 8,000 Shell Appraisal — —
Who Dat Mississippi Canyon 503 2007 3,099 LLOG Producing 2011 — FPS
Wide Berth Green Canyon 490 2009 3,700 Apache Producing 2012 — SS
Wildling-2 Green Canyon 520 2017 4,157 BHP Appraisal — — —
Winter Garden Banks 605 2009 3,400 W&T Appraisal — — —
Wrigley Mississippi Canyon 506 2005 3,700 W&T Producing 2007 — SS
Yeti Walker Ridge 160 2015 5,900 Equinor Appraisal — — —
Yosemite Green Canyon 516 2001 4,452 ENI Producing 2002 — SS
Yucatan Walker Ridge 95 2013 5,881 Shell Appraisal — — —
Zia Mississippi Canyon 496 1997 1,800 Marubeni Producing 2003 — SS
* CT is compliant tower. FP is fixed platform. FPS is floating production system. FPU is floating production unit. SS is subsea. DT is dry tree. TLP is tension leg platform.
Editor’s Note: First production year and development type are estimated for fields not yet onstream.
1901OFF44-49.indd 49 1/4/19 4:08 PM

• GULF OF MEXICO
Producing wells declining in the

shallow-water Gulf of Mexico
New deepwater wells replacing shut-ins
MARK J. KAISER, CENTER FOR ENERGY STUDIES, LSU
IN THE FOURTH PART of this five-part F1: PRODUCING WELL INVENTORIES IN THE SHALLOW
series on Gulf of Mexico (GoM) well trends, AND DEEPWATER GULF OF MEXICO.
producing and idle wells in the shallow
water and deepwater are examined. 9,000
< 400 ft
8,000
> 400 ft
PRELIMINARIES 7,000
Wells start to decline almost immediately 6,000
Producing wells
after they first produce. When wells stop 5,000

producing they collect in inventory, some- 4,000
times returning to production via recom-
3,000
pletion or a side track (although strictly
2,000
speaking this is a new wellbore that is
1,000
producing), and sometimes not return-
ing to production. 0
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
Wells fail for any number of reasons
and are shut-in for remedial work one or
Source: BOEM, March 2018
more times during their lifetime. Wells
will produce more and for longer peri-
ods with regular maintenance, which is F2: DRILLED, ABANDONED, AND PRODUCING WELLS
a primary reason subsea wells are aban- IN THE SHALLOW-WATER GULF OF MEXICO
doned at higher economic limits and tend
to leave more reserves in the ground than 50,000
Spud, <400 ft
dry tree wells. Some wells require more 45,000
PA+TA, <400 ft
intervention than others and the level of 40,000
Producing, <400 ft
intervention is one factor contributing to 35,000
Producing wells
production volatility. 30,000

When wells remain inactive for a long 25,000
period of time (i.e., several years) they have 20,000
likely depleted their reservoirs or have 15,000
mechanical problems that are not eco- 10,000
nomically justified to remediate. 5,000
0
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
PRODUCING INVENTORY
In 2017, there were 3,463 wells in the GoM
that produced hydrocarbons during the
last 12 months, 2,644 wells in water depth
<400 ft (122 m) and 819 wells in water relative to the total active well inventory, a mere 13% (2,644/20,989) in shallow water and
depth >400 ft. 18% (819/4,582) in deepwater, but this is not uncommon in offshore field development.
The number of producing wells varies
with the size and age of the well inven- PRODUCING INVENTORY TRENDS
tory, the time (i.e., month) of assessment, The number of producing wells in shallow water has declined markedly over the past
the number of wells completed each year, three decades. In 1985, there were 7,681 shallow-water producing wells, while circa 2017
and the development status of projects. there were 2,644 producing wells. Decline spikes in the years 2004-2005 and 2008 are
The number of producing wells is small attributed to hurricane activity and response.
1901OFF50-52.indd 50 1/4/19 4:08 PM GreatPo

1901OFF50-52.indd 51
GreatPort_OS_1901 1 1/4/19 4:08
12/17/18 4:02 PM
PM
• GULF OF MEXICO
Every four years or so 1,000 wells have F3: DRILLED, ABANDONED, AND PRODUCING WELLS
dropped out of production. In 1997, more IN THE DEEPWATER GULF OF MEXICO
than 7,000 wells were producing; in 2003,
8,000
there were ~6,000 producing wells; in 2007, Spud, >400 ft
~5,000 producing wells; in 2011, ~4,000 7,000 PA+TA, >400 ft
producing wells; and in 2015, ~3,000 pro- 6,000 Producing, >400 ft
ducing wells.
Producing wells
5,000
If these dropout trends continue, which
4,000
seems likely considering the age of produc-
ing wells and the lack of replacements, by 3,000
2019 one might expect ~2,000 producing 2,000
wells, and by 2023 or so ~1,000 produc-
1,000
ing wells.
0
Deepwater producing wells are on a
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
different trajectory than shallow water
with new wells replacing those that are
shut-in. From 2002, there have been 800
or more producing deepwater wells most GULF OF MEXICO WELL INVENTORY CIRCA 2017
years, hitting a high in 2007 at 867 and <400 ft >400 ft Total
numbering 819 in 2017.
Drilled 46,243 6,733 52,964
Running totals of wells drilled, aban-
Permanently abandoned 25,254 2,151 27,405
doned, and producing for the shallow
Remaining 20,989 4,582 25,559
water and deepwater are depicted in the
accompanying figures. • Producing 2,644 819 3,463
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1901OFF50-52.indd 52
OFFWeb12h_Petro_120120 1 1/4/19 4:08
1/20/12 4:00 PM
PM
GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS •
CGG survey crew in a shallow boat on a stretch of

river in Gabon in 1932. (Image courtesy CGG)
Multi-client surveys highlight

opportunities offshore Africa
Integrated geoscience packages help reduce exploration risk
JO FIRTH, CGG
CGG HAS WORKED in Africa for more than 85 years. From the aid to development and near-field exploration. Access to large
first surveys in Gabon and Tunisia in the early 1930s, to today’s surveys in both mature and frontier areas allows oil companies
massive offshore 3D multi-client surveys, the company has con- to gain a better regional overview to reduce exploration risk at
sistently employed the latest technology to support the search an early stage and helps to reduce the time required from license
for oil and gas in Africa. award to well drilling in new areas. Small proprietary surveys
In today’s economic climate, large multi-client surveys are often leave holes in the data coverage, and usually have different
becoming increasingly popular for both exploration and devel- acquisition parameters and azimuths, making regional explo-
opment teams. Since costs can be shared and larger surveys ration more challenging. Large continuous and consistent sur-
acquired for a better overall view of the prospect, they provide veys help to reduce total exploration spending by drilling wells
a cost-effective means of acquiring high-quality data. Even in earlier and better de-risking. Having consistent high-quality
relatively mature basins, where acreage is shared by many oper- coverage over complete blocks also makes definition of areas
ators, multi-client surveys can be an efficient tool for use as an for relinquishment easier to determine.
1901OFF53-56.indd 53 1/4/19 4:08 PM

• GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
A modern seismic wider program of promotion of an area to attract investors

vessel towing 14 ahead of a licensing round. By working in partnership with an
streamers. (Image internationally respected geoscience company, governments
courtesy CGG)
can attract international investment by offering opportunities
with the backing of credible geoscience data and interpretation,
and benefit from their experience in marketing and successful
licensing round promotion. This enables governments to create
an environment which nurtures the local oil and gas industry
and the development of their natural resources. These programs
usually also include development programs for the local regu-
lators and national oil companies through knowledge-sharing
and a comprehensive range of geoscience training courses that
can be tailored to the local needs. This helps develop domestic
resources and supports local technology and skills development.
The company’s multi-client surveys are always processed
using state-of-the-art sequences to provide the best possible GABON
images in an area and to deliver a regional study without com- The Gabon South Basin survey is a prime example of a mod-
promising local detail. Today, almost all surveys are processed ern integrated multi-client geoscience package. The program
directly to depth (pre-stack depth migration), using advanced was designed in collaboration with the Direction Generale
velocity model building workflows, which blend together tech- des Hydrocarbures to cover all the blocks on offer for the 11th
nologies such as full-waveform inversion (FWI) and multi-layer Licensing Round, as well as some held blocks, in order to pro-
tomography, and are overseen by expert practitioners with vide a regional view of the basin. Ahead of the acquisition phase,
regional knowledge. These are increasingly driven by wells and existing legacy data and wave equation modeling were used to
include inversion for anisotropic parameters and incorporation determine the optimal offsets, record length, fold and azimuth
of visco-elastic (Q) effects, where appropriate. Ghost wavefield required as well as other acquisition parameters. The survey was
elimination (GWE) delivers broadband wavelets for improved acquired and processed using variable-depth-streamer technol-
resolution, as well as deeper penetration beneath complex ogy to maximize the bandwidth. Although the survey covered
overburdens. The improved low-frequency content, combined 25,000 sq km (9,653 sq mi), acquisition was completed in nine
with quality control throughout the processing sequence focus- months by using two vessels working in tandem. An advanced
ing on amplitude fidelity, amplitude versus offset (AVO) effects onboard processing system on one of the acquisition vessels
and comparison to wells (where available), provides data that enabled a fasttrack pre-stack time migration (PreSTM) data set
is delivered ready for reservoir characterization. for the 12,000 sq km (4,633 sq mi) acquired by this vessel (half of
the total survey area) to be delivered just three weeks after the
INTEGRATED GEOSCIENCE PACKAGES last shot. Both the full fasttrack PreSTM and a sample area of
In addition to high-quality seismic data volumes, recent pro- pre-stack depth migration (PreSDM), showing the potential of
grams, such as CGG’s completed Gabon and current Mozam- the data, were delivered four months after acquisition, in time
bique surveys, also deliver JumpStart integrated geoscience for evaluation ahead of the licensing round closure. This feat
packages. The major constituents of these packages are advanced shows that large surveys can be processed in a timely manner
multi-client geophysical and geological data, such as gravity, and need not cause delays. As part of the multi-client agreement,
magnetics, satellite imagery, an upgraded and ready-to-use well the licensing round was promoted at conferences, roadshows,
data set, and a coherent interpretation and evaluation frame- online, and in print. Virtual data rooms were also made available
work for the basin, which complement the seismic data. These via video conference link for potential bidders to view the data.
value-added products can help jumpstart exploration in an The subsurface imaging for this survey used the latest veloc-
area and accelerate development by providing the high-quality model-building technology and was one of the first applica-
ity data needed to identify drill targets for appraisal and pro- tions of full-waveform inversion (FWI) to a data volume of this
duction wells further along the workflow. Provision of all these size, and the first of its size in Africa. FWI was applied over the
products from a single source can shorten decision times, and entire 25,000-sq km area down to the maximum depth reached
the integration of each into the broader workflow ensures bet- by diving-wave penetration, which for this data set, acquired with
ter-quality data. The goal is to reduce the time spent by clients 10-km (6.2-mi) long streamers, effectively coincided with the top
on conditioning and integrating the data and allow more time salt boundary. Below this level, advanced tomography was used.
to be spent on the generation of new play models and identifi- The image demonstrates some of the details captured in
cation of new prospects, or on the improvement of production the FWI velocity model. As well as the obvious turbidite chan-
from existing reservoirs. nels, there is evidence of low-velocity anomalies possibly due to
These large multi-client surveys are frequently provided in hydrocarbons and typically located directly above the salt diapirs.
collaboration with the local regulatory authority as part of a Incorporating these anomalies into the velocity model not only
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GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS •
surveys agreed with INP in 2017, designed to accelerate under-

standing of the petroleum systems in the area. CGG plans to
acquire more data in the area including the acquisition of 2D
data in the Rovuma basin, which will link in with other planned
2D surveys in the region.
A fasttrack PreSTM data volume for the Zambezi basin survey
is available to license now, ahead of the recently announced 2019
Licensing Round. This data set delivers high-resolution images
of the Outer Zambezi Delta turbidite fans and channels as well
as exciting detail of faulting and layering in the basement core
of the Beira High that has not been seen before. It reveals key
details of the prospective outer Zambezi Delta Complex and
its interaction with the nearby Beira High. Subsurface imaging
Depth slice over part of the Gabon South Basin 3D survey showing
fine detail and clearly identifying turbidite channels.
technology is being applied to deliver high-resolution shallow
data at the same time as clear penetration and imaging of the
deep data. The final PreSDM data set will be available in 4Q 2019.
improves the image in both shallow and deep sections, but also
yields additional useful information about the near-surface, its
exploration potential, and possible geohazards.
Potential field data was acquired alongside the seismic data to
model crustal types and thicknesses for input to basin modeling.
The dense coverage of gravity and magnetic data acquired with
the 3D seismic enabled production of a unique set of high-res-
olution anomaly maps for use as an aid to the velocity model-
ing for the seismic imaging. The available wells in the area were
also re-interpreted and included in the velocity modeling but,
since this is a frontier area, few wells were available in the sur-
vey area and none that penetrated the salt.
Since delivery of the final seismic data volume, two wells Fasttrack image from the new Mozambique 3D survey showing
have been drilled in the survey area, namely Boudji-1 and Ivela- high-resolution shallow data and clearly defining structure in the
1, both of which found oil and were reported to tie well with the basement. (Image courtesy CGG Multi-Client & New Ventures)
seismic. The Boudji-1 well discovered a 90-m (295-ft) column
of good-quality oil-bearing sands and the Ivela-1 well found a REGENERATION OF OLDER DATA SETS
78-m (256-ft) gross oil column. The major advances in subsurface imaging and velocity mod-
The full JumpStart integrated geoscience package for the eling techniques over the past few years mean that reprocess-
Gabon South Basin is now complete. The study provides a new ing even relatively recent data sets can deliver significantly
regional stratigraphic interpretation as well as source, reservoir improved images. In addition, the bandwidth of conventionally
and trap risk, and an additional detailed well-tied seismic inter- acquired data can be significantly extended using GWE so that
pretation with attributes based on the new 25,000-sq km Broad- it approaches that of modern broadband data.
Seis data set. This integrated study is the definitive exploration
resource for the deepwater Gabon margin.
A new deepwater 2D survey, outboard of the area covered by
the 3D survey, is now planned to complement this study and
help define the full extent of existing and new plays in the area.
It will also aid understanding of the thickness variations in the
sediment overburden for source rock maturity analysis. The
broadband data will enable improved characterization of the
turbidite systems and provide deep penetration with low fre-
quencies to help describe the nature of the deep crust.
MOZAMBIQUE
The new Mozambique survey, recently acquired over the Beira
High region in the Zambezi Delta, will be another integrated
geoscience JumpStart package to support a licensing round. Example section from the recently reprocessed Angola-00 survey in
This 15,400-sq km (5,946-sq mi) 3D survey is the first of the block 33. (Image courtesy CGG Multi-Client & New Ventures)
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• GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
An example of this is the reprocessed Angola block 33 3D sur- based on consistent methods that can be used in data packages
vey, which is now available. This survey was reprocessed using for licensing rounds to attract investor interest in frontier areas.
a broadband PreSDM imaging sequence, taking advantage of In stratal slicing, the seismic volume is flattened in the geo-
recent advances in bandwidth extension. The survey covers the logical time domain along an interpreted 3D horizon, to enable
Calulu discovery and lies approximately 10 km southwest of the the mapping of lateral seismic facies variations along a constant
giant Dalia field. Block 33 is largely underexplored, with signif- depositional time slice. Changes in rock facies induce subtle
icant potential, especially in the presalt section. As the known changes in the seismic wavelet which are highlighted through
fields in this basin lie within Tertiary turbidites, the reprocess- spectral decomposition around three dominant frequencies.
ing has been especially designed to extend the bandwidth to This provides a clear picture of lateral seismic facies and enables
improve the resolution of this unit, while also providing clearer rapid evaluation of potential leads and prospects. The following
imaging through the complex salt structures in the area owing image shows the frequency decomposition of a stratal slice from
to the deep penetration of the low frequencies. one of the Cameroon data packages. The Cretaceous channel
and fan ( from top left to bottom right) are clearly delineated.
GETTING MAXIMUM VALUE FROM LEGACY DATA
In addition to offering high-quality modern seismic data sets, CAMEROON
the company also offers enhanced and revitalized legacy data The recent licensing round in Cameroon is an example of this
from GeoSpec, who specializes in regenerating and digitally use of legacy data. Data packages of enhanced legacy data were
transforming legacy data. They provide workstation-ready, created for the Rio Del Rey and Douala/Kribi-Campo basins, the
integrated data sets to expedite rapid evaluation of explora- two areas with blocks available to license. These enhanced Ter-
tion opportunities. Depending on the type of data available, this raCube data packages, consisting of workstation-ready, time-
may include scanning paper sections with reconstruction and and phase-matched, contiguous regional regridded 3D seismic
migration of the data, reprocessing from field tapes, or migra- data sets, 2D seismic, and integrated well and seismic montages,
tion of stacked data. The data is enhanced by time, phase, and combined with supplemental prospectivity reports, stratigraphic
amplitude matching to create consistent, zero-phased seismic, studies and databases, detailed the opportunities available for
where possible tied to well data, and with navigation data quality both basins ahead of the licensing round.
controlled, updated, and converted to a consistent projection. Cameroon is a proven hydrocarbon province with production
from both these basins. Significant further opportunities exist
for commercial hydrocarbon accumulations in both, with large
tracts of open acreage available in the recent licensing round.
The results of this have not yet been announced.
CONCLUSION
The company believes that integration of a range of geosci-
ence data with the highest-quality seismic will become the
gold standard for basin-scale multi-client studies. Incorpo-
rating insight gained from legacy data and knowledge of the
geology into the survey design means that optimum data can
be acquired, with the ideal offsets and azimuths to image the
target. The JumpStart combination of the best seismic images
with reservoir-quality data and value-added geoscience prod-
ucts can be used directly for exploration, play evaluation, well
location optimization, geohazard identification and reservoir
Frequency decomposition on a stratal slice of Cretaceous channel
and fan taken from a GeoSpec TerraCubeREGRID volume offshore delineation, characterization and modeling. These integrated
Cameroon. data packages are designed to provide a fuller understanding
of the petroleum system and deliver insight which will reduce
This type of enhanced legacy data is a useful starting point the time, risks, and challenges associated with exploration. This
for promoting and evaluating assets. Pre- and post-stack legacy should mean that more successful wells can be drilled, and oil
seismic data sets, well data, and any other information avail- company experts can focus on finding new plays, rather than
able, can be transformed, interpreted, and integrated to gen- sourcing and conditioning data.
erate value-added products in consistent, workstation-ready Major exploration projects are being conducted by many
formats. Consistent stratigraphic tops, tied to the seismic and companies all around Africa. There is evidence that significant
well data, are used to generate a series of regional surfaces, well discoveries are still to be made and many basins are not yet
and seismic montages, dry well analyses, velocity models, stratal fully understood. •
slices and other attribute volumes and interpretation products.
These provide cost-effective basin-wide reconnaissance products
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GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS
Exploration returning offshore Mozambique

with prospect of oil in emerging plays
Majors lured by latest geological studies, reformed fiscal law
ANONGPORN INTAWONG, P. HARGREAVES, N. HODGSON, K. RODRIGUEZ, SPECTRUM GEO
MOZAMBIQUE HAS BEEN at the epi-

center of attention offshore East Africa
following Anadarko and Eni’s discoveries
of over 100 tcf from 2010 onwards in the
deepwater Rovuma basin off the country’s
northern coast. The Mozambique margin
to the south is also viewed as gas-prone
due largely to these finds and the smaller
deepwater gas discoveries farther north
off Tanzania.
However, the arguments for an oil
play in the Mozambique Channel and
East Zambezi basin are growing stron-
ger, based on natural oil seeps, analysis of
source rocks, and seismically interpreted
indicators. The hunt for oil is now on in
this potentially prolific area, and some
super-major oil companies are already
leading the way.
DETECTION METHODOLOGY
Satellite images can be examined for evi-
dence of oil floating on the surface of the
sea, caused by natural oil seeps generat-
ing oil slicks that appear in re-occurring,
persistent clusters that are visible for sev-
eral years. These slicks are indicative of an
underlying oil-generating petroleum sys-
tem that is clearly working - the ‘Holy Grail’
for explorers investigating new basins. The
technique takes advantage of the differ-
ence in the sea surfaces wave pattern, or
‘texture,’ between the sea surface in its nat-
ural state and with oil floating on top of it.
In suitable conditions the sea surface is
slightly rougher in an oil-free state, and an
oil slick will reflect sunlight in an anoma-
lous way that can be detected on the sat-
ellite image (MacDonald et al., 2015).
Over 240 satellite images acquired over Sea surface oil slick study extent and Spectrum’s recently acquired multi-client 2D seismic
the Mozambique Channel from 2013 to data over the Angoche basin, Mozambique Channel. (All images courtesy Spectrum Geo)
2017 have been analyzed to quantify
the number and distribution of sea sur- Mozambique Channel and the East Zambezi basin which lie between the Rovuma basin
face oil slicks in the Angoche basin, the to the north and the Zambezi Delta to the west.
DECEMBER 2018/JANUARY 2019 OFFSHORE | WWW.OFFSHORE-MAG.COM 57
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likelihood that the oil slicks are indicative of a naturally occurring

thermogenic oil source. These slicks are then correlated with seis-
mic data to investigate the geological relationship of hydrocarbon
migrating from the source rock to a seep point where the oil enters
the sea and finally to the oil slick location. The results can pro-
vide key evidence of a working oil-generative petroleum system.
SEA SURFACE OBSERVATIONS

In total 120 sea surface slicks were identified across the study area,
with some found in clusters re-occurring over time. The majority
of the slicks line up at the shelf break along the coast of Mozam-
bique. On seismic it is evident that sedimentary sequences from
the Mozambique Channel dip upwards toward the steep pres-
ent-day shelf edge. Therefore, it is likely that a mature oil source
Sea surface oil slicks distribution and occurrence. Some are in clusters
re-occurring over time (highlighted in black circles). Onshore oil seeps in the center of the basin is responsible for hydrocarbon migration
are also in evidence at Angoche (shown as red star). up-dip and north or west toward the Mozambique shelf.
Some clusters of re-occurring oil slicks have been identified
along the abrupt compressed sedimentary package to the east
known as the Davie Ridge, which for many represents the strike
slip fault that allowed Madagascar to break away from Tanzania
in the Early Jurassic, moving southeast to its current location, at
the same time as Antarctica broke away from Mozambique mov-
ing south. Satellite scenes only cover the northern portion of the
Davie Ridge, but here again seismic shows that basinal sedimentary
sequences dip-up toward the ridge, suggesting that oil migration
and seepage are possibly controlled by the dip of the sediments.
OIL EVIDENCE/MIGRATION PATHWAYS

The distribution and occurrence of the slicks provides strong
evidence that there is a mature oil source in the Mozambique
Channel. It is not possible to identify from the distribution the
age of the source rock from whence it comes, but three possible
source rock intervals have been proposed. The oldest comprises
the Middle and Late Jurassic sequences deposited as Antarctica
moved south, forming a small enclosed basin idea for the deposi-
tion and preservation of organic rich shale. The overlying source
rocks of the Early Cretaceous marine shales are known from along
the East African coast and indeed globally as they were deposited
in periods of global deep-sea anoxia. Lastly, where fragments of
Example of sea surface oil slicks and their locations on Bouguer continental crust have been left behind by migrating continents,
gravity anomaly map and new multi-client broadband 2D seismic an older ‘Karoo’ age source rock may be found, especially along
coverage. and east of the Davie Ridge.
On seismic data these source rocks are observed to have strong
Distinguishing between human pollution and naturally occur- soft kicks at the top of the sequence, clear type 4 AVO anomalies
ring slicks is also critical. Various methods have been used to and reduction in frequency – all classic characteristics of effective
determine the origin of slicks, to ascertain whether they are geo- source rocks, applying Loseth et al. (2011)’s methodology. Other
logical seeps or superficial anthropogenic discharges. Many other evidence for direct hydrocarbon indication (DHIs) observed on
sources of apparent slicks need to be screened out such as areas of seismic includes: bottom simulating reflectors, pock marks, fluid
very low wind speed, upwelling, biogenic slicks from algal blooms, escape features, and high-amplitude (bright) reflectors. Some of
fishing activities, and fluvial run-off from land processes. There- the oil slicks appear to have a strong spatial correlation to pock
fore, the slicks identified within the study area were also checked marks, fluid escape features and shallow high-amplitude reflec-
using the diagnostic infra-red band data captured by the satellite. tors, and are supported by geological features such as fault and
By looking for locations with persistently re-occurring slicks erosional surface that can facilitate the migration of oil seeping
found on images taken on different days, and over months and to the sea surface.
years, random pollution events can be ruled out, with a greater More support for the oil play comes from onshore oil seeps at
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GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS •
Angoche and Mucifi (north of the study systems is growing rapidly but the best examples available are from the nearby Rovuma
area), which may be sourced from the Mid- basin, such as the reservoirs in the Lower Eocene Coral discovery (Palermo et al., 2014).
dle to Early Jurassic marine, or even the Late Cretaceous near-shore marine sandstones (Grudja formation) are the main reser-
Karoo (Mahanjane et al., 2014). Several oil voirs in the Pande, Buzi, Tamane and Inhassoro fields in southern Mozambique, exhib-
seeps have also been identified along the iting up to 30% porosity and up to 5,000 mD permeability (Matthews et al., 2001).
coastline west of the Ibo High in the south- Other than a source rock, the main ingredient required in petroleum system to gen-
ern Ruvuma (Davison and Steel, 2017). erate oil is heat. Too little heat, no oil is generated, while with too much heat, only gas
The ODP well 629B drilled on the conju- is generated. As the earth gets warmer with depth there is a need to find a source rock
gate Antarctica margin penetrated 45 m in the ‘Goldilocks Zone’ where the temperature is just right for generating oil. Recent
(147 ft) of Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)
source rocks containing Type II marine
kerogen, with an average of 10% TOC and
HI of 300-600 mg/g TOC (Thompson and
Dow, 1990).
Key to establishing more evidence that
the source rocks in this area are generat-
ing oil has been the acquisition of new 2D
seismic data in 2017, which has allowed
the industry’s understanding of the area’s
hydrocarbon potential to be refined,
thereby accelerating hydrocarbon explo-
ration activity. Ongoing seismic interpre-
tation and prospect mapping of the new
2D seismic data have already identified
potential targets in both structural and
stratigraphic trapping geometries along
this Mozambique margin.
In 2017 and 2018, Spectrum acquired a
multi-client 2D regional broadband seismic
survey designed to image the subsurface
potential in the Angoche basin, Mozam- HELPING TO DEVELOP A SAFE AND
bique Channel and East Zambezi basin,
thereby providing a more detailed under- SKILLED OIL AND GAS WORKFORCE
standing of the prospectivity in areas where
no wells have been drilled to date. Drill-
ing targets along the margin have already • Driving global standards and
been identified on these new data with qualifications
Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoir and seal- • Ensuring safety training is delivered
paired intervals identified in plays that to industry standards
include onlaps and drapes over basement • Assessing competence against industry
highs, stratigraphic and structural traps of approved criteria
deepwater slope channels and basin floor • Developing competency frameworks
fans, lowstand plays (both wedge and pro- alongside industry and local government
delta fan), drapes over strike-slip faulted
structures, and compressional plays near
the Davie Ridge.
250,000 people train to OPITO standards each year at one of
Enhanced clastic reservoir quality is to
over 200 OPITO approved training providers in 45 countries
be expected from turbidite systems inter-
acting with strong contourite or slope par-
allel drift bottom currents. In these ‘mixed
turbidite - contourite systems,’ turbidite
currents are thought to winnow, flowing
www.opito.com
down dip, taking away the silty fines and
leaving sand reservoirs of exceptional qual-
ity. Globally knowledge of such depositional
Opito_OS_1811 1 10/10/18 8:38 AM
1901OFF57-60.indd 59 1/4/19 4:08 PM

and contract legislation. This remarkable

result will certainly lead to a more positive
investment atmosphere and undoubtedly
strengthen operators’ confidence in future
hydrocarbon exploration in Mozambique.
Exploration is returning to offshore
Mozambique – but this time, the hunt is
for oil.
REFERENCES
• Davison, I., and Steel, I., 2017. Geology
and hydrocarbon potential of the East
African continental margin: a review.
Petroleum Geoscience, 24, 57-91.
• Loseth, H., Wensaas, L., Gading, M.,
Duffaut, K., and Springer, M., 2011. Can
Bottom simulating reflectors, pock mark, and shallow high-amplitude reflectors found in
seismic profile showing strong relationship to sea surface oil slick. hydrocarbon source rocks be identi-
fied on seismic data?. Geology, 39 (12),
1167-1170.
• MacDonald, I. R., Garcia-Pineda, O.,
Beet, A., Daneshgar Asl, S., Feng, L.,
Graettinger, D. French-McCay, D. G.,
Holmes, J., Hu, C., Huffer, F., Leifer, I.,
Mueller-Karger, F., Solow, A., Silva,
M., and Swayze, G., 2015. Natural and
unnatural oil slicks in the Gulf of Mex-
ico, Journal of Geophysical. Research,
Oceans, 120, 8364–8380.
• Mahanjane, E.S., Franke, D., Lutz, R.,
Winsemann, J., Ehrhardt, A., Berglar,
K. and Reichert, C., 2014. Maturity and
Example of potential basin floor fan play within structural trap in the Early Cretaceous petroleum systems modelling in the
interval, with structural drapes over basement highs, and four-way dip-closed structures (A offshore Zambezi Delta depression
and B) extending over up to 509 and 207 sq km, respectively.
and Angoche Basin, Northern Mozam-
bique. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 37:
understanding of the influence of active rifting and the Comoros mantle plume causing 329–348.
elevated heat flow in the northern Rovuma basin has explained the anomalously high • Palermo, D., Galbiati, M., Famiglietti,
geothermal gradient - around 40°C/km - observed in wells in that area (Duncan MacGre- M.,·Marchesini, M., Mezzapesa, D.,
gor, personal communication, October 10, 2018). This high rate of increase in temperature Fonnesu, F., 2014, Insights into a New
with depth in Rovuma has meant that the source rocks in that area are heated beyond Super-Giant Gas Field - Sedimentology
the point where oil is generated and are forced to generate only methane gas. While this and Reservoir Modeling of the Coral
has produced copious quantities of gas, this will not occur in the Mozambique Channel Reservoir Complex Offshore North-
being farther from the Comoros mantle plume, across the Davie Ridge on young oceanic ern Mozambique. Offshore Technol-
crust. Indeed, the wells drilled in the Zambezi Delta show half the geothermal gradient, at ogy Conference, 25-28 March 2014, Kula
around 20-25°C/km (Duncan MacGregor, October 10, 2018), of those in Rovuma, result- Lumpur, Malaysia.
ing in the source rocks of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age sitting in the peak oil window: • Thompson, K.F.M. and Dow, W.G., 1990.
the Goldilocks Zone. This analysis is supported by 1D basin modeling of Mahanjane et Investigation of Cretaceous and Tertiary
al. (2014). If these source rocks generate anything – they will generate oil. kerogens in sediments of the Weddell
Sea. In: Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., Mas-
NEXT-PHASE EXPLORATION terson, A. and Stewart, N.J. (ed.), Pro-
Following the success of exploration, appraisal and commercialization of gas in the ceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,
Rovuma areas 1 and 4, it is significant that exclusive activities are now beginning in the Vol.113, College Station, Texas, 189-197.
East-Zambezi to Mozambique Channel area. Exploration and development rights of
the offshore blocks awarded under Mozambique’s fifth licensing round between the oil
companies and the National Petroleum Institute (INP) have led to a reformed fiscal law
1901OFF57-60.indd 60 1/4/19 4:08 PM

DRILLING & COMPLETION •
Industry advances managed pressure

drilling solutions
Automated, integrated systems aim for greater efficiency
OILFIELD EQUIPMENT PROVIDERS

and downhole service firms are raising
the bar for managed pressure drilling
(MPD) technologies and systems. These
new technologies will be of considerable
interest to offshore operators and drill-
ing contractors as they face increasingly
challenging deepwater reservoirs.
MPD systems allow drilling operations
to continue “at balance” in oil and gas
plays where primary well control cannot
meet the needs of pore pressures due to
weak fracture gradients in the well pro-
file. And, operators and drilling contrac-
tors are increasingly looking for MPD
systems that will enable them to access
reservoirs where conventional, hydro-
statically over-balanced drilling methods
encounter problems; and in drilling plays
where the margin between pore pressure
and fracture gradient is narrow.
Narrow pressure windows are increas-
ingly common when drilling in mature
deepwater fields, posing a formidable
challenge. This condition is character-
ized by a small difference between the
pore pressure – the fluid pressure inside
rock pores pushing out – and the fracture
gradient – the fluid pressure needed out-
side the rock to fracture it. When using
conventional drilling techniques, a small
change in wellbore pressure can repre-
sent the difference between profitable
success or costly failure. Common risks
include borehole instability, pressure
cycles that require breakouts, downhole
mud losses, surge and swab effects, and
AFGlobal’s MPD test rig is said to be capable of testing equipment to all requirements of API
even kicks. When market conditions are 16RCD. (Courtesy AFGlobal)
difficult, the thin margin for error means
the risks are even more pronounced. a tool to manage equivalent circulating density. It has revolutionized drilling in the
Fortunately, narrow pressure windows major deepwater and ultra-deepwater areas, such as Brazil, West Africa, the North
can be addressed using MPD techniques Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico, where it has been used for more than 10 years. Coupled
to precisely control the annular pressure with early kick detection, the technique helps operators avoid issues caused by nar-
throughout the wellbore. MPD is basically row pressure windows.
1901OFF61-62.indd 61 1/4/19 4:08 PM

• DRILLING & COMPLETION
Several new technologies have been introduced to the market components into scalable, fit-for-purpose packages that pro-
in recent months to address these challenges. Last May, Hallibur- vide safe, efficient drilling in closed-loop applications. From
ton announced its GeoBalance automated MPD system, which chokes and manifolds to rotating control devices and control
it described as a comprehensive suite of software and hardware systems, the company says that its MPD systems have been fully
that enables automated managed pressure control, from drill- integrated into the drilling rig for land, shelf, and deepwater seg-
ing to completion. Halliburton says that the system combines ments, as well as standalone systems that are compatible across
automatic chokes, rig pump diverters, flow metering, and control multiple segments.
algorithms with hydraulics modeling to provide pressure control Schlumberger has introduced what it describes as the indus-
at discrete points throughout well construction. The GeoBalance try’s first integrated MPD solution – designed to be an all-OEM,
system won an OTC Spotlight Award in 2018. reservoir-to-flare-stack deepwater MPD system, the company
Elsewhere, AFGlobal has introduced an array of new technol- said. The integrated MPD system would enable operators to
ogies and testing facilities that are expected to bolster its MPD minimize rig footprint while maximizing drilling efficiency and
portfolio and capabilities. In 2018, the company developed a test versatility by obtaining design and engineering, manufacturing,
rig that is designed for testing MPD equipment, while mimick- system integration, well engineering, and onsite well delivery ser-
ing actual drilling conditions, to better understand equipment vices from a single supplier. The integrated MPD solution won
performance. an OTC Spotlight Award in 2017.
AFGlobal also launched its proprietary Active Control Device On some drilling campaigns, MPD technologies are being
(ACD), which it says is the industry’s first purpose-built marine combined with other systems to enhance drilling and comple-
control device, replacing the traditional rotating control device tion efficiency. On a recent job in the Asia/Pacific region, Shell
(RCD) for deepwater applications. The company says that the identified the need for an MPD/managed pressure cementing
ACD provides the prerequisite seal and diversion of annular (MPC) solution on two water injection wells. The solution was
wellbore returns using a novel, non-rotating seal. Using propri- needed to maintain constant bottomhole pressure while drill-
etary sealing elements, the ACD is designed to eliminate bearing in a narrow pressure margin.
ings and rotating components that can be a regular source of The MPD/MPC control system was configured to receive
maintenance and failures in traditional RCDs. data from several ancillary sources for the best possible pressure
“We are leveraging our manufacturing experience and deploy- control downhole. MPC technology was successfully utilized to
ment of more than 40 MPD-ready systems to drive the next cement the liners on both wells in order to maintain equivalent
phase of MPD – active pressure management,” said Mark Mitch- circulating density above the sand stringer pore pressure, while
ell, President of Oil & Gas at AFGlobal. “Working closely with avoiding losses to weak shale/faulted zones. GB Setpoint, the
all the stakeholders, we have designed, built, and installed the Halliburton real-time hydraulics model, was an important asset
industry-leading equipment that is enabling a global fleet of during both the MPD and MPC operations. By incorporating real-
MPD ready rigs.” time data, tracking multiple fluids in the wellbore and account-
The development of these new technologies followed a ing for surge and swab while running the liner, the crew was able
contract award from Noble Corp. in 2017 which called upon to successfully navigate a narrow window within the target BHP.
AFGlobal to supply an integrated deepwater MPD system to Halliburton helped the operator avoid two weeks of NPT
vessels in the Noble Corp. rig fleet. Scott Marks, senior vice pres- related to borehole stability, reservoir influxes and losses, con-
ident of Engineering at Noble Corp., said: “The addition of MPD trolling the BHP at the critical point in the well during drilling
systems to our rig fleet will provide a valuable competitive advan- operations, including tripping and running and cementing the
tage with an expected higher level of safety and performance.” liner. This operation for Shell in Asia/Pacific is expected to pave
Weatherford is working to implement a standardized set of the way for similar operations in this region and beyond.
MPD equipment that will allow a rig to quickly address any num- Faced with the challenges that deepwater drilling and uncon-
ber of drilling and well control issues – kicks, lost circulation ventional reservoirs can bring, the industry is still finding its
events or riser gas – whenever they might arise. Typical equip- path forward on active pressure management techniques and
ment includes a rotating control device (RCD) to keep the well technologies. To date, MPD has been a discrete process used in
closed while diverting annular fluids out of the well; Microflux, response to specific challenges, such as drilling within narrow
an MPD control system used to detect and control minute down- pore pressure-fracture gradient windows. But the closed-loop cir-
hole influxes and losses; a Coriolis mass-flow meter to capture culating system that enables MPD facilitates many applications
mass and volume flow, mud weight/fluid density and tempera- for understanding and affecting wellbore pressure. Among them
ture from returning annular fluids; hydraulic power units; and are well control, pressure management, riser gas handling, mud
associated valves and hoses. An intelligent control unit and data optimization, ROP enhancement, dynamic formation integrity
acquisition system ties everything together by analyzing the sys- testing, and cementing, to name just a few. Whether and to what
tem data, pinpointing the source and cause of a fluid influx or extent operators, drilling contractors, service firms and OEMs
loss and transmitting the information to operation centers on optimize that path forward by finding common ground on the
location and onshore. design and desirability of these systems is the next big question
NOV says that its MPowerD systems combine MPD in offshore drilling and completion. •
1901OFF61-62.indd 62 1/4/19 4:08 PM

Artificial intelligence improves

real-time drilling data analysis
OLE EVENSEN, ØYSTEIN HAALAND, IBM
WELL DELIVERY may be the mother

of all exploration processes. Since Col-
onel Drake’s first commercial oil well in
Pennsylvania 150 years ago, drilling has
been one of the most critical and costly
exploration and production activities.
Today, artificial intelligence (AI) is mak-
ing a difference in a discipline looking
for major improvement.
During the last decades there have
been major changes in well require-
ments and drilling capabilities.
Increased depth, directional drilling,
extended lengths and higher pressure
The AI training of the system allows Woodside users to leverage everything reported
and temperature are some aspects in offset wells for immediate, accurate, and comprehensive insight with the purpose of
changing the game. While new capabil- identifying geohazards. (All images courtesy IBM)
ities allow us to realize more ambitious
well objectives, we also face new chal- AI will be pivotal in leveraging both historical and new Big Data for improved
lenges. More sophisticated rigs, control decision-making.
systems and operating models call for
better collaboration with more, timely TYPES OF AI-SUPPORTED ANALYTICS
and shared insight during operations. AI is a term used to cover different types of analytics. Two relevant types relevant
An exploration well is a major cap- for well delivery are natural language understanding (NLU) and machine learning
ital investment with financial, opera- (ML). The first type may be more intuitive as AI is used to read documents, writ-
tional, and reputational risks. According ten by people for other people to read – as if the AI system was an expert. A good
to Rystad Energy’s Global Well Report well delivery example is Woodside’s “Watson for Drilling,” initially referred to as
– Q3 2018, more than 73,000 wells are Geohazard Advisor.
expected to be drilled and completed Using NLU to read data from completed wells, the well delivery team can select
during 2019. While most of the wells an area of interest on a GIS map interface, and immediately get all relevant infor-
are onshore, more than 2,400 are off- mation from wells within their target area.
shore wells - all increasing in complexity Throughout the planning phase much of the critical data is “unstructured” –
and length. While Colonel Drake’s first such as end-of-well reports, completion reports, and semi-structured daily drilling
well was about 21 m (69 ft), the average reports. The NLU aspires to extract the information within the text, as a domain
length across all well types will be about expert would do. The Woodside solution understands key concepts described in
3,200 m (10,499 ft) in 2019. reports without requiring specific keywords to be present. For example, a reference
All the above is contributing to the to a sudden influx of fluids and an action to increase the gravity of mud is “inferred”
complexity and consequences of the to describe the occurrence of a kick. The AI training of the system allows Wood-
continuous decision-making, from side users to leverage everything reported in offset wells for immediate, accurate,
“request to drill” until the well is com- and comprehensive insight with the purpose of identifying geohazards relevant for
pleted. Each decision will influence the their project. The benefit is risk management, improved quality and efficiency. A
well outcome, risk, time, and cost. The Woodside executive said: “We used to spend 80% of our time looking for data and
increasing volumes of data available only 20% using it.” New technology allows domain experts to train the system, and
from historical wells as well as from users to give feedback, as opposed to previous programmatic approaches.
more “sensorized” drilling equipment A different AI concept of machine learning becomes more interesting during a
allows for new insight but necessi- drilling operation, where the continuously streaming data is structured, from drill
tates new decision support technology. rig to downhole sensors and logging. Machine learning allows for new ways to learn
1901OFF63-65.indd 63 1/4/19 4:08 PM

from this data, as a recent example from Maersk Oil (now Total) will illustrate. nobody had been aware of…”
AI APPLIED TO REAL-TIME PREDICTIVE DRILLING ANALYTICS AI COMPLEMENTING

The (Maersk Oil) Total team explained their challenge as “significant NPT events TRADITIONAL FIRST PRINCIPLE
and performance variability” which experience alone would not be enough to MODELS
remedy. The well delivery team worked closely with an IBM industry team, led by Today first principle models, building
Deb Chakraborty and supported by data scientists, geophysics and geologists with on established science of physics, are
well delivery project experience. The project ambition was to explore how AI could widely used to predict critical events
provide improved warning time to critical situations by analyzing real-time data in the active drilling phase, and they
coming from the drilling operation, leveraging good practices from predictive ini- should continue to be so. Their strength
tiatives in other industries. is their ability to execute as anticipated
The analytics approach was to start exploring data from previously completed “anywhere” – as rules of physics are
well projects. Some had been delivered without incidents while others had expe- universal. Their challenge has been to
rienced NPT (nonproductive time) problems such as stuck pipe with significant detect the weak signals that may not
delay and additional cost. be obvious when analyzing only spe-
Data scientists used AI algorithms in the IBM SPSS Statistics and Watson Stu- cific “physical relationships” in data.
dio to analyze data selected by the industry experts. The key data was all recorded This is the opportunity space for AI to
channels, from wellbore to drill rig, ahead of observed events, such as a stuck pipe. complement.
The objective was to identify changes in data that could indicate that a “precur- Applying AI without any bias to data
sor” (e.g.: pack-off ) to an event was developing. sources and relationships, in a data-
driven modeling approach, has enabled
significantly increased precision and
lead-time of predictions. However, AI
has historically had a challenge with
deploying models outside areas where
they were “trained.” While AI mod-
els may be 80% “ready to move,” some
adaptation is required to ensure a sat-
isfactory level of precision and recall
for events it is scouting for. A new drill
site will introduce different formation
and geomechanics. Additionally, new
well plans and rig parameters must be
When a possible data pattern link emerged – like a “fingerprint” ahead of a non-desired
situation, it would be tested on other data sets for verification.
tuned into the AI model. Finally, as drill-
ing commences, new streaming data
The teams consulted the clients drilling engineers to understand if any “pat- and observations will allow for final
terns detected” in the data could be linked to observations recorded by the drill- calibration of the model.
ing team during the time leading up to an incident. When a possible data pattern The data-driven approach is also
link emerged – like a “fingerprint” ahead of a non-desired situation, it would be capable of identifying new “signatures”
tested on other data sets for verification. or “fingerprints” as it builds an under-
This “supervised learning” approach is ideal when there is limited data sets for standing of what constitutes normal
training. The amount of data from each well may be considered large, but there is behavior. When a new signature is iden-
usually not many delivered well projects with complete and quality data available tified, the subject matter expects can
for a more brute-force (unsupervised) analysis. Several data science approaches, “relate” the findings to available data,
applying different algorithms on direct or “derived” variables, were pursued to replaying data and looking at drilling
detect possible weak-signals of significance. reports for observations of the event
The proof of the concept was judged by the models’ ability to successfully detect taking place. This approach of “super-
precursors and events within “blind-data sets,” which are completed wells not vised learning” extends the hybrid
made available during training. The proof was declared positive when Joy Oyovw- model capabilities and improves the
evotu, the Total Lead Drilling Engineer, said: “The predictions gives the operating prediction levels.
team sufficient warning time to take actions to avoid events.” The AI approach also
complemented physics models in ways not anticipated. As IBM’s industry expert, THE NEXT FRONTIERS
Stephen Lord, said after the successful well delivery pilot had been completed, Today we are working with “Narrow
“They expected to see early notification of known events, but they were equally AI,” meaning that the focus is on ver-
impressed to see how close they had been to potential high-impact events which tical capabilities. In the well delivery
1901OFF63-65.indd 64 1/4/19 4:08 PM

as being “open” should be a given require-

ment for all technology applied. •
THE AUTHORS
Ole Evensen, Global Upstream Strategy
Leader within IBM Chemicals & Petro-
leum, has served the oil and gas industry
for more than 25 years. As Consulting Part-
ner, he facilitated E&P process improve-
ment and provided strategic advice for
developing new organizational capabili-
ties. He is currently helping operators to
explore and introduce new AI technol-
ogy to address business challenges and
“Providing time to react” outlines how previous challenges of deploying AI models
opportunities.
in new regions has been overcome by template supported preparation and rapid
stepwise calibration. Øystein Haaland is CTO and Distin-
guished Engineer within IBM Chemicals & Petroleum. He
world, we may consider the next step toward “Broader AI” has served the oil and gas industry for more than 25 years,
will be to include more disciplines and combine more avail- developing new industry solutions in collaboration with
able data from new higher-fidelity sensors and unexplored R&D and international operators. Haaland is participating
sources. It may include seismic, logs, rock properties – and in industry standardization initiatives and developing tech-
more unstructured data sources, such as documents used in nology accelerators to enable digital transformation.
the Woodside example.
AI will continue to complement existing first principle ana-
lytics models but will also bring the promise to help extract
knowledge from previous projects. Advising your “next best
action” will require natural (drilling domain) language under-
standing to help organizations improve processes and lever-
age knowledge for a competitive advantage.
We can also envision the opportunity to fuel digital twin
models with real-time integrity data and deep analytical
models to better assess the overall status of the drill rig, and
systems. Examples may be corrosion, mooring and anchor-
ing issues, and weather. Our next big goal should be to use all
this structured and un-structured data to embed AI and deep
learning analysis into the end to end well delivery processes.
A digital twin vision could go beyond the physical facilities, “I can think of no one better to translate the complexities of
to include the digital reservoir and even overburden. natural gas liquids into a more easily understandable subject.”
Pursuing such opportunities will require an open “systems — Frank H. Richardson, President and CEO, Shell Oil Company, Retired
architecture” to support a services-oriented model. Compet- Natural Gas Liquids: A Nontechnical Guide
itive advantages will not come from your access to technol- is a comprehensive overview of NGLs from
ogy, but your ability to use it, and integrate data and services production in the oil patch to consumption in
from involved partners. Looking beyond AI, technology such the fuels and petrochemicals industries.
as Blockchain is enabling new ways of working. Blockchain is Learn what is behind natural gas liquids:
already explored as an enabling technology to develop new • How they are produced
well delivery collaboration models that protects participants • How they are transported
different business models, data and competitive differentia- • How they are consumed in the fuels
tors. The technology allows data to be collectively used while and petrochemicals industry
individually protected and owned in accordance with “smart • Profles of successful NGL companies
contracts.” This will not only help the industry to improve pro-
cesses but also may allow for new service providers, offering
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1901OFF63-65.indd 65 1/4/19 4:08 PM

Wood_OSMaps_1901 1 12/19/18 2:40 PM GreLaFou_OSMaps_1901 1 12/17/18 4:05 PM AudEng_OSMaps_1901 1
190 79
190
2019 THE GULF OF MEXICOWilliamson 79 Milam 21 Allen

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315 314
Refugio 564 565
A 11 A 12 A 13 A 143 A 142 A 491 A 492 A 493 A 494 A 319 574 575 576 577 578 316 TALOS TALOS
323 324 325 344 343 342 341 340
.7
A 141 A 140 A 139 A 138 A 137 A 136 A 489 569 570 571 572 573 320 321 322
A 486 317
5' '
591 590 589 A 135 A 134 A 133 A 132 A 130 ADDITION, SOUTH EXTENSION 318
592 588 587 586 A 129 A 507
GU
585 584 583 A 506 A 505 579 339
G
77 582 581 580 579 A 504 A 503 A 502 A 318 A 317 A 311 16 '' PEROILG PEROILG
A 501
TIN
A 21 A 20 A 19 A 316 A 315 319
LF
A 18 A 17 A 16 A 15 A 314 A 313 SE TALOS WTOFF 20

10
10.75'' GULFEN A 14 A 144 A 131 A 500 A 498 A 497 A 496 A 495 A 320 585 584 583 582 581 580 345 346 347 348 349 350
A 145 PEROILG 586 AR
16'' GENOFFSH
A 146 590 588 587
'' S
A 147 A 148 A 321 '' S
EN
A 322
.7 5''
A 149 A 151 A 153 10 A 323 A 324 333

OB 331 330 329 328 12
A 152 A 325 A 326 TIN
24
601 602 A 154 A 155 A 156
O
599 600 603 604 605 606 607 A 158 A 508 A 499 '' P A 327 589 WEST CAMERON AREA, 332
'' TE 240
R
608 A 157 A 509
OS
609 610 611 612 A 510 A 511 A 512 334 G
CH
AN 327 326 TC
A 22
TP
A 23 A 24 A 25 A 26 A 27 A 150 A 513 A 514 A 515 TP 601 BANDONLP TALOS APCORP

A 28 A 29 600 BANDONLP
364 363 362
'' HI
A 30 ENERXXI
N
A 31 A 173 A 519
AP
A 172 A 171 PEROILG 16'' WG A 520 595 SOUTH ADDITION PEROILG

'E
IP A 338 A 337 337 338 339

A 169 A 516 A 517 336 340 341 342 343 366
LT
A 168 PLT A 335
24' '
A 166 BANDONLP
LT
AR
5'
A 165
30
626 624 623 622 621 A 164 A 163 A 162 A 334 A 333 A 332
GP
620 598 599

.7
625 619 A 330 591 597 300 361

GP
618 617 616 615 614 180 A 533 A 532 A 531 A 518 A 336 592 593 594 596 APCORP
AL
613
12
A 43 A 530
STING
FELDWOOD FELDWOOD
A 40 A 170 A 529 A 528 A 339 335
'' W
A 39 A 38 A 167 A 527 WTOFF ENERGYRE

'' W
A 37 A 36 A 35 A 34 A 525 A 524 608 607 606 605 604 603 602 367 368 369 370 372 3
20
A 33 A 32 A 175 A 176 A 161 A 160 A 159 30'' HIOS 612 611 610 609 352 351 350 349 348 346 RENAIOFF 371
20
A 177 A 526 A 341 347

'' G
A 178
30
632 633 A 42 A 41 A 179 A 180 A 181 A 182 A 183 A 523 A 522 A 521 A 343 A 346
24
631 634 635 A 184 A 344 A 345 A 347 A 348 PEROILG RENAIOFF RENAIOFF BANDONLP
U
637 638 639 640 641 642 24 '' A 185 A 186 A 187 A 188 A 534
LF
FMOILGAS
A 174 A 340 FELDWOOD
'' HI
A 44 A 45 A 46 A 47 A 48 A 49 TW A 537 A 538 A 539 A 342 621 622 623 ENERGYRE
386
S
10'' GOFFPL
A 50 A 51 A 52 C GALVESTON AREA, SOUTH ADDITION A 541 A 542 A 543 614 618 619 620 388 387 384
PL
MATAGORDA ISLAND AREA A 53 A 54 A 544 A 545 617 354 355 357 358 385
OS
FELDWOOD 636 A 55 A 56 A 58 A 203 A 202 A 201 A 200 A 199 A 536 A 540 A 359 A 358 A 357 353 359 361
C
A 535
10
IN G
658 657 656 655 A 196 A 194 A 192 A 546 A 355 A 354 A 353 616 TOPCO PEROILG 383
653 A 191 615 MOCOMP RENAIOFF
'' TA
240
10
652 648 A 190 A 189 A 559 A 351
16'' E NTPRO
651 650 649

LT
647 646 A 73 A 72 A 71 A 70 A 57 A 197 A 558 624 356 ENIPEXCO
ST
'' F
654 A 68 A 67 A 198 A 555 20' ' ENERGYRE
630 629 628 627 626 625 389 390 391 392 393
GP
A 66 A 65 A 557 A 556 A 356 632 631

N
A 64 A 63 A 195 IP GOME1271 633 364 363 362

18
A 61 A 60 WG A 550 A 549 A 548 A 350 369 368 365
ELD
370
AE
A 59 A 204 A 205 A 193 TP A 551 GYRE
16 ''
PLT
San Patricio
TANAEXPL
'' W
'' E
A 207 A 361 M21KLLC
NG
A 208 A 209 A 362 EN ER
X
664 665 A 210 A 211 A 212 AN A 363 A 364 A 365 394
W
666 12' '
PL
667 668 A 69 A 214 A 215 A 554

XM
663 670 671 A 216 ENERGYRE ENERGYRE

20
672 A 217 '' P A 553 A 552 A 547 A 367
TI
673 674 A 62 367 366
O
675 676 A 74
10.75'' GCE I
A 75 A 76 A 562 A 563 640 641 642 643 407 406 405
'' S
A 77 A 206 A 360 12'' TCOFFS H 639 377 378 379 410 409
OD
638
O
BANDONLP
60 669 A 78 A 79 A 80 A 81 A 82 A 83 A 84
10 A 565 A 567
ARENA GOME1271 GOME1271 634 635 636 637 373 374 375 376
PLC
A 85 A 569 WTOFF A 366 371

TPIP
A 86 A 213 A 570 A 571
10'' GOFFPL
A 87 A 369
20
14'' APCO A 88 A 232 A 231 A 230 A 218 0 A 572 FELDWOOD M21KLLC
689 RP A 229 A 228 A 227 A 226 A 560 A 561 30 A 566 A 379 A 378 A 377 A 370 CHEVUSA
O
690 688 687 683 681 BRAZOS AREA, SOUTH ADDITION A 223 A 222 A 221
COXOIL A 564 A 568 A 381 A 380 A 376 A 375 A 373 A 372 A 371 372
600
680 A 220
12'' PAN
685 679 678 677 A1 A 103 A 102 A 233 A 219 A 585 A 584 A 583 651 650 648 647 646 645 644 27 29 30 411
14'' APCO
A 101 A 100 A 99 A 581 NSTAROFF GOME1271
653 652 649
16''
686 RP 20' ' A 97 A 96 A 95 A 94 A 93 A 92 A 91 A 90 A 225 A 224 A 579 A 578 A 577 A 576 WTOFF WTOFF WTOFF 381 380 65
684 682 WG A 89 A 234 A 582 A 575 A 574 A 573 10'' WGPLT FELDWOOD 67 68
NUSTICS
PLT FELDWOOD A 236 A 237 A 238 A 239 M21KLLC
STING
695 696 697 698 A 240 A 386 A 387 66 72
16'' HARVPANY
699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 A 98 A 241 A 242 A 243 A 244 A 245 A 246 A 247
COXOIL A 580 A 382 A 388 A 390 63
ENERGYRE
A2 A3 A 4 A 104 A 106 A 107 A 235 A 248 A 586 73 74 A 384 A 385 A 391 654 655 656 657 658 60 61 62 69 70 71 73 74 75
16'' S OUTCCNG
A 108 FLEX
12.75'' SOUTSION A 105 A 109 A 110 A 111 A 112 A 113 A 590 A 591
FELDWOOD FELDWOOD A 383
TELTD
A 114 A 592 WTOFF

A 115 A 117 A 118 A 252 600 AL A 588 A 589 A 593 A 594 WTOFF WTOFF A 389 659 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118 119
TCC
NG 707 A 251 A 250 A 249 61 117 OC A 400 A 399 A 398
361 718 717 716 A 587 A 595 A 397 A 396 600
12.7 5''
12
16 ''
12.7 5''
SOU 719 715 714 713 712 711 710 709 708 A9
UNOCAL 105 106 107 '' U
N A 596 A 395 A 394 117 1200
A8 A 116 102 103
12
'' S
A7 A6 A5 A 133 A 132 113 114 115 116 97 98 662 661 660

HARBOR 95 96
5'' SOU
A 131 12
A 130 A 129
NU
FELDWOOD FELDWOOD
120
.7
A 128 A 127 121 122

14'' HP L
A 126 118 119

AN
A 125 A 124 A 122 108 109 110 111 112 WTOFF A 393
5''
180 A 120 A 119 A 253 102 103 168 169 170 171
WTOFF
140 141 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 156 157 158 159 162 163 16
ST
166 167
DP
158 162 163 165 172 173 A 401

C
724 725 727 728 WTOFF

148 149 150 151 152 153 155 156 157 134 135 A 402 A 403 TULANE
ISLAND
O PA
MERITMAN 729
RO
730 731
ICS
732 PLT A 123 146 147 160
600
733 734 A 58 A 121 159 161 143 144 145
600
A 57
10.7
A 56 A 55 A 54 G A 53 A 52 A 51 A 50 138 139 142 155 160 161

D
'' W A 49 A 48 A 47 A 46 164 300 HESSCORP

SL
726 A 45 A 42 154 NAVIPET ENIPEXCO FELDWOOD FELDWOOD FELDWOOD FELDWOOD

FELDWOOD
NAVIPET 188 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 205 206 207 20
144 145 210 213 214 215 216 217 178 179 183 184 185 187 189
P
745 744 743 741 740 738 737

24
A 44 A 43 A 41 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 207 208 209 211
742 736 735 A 59 A 60 A 61 A 62 A 63 PLT A 65 A 40 A 39 191 192 194 NORTHWESTERN GARDEN BANKS 20
G A 66 A 68 A 69 A 70 A 71 A 73 180 181 182 186 190 191 204
18'' TWC
A 74 212 177 SOI

Corpus A 76 185 205 206 HESSCORP
739 '' W 186 187 FELDWOOD
193 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 245 246
18
12 .75 24 A 64 188 189 190 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 244 248 249 250 251
1800
751 A 67 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253
'' G
'' SO 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 A 90 A 89 A 72 A 75 235 236 237 239 240 241 245
A 88 A 87 A 86 232 233
Christi A 85 A 84 COTTONWOOD
EN
UT
CC A 83 A 82 A 81 A 80 A 79 A 78 A 77 230 231 12
247
243 00 EAST BREAKS
S
PETROBRA
NG 750 244 NAVIPET
IS
1200 238 242

1200
234 303 304 305 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 291 292 293 294 295
EN
770 769 767

ENVEN
224 225 226 227 228 229 289 290 291 292 293 295 296 297 299 301 302
766 0 765 764 763 762 761 A 91 A 92 A 93 A 94 A 95 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 600
A 96 A 97 A 98 A 99 A 100 A 101 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 12 1800
12 A 102 A 104 267 268 1200 00
298 300
600 275 290 PYRENEES
768 287 288 294 DEEPGULF
G
309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 334 335 336 337 338 34
300 348 349
TIN
777 778 A 103 332 333 334 335 336 337 339 340 342 343 344 346 347
779 780 781 782 329 330 331
16'' TWC
783 784 A1 A 116 A 115 0 324 325 327 328 SARGENT
'' S
24 A 113 A 112 A 110 A 109 A 108 A 107 A 106 316 318 319 320 321 322
286 A 105 312 313 314 315 GARDEN BANKS 317 332
16
OS
775 776 309 338 341 345 DEEPGULF DEEPGULF

A 114 1800 374
'' HI
A 111 323 326 383 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 353 354 355 356 358 359 360 361 362 363 365 366 367 368 369 372 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383
793 792 791 790 789 788 787 786 785 A2 A3 A 117 310 311 1200 317
370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 380 382 3000
18 ''
367 368 369

20
A 119 A 120 A 122 A 123 A 124 A 125 A 126 A 127 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 385
358
Nueces 395 353 354 355 356 357 2400 384 357 364 370 371 373 375
EX
379 381 0
A 118 A 121 VENARI
431 432 433 180 434 436 437 397 398 399 401 402 403 404 405 407 408 411 412 413 414 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426
MO
799 800 801 802 803 804 805 418 419 420 421 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430
806 807 A5 A 4 A 136 A 135 A 134 A 133 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 LADYBUG CA
A 132 A 131 A 129 A 128 406 407 SW HORSESHOE
PL CO
A 130 399 400 401 402 403 404 LOST ARK 409 410 415
798 437 439 397 405 3000 WALTER 435 400 1800 406 BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR HESSCORP HESSCORP SOI SOI
422 442 443 445 446 447 448 450 453 454 455 456 457 458 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471
816 815 814 813 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 441
812 811 810 808 A6 A7 A8 A 137 A 138 A 139 438 398 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466
A 140 A 141 A 142 451 452 453 454 00
3000
A 143 A 144 446 447 448 449 3000 18'' TWC
451
MUSTANG ISLAND AREA 480 442 443 444 445 444 18 449 452 459 GEAUXPHER
483 441 481 BPEXPLOR
481 482 ENERGYRE SOI SOI
MUSTANG ISLAND AREA, EAST ADDITION 523 525 485 486 489 490 491 492 493 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 509 510 511 512 513 514 515
821 822 823 824 825 826 827 450 508 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 488 494
828 829 A 12 A 11 A 10 A9 A 151 A 150 A 149 A 148 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 509 DANNY
A 147 A 146 A 145 489 490 491 492 493 494 496
486 487 488 507 508
Kleberg 523 524 485 524 487 OZON
C
BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ENERGYRE

525 526 527 BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
LL
APC
568 569 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559
G
838 837 836 835 495 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA

555 556 557 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567
ST
834 833 832 831 830 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 152 A 153 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 558
A 154 A 155 A 156 A 157 540 3000 OREG
U
533 534 535 536 537 538 539 541 542 543 544 545 APC
'' M
566 529 530 531 532 APC

549
1800
567 568 569 570 571 DON LARSEN BOOMVANG N

BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR ANDAROFF BPEXPLOR SOI SOI
20
20 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA CHEVUSA CHEVUSA 611 612 613 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603
12 '' 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 596 597 598 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610
.7 5'' H P L 850 A 21 A 20 A 19 A 18 A 17 A 162 A 161 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595
A 160 A 159 A 158 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 599 NANSEN
HP 610 611 574 575 576 577 BALBOA 2400 583 BPEXPLOR
2400
L 612 613 614 615 573 APC APC NEXENUSA APC BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR SOI COBALT
A 163 FALCON CHEVUSA TOTALEPU TOTALEPU EXONMOBL EXONMOBL APC APC APDWLLC APC APC
620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647
859 858 857 856 643 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 617 618 619
854 853 852 851 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 164 A 165 A 166 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 DAWSON DEEP
A 167 A 168 626 627 628 629 630 631
12
620 622 624 625 BOOMVANG APC

NW NAVAJO
0 654 655 639
'' T
855 60 656 657 658 659 617 618 623 644

APC APC APC BPEXPLOR BHPBILLI
A 26 TOMAHAWK MOGUSA MOGUSA APC
W
MOGUSA
684 685
12
APC
665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 683 686 688 689 690 691
20' '
APC
TOTALEPU EXONMOBL
694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 661 662 663 664
C
864 865 866 867 619 3000 621 690 691 692 693
'' T
868 869
2400
870 871 A 32 653 682 683 684 685 686 687 688
18'' TWC
A 29 A 28 A 27 A 172 A 171 A 170 A 169 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 DURANGO APC APC DAWSON 2400
HP L
671
W
664 666 667 RAPTOR 669 670 682

C
697 698 699 701 702 703 661 662 663 689 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI APC GUNNISON EXONMOBL 687
A 31 A 30 ANDAROFF 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735
880 879 878 877 876 875 696 665 668
TOTALEPU
732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 705 706 707
874 873 872 A 33 A 34 A 35 A 36 A 37 A 38 A 173 A 174 A 175 700 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731
710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718
10.75'' HPL 740 741 743 744 745 705 706 707 708 709 APC APC SOI SOI 726 EXONMOBL SOI APC
747 APC APC BHPBILLI
Kenedy APC APC APC
780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779
883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 A 9 739 742 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779
A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 746 758 760 761 762 763 764 765 766
783 784 785 786 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757
10.75'' HPL 787 788 789 790 791 749 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI SOI CHEVUSA SOI SOI
24' ' HARRIER ANDAROFF APC
798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823
WG
899 898 897 896 895 CORPUS CHRISTI 00 759 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 793 794 795 796 797
PLT 894 893 892 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 12 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819
799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807
826 827 828 829 830 831 832 793 794 795 796 797 798
833 834 835 ANDAROFF BHPBILLI SOI TOTALSA COBALT
904 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867
905 906 907 908 909 910 911 A 27 A 25 A 24 A 23 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867
A 21 854
240
A 22 A 20 A 19 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853
870 871 872 873 874 875 837 838 839 840 841 842 843
876 877 878 879 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI TOT
A 26 ANDAROFF
0
ANDAROFF
914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911
30
919 918 917 916 915 914 913 912 A 28 A 29 A 30 A 31 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913
A 32 A 33 A 34 A 35 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900
NORTH PADRE ISLAND AREA 913 914 915 916 917 918 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890
919 920 921 922 923 881 VENARI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI CHE
60
924 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955
925 926 927 928 929 930 931 A 43 A 42 A 41 A 40 A 39 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956
A 38 A 37 A 36 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942
957 958 959 960 961 962 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 EXONMOBL EXONMOBL
963 964 965 966 967 DIANA
VENARI VENARI
CHE
MARSHALL 1006 1007 1008 1009 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999
939 937 936 935 934 933 932 A 45 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005
A 46 A 47 A 48 A 49 A 50 A 51 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 990
1001 1002 1003 1004 973 974 975 976 977 978 979
1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 969 970 971 CHEVUSA CO
938 A 44 989 VENARI BHPBILLI
944 945 947 948 949 972 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
950 951 A 59 A 58 28 29 30 31
20'' HP L
A 57 A 56 A 55 A 54 A 53 A 52 16 17 18 19 20 21 MADISON 24 25 26 27 GUADALUPE
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
946 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 42 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOOVER BHPBILLI CHEVUSA CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
NORTH PADRE ISLAND AREA, EAST ADDITION 40 41 22 23 EXONMOBL EXONMOBL EXONMOBL BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
958 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
959 957 954 953 952 A 60 A 61 A 62 A 63 A 64 A 65 A 66 66 69 70 71 72
75 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 DIANA S CHEVUSA COBALT TOTALSA STA
956 955 86 87 46 67 68 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BPAPROD BPAPROD BPAPROD CHEVUSA
65
600
964 965 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
966 967 968 969 970 971 972 A 72 A 71 A 70 A 67 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
A 69 A 68 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 GILA TIBER
119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
127 128 129 130 131 90 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BPEXPLOR BPAPROD CHEVUSA BPAPROD BPAPROD BPAPROD COBALT COBALT
163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163
980 979 978 977 976 975 974 973 A 73 A 74 A 75 A 77 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162
A 76 A 78 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
171
120
1600 172 173 174 175 BHPBILLI BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPAPROD BPAPROD BPAPROD
STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204
985 986 987 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 205 206 207
988 989 990 991 992 A 85 A 84 A 83 A 82 A 81 A 80 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204
A 79 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192
208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 177 178 179 180 181 182
216 217 218 219 SOI CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250
1001 1000 999 998 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 221 222 223 224 225 226 251
997 996 995 994 993 A 86 A 87 A 88 A 89 A 90 A 91
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247
235
20
252 253 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234
254 255 223 224 225
'' H
256 258 259 260 261 221 222 CHEVUSA

262 263 CHEVUSA SOI
PL
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI STATGULF STATGULF

296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295
1006 1007 1008 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 A 97 A 96 A 95 A 94 257 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295
A 93 A 92 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 KASKIDA
296 297 298 299 300 301 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
1009 302 303 304 305 306 307 STAT
STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334
1021 1020 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI STATGULF
337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 335 336 337 338 339
1022 1019 1018 1017 1016 1015 A 98 A 99 A 100 A 102 A 103 A 104
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336
315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324
341 342 343 344 345 346 347 309 310 311 312 313 314 STATGULF STAT
A 101 349 350 351 SOI SOI SOI SOI
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI STATGULF
383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383
1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1035 A6 A5 348
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382
A4 A3 A2 A1 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370
385 386 387 388 389 390 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360
1034 391 392 393 394 395 ANDAROFF ANDAROFF SOI
NEXENUSA STATGULF STAT
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427
1043 1042 1041 1040 1039 1038 1037 A7 A8 A 9 A 10
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425
A 11 A 12 A 13 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413
18
430 431 432 433 434 397 398 399 400 401 402 403
1044 435 436 437 EXONMOBL STATGULF
0
BPAPROD VENARI
1036 438 439 ANDAROFF ANDAROFF 426 HESSCORP
3000
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI HESSCORP

471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471
1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 A 20 A 19 A 17 A 16
458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 469 470
A 15 A 14 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 468
474 445 446 447 448 449 450 6000
C
475 476 477 478 479 441 442 443 444

1200
480
W
SOUTH PADRE ISLAND AREA 481 482 483 00 HESSCORP HESSCORP HESSCORP BPAPROD EXONMOBL
'' T
A 18 BHPBILLI 60 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 507 508 509 510 511 512
PORT ISABEL BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 513 514 515
18
1063 1062 1061 1060 1059 1058 1057 A 21 A 22 A 24

BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
506 507 508 509 511 512 513 514 516 503 504 505 506
A 23 A 25 A 26 A 27 APC APC
492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505
518 519 520 521 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 ALAMINOS CANYON
1064 522 523 524 525 526 527 BHPBILLI BHPBILLI 510 515
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559
1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 A 34 A 32
546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 555 556 557
A 33 A 31 A 30 A 29 A 28 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545
563 564 565 566 567 529 530 531 532 533 534 535
568
Willacy 569 570 571
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI 554 558 559 HESSCORP
605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 573 574 575 576 577 578 579
ENIOILUS
580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603
1085 1084 1083 1082 1081 1080 1079 1078 A 35
592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604
A 36 A 37 A 38 A 39 A 40 A 41 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591
580 581
60
607 608 609 610 611 573 574 575 576 577 578 579
612 613 614 ENIOILUS
18'' TWC
SOUTH PADRE ISLAND AREA, EAST ADDITION 615

BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647
1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646
1096 1097 A 48 A 47 A 46 A 45 A 44 A 43 A 42 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633
651 652 653 654 617 618 619 620 621 622 623
655 656 657 658 659 LLOGEX CHEVUSA
ENIOILUS APC APC ANDAROFF REPSOLYP REPSOLYP
691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691
1105 1104 1103 1102 1101 1100 1099 1098 A 49 A 50 A 51
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690
A 52 A 53 A 54 A 55 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 LEON
695 696 697 698 661 662 663 664 665 666 667
699 700 701 702 703 LLOGEX CHEVUSA CHEVUSA ANDAROFF APC ANDAROFF REPSOLYP REPSOLYP
678 SOI SOI LLOGEX
714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731
2400
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BHPBILLI

733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 732 733 734 735
1110 1111 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 A 62 A 61 A 60 A 59 720 721 722 723 726 727 728 729 730 731 732
A 58 A 57 A 56 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719
739 740 741 742 705 706 707 708 709 710 711
1112 743 744 745 746 747 LLOGEX CHEVUSA CHEVUSA ANDAROFF DEEPGULF APC APC APC LLO
724 725 SOI SOI
761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772
1200

780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 773 774 775 776 777 778 779
1126 1125 1124 1123 1122 1121 1120 1119 1118 A 64 A 65 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779
A 63 A 66 A 67 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763
782 BPEXPLOR
751 752 753 754
Cameron 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 749 750 WHALE DEEPGULF ANDAROFF APC
00
ANDAROFF
764 CHEVUSA SOI SOI
830 831 832 833 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823
60
BHPBILLI
1131 1132 1133 1134 1135
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829
1130 1136 1137 1138 A 72 A 71 A 70 A 69 A 68 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813
826 827 828 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 KEATHLEY CANYON
829 830 831 832 833 834 835 793 794 SOI SILVERTIP DEEPGULF ANDAROFF APC
CHEVUSA CHEVUSA SOI STATGULF CHEVUSA
BHPBILLI BHPBILLI SOI
867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867
1146 1145 1144 1143 1142 1141 1140 1139 A 73
BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR
854 855 856 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866
A 74 A 75 A 76 A 77 APC
844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 857 10'' S OI
870 871 872 873 874 875 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 GOTCHA TOBAGO
876 877 878 879 CHEVUSA STATGULF CHEVUSA BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR
CHEVUSA UNOCAL
BHPBILLI BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR ATLANPRO SOI SOI
911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911
1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 A 83
BHPBILLI
898 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910
A 82 A 81 A 80 A 79 A 78 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897
915 916 917 918 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 899 GREAT WHITE TRIDENT
919 920 921 922 923 EXONMOBL EXONMOBL
SOI 900 SOI SOI ATLANPRO ATLANPRO 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955
BPEXPLOR BHPBILLI BHPBILLI BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR
951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 925 926
1165 1164 1163 1162 1161 1160 1159 A 84 A 85 A 86 A 87 BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950
A 90 BPEXPLOR
929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938
959 960 961 962 963 964 965 925 926 927 928
1166 966 967 ATLANPRO
48 A 89 BHPBILLI BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 10
60
BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BHPBILLI

992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004
989 990 991 992
42'' VALLEY
CR EXONMOBL
PORT ISABEL
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
AGPS Acadian Gas Pipeline System ENBUTOFF Enbridge Offshore Pipelines LLC
AMERHORE American Midstream Offshore Seacrest ENERGYRE Energy Resource Technology Inc HILENE Hilcorp Energy Company 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
BROWNSVILLE ANR ANR Pipeline Company ENERXXI Energy XXI Limited HIOS High Island Offshore System LLC SOI Shell Offshore Inc AMERICAN American Midstream Partners LP SIGSBEE ESCARPM
APCORP Apache Corporation ENLINK Enlink Midstream HPL Houston Pipe Line Company SONAT Southern Natural Gas Company LLC APCORP Apache Corporation FMOILGAS Freeport-McMoran Oil & Gas
GAS PIPELINE OPERATORS
103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
CRUDE PIPELINE OPERATORS
ARENAOFF Arena Offshore, LP ENTEICES Enterprise Field Services LLC IMPAREAM Impact Midstream LLC SOUTCCNG Southcross Ccng Gathering Ltd ARENAOFF Arena Offshore, LP GENSISEN Genesis Energy, LP APC Anadarko Petroleum Corporation CASTEX Castex Ener
ATPOIL ATP Oil and Gas Corporation ENTPRO Enterprise Refined Products Company LLC (ERPC) KINEMID Kinetica Midstream Energy, LLC SOUTSION Southcross CCNG Transmission Ltd ATPOIL ATP Oil and Gas Corporation HARVPANY Harvest Midstream Company ANDAROFF Anadarko US Offshore Corporation CENTRYX Century Exp
AVOCET Avocet LNG, LLC ENVEN EnVen Energy Ventures, LLC KINETICA Kinetica Partners LLC STING Stingray Pipeline Company BDPL Blue Dolphin Pipeline Company JEFFLOCK Jefferson Block 24 Oil and Gas LLC ANKOR Ankor Energy LLC CHEVUSA Chevron US
BDPL Blue Dolphin Pipeline Company EPL EPL Oil and Gas, Inc KINEXPR Kinetica Energy Express, LLC TANAEXPL Tana Exploration Company LLC BPAM BP America Inc. LLOGEX LLOG Exploration Offshore Inc. APCORP Apache Corporation CLF CL&F Resou
LEASE OPERATORS
BLACHORE Black Elk Energy Offshore Operations LLC EXMOPLCO ExxonMobil Pipeline Company KMTEJAS Kinder Morgan Tejas Pipeline LLC TARGAMD Targa Midstream Services LP BPAPROD BP America Production Company LOOP1 Louisiana Offshore Oil Port LLC APDWLLC Apache
239 Deepwater
240 241 LLC 243 244 245 246
242 COBALT
247 248 249 Cobalt
250 Intern
251
BPAM BP America Inc. FELDWOOD Fieldwood Energy LLOGEX LLOG Exploration Offshore Inc. TCOFFSH TC Offshore LLC BPOIL BP Oil Company MANTA Manta Ray Offshore Gathering Co LLC APSHELF Apache Shelf Exploration LLC COCHON Cochon Prop
BPPLNSNA BP Pipelines North America FGT Florida Gas Transmission Company M21KLLC M21K, LLC TETC Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation BPPLNSNA BP Pipelines North America MARDIGRS Mardi Gras Transportation System ARENA Arena Energy,
284 285LP 286 287 288 289 290 CONPHIL
291 292 293 ConocoPhilli
294 295 2
CGT Columbia Gulf Transmission Company FLDWDON Fieldwood Onshore LLC MANTA Manta Ray Offshore Gathering Co LLC TGP Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company CHEVPL Chevron Pipe Line Company MATTOXPL Mattox Pipeline Company LLC ATLANPRO Atlantia Prometheus LLC CONTANGO Contango Oi
331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339
Supplement to PennWell CHAPARAL Chaparral Energy LLC FMOILGAS Freeport-McMoran Oil & Gas MARDIGRS Mardi Gras Transportation System TRITONGA Triton Gathering Company LLC CHEVUSA Chevron USA Inc MCOFFPET MC Offshore Petroleum LLC ATPOIL ATP Oil and Gas Corporation COXOIL COX Oil
Co. Publications CHEVPL Chevron Pipe Line Company GARDNBNK Garden Banks Gas Pipeline LLC MARINER Mariner Energy Inc. TRKLNGAS Trunkline Gas Company CORENRGY CorEnergy Infrastructure Trust, Inc NUSTICS Nustar Logistics LP BANDONLP Bandon Oil and Gas LP CRETACE Cretaceous L
This map includes information CHEVUSA Chevron USA Inc GCEI Gulf Coast Energy Inc. MCOFFPET MC Offshore Petroleum LLC TWC The Williams Companies Inc. CRIMGULF Crimson Gulf, LLC PANTHEXP Panther Exploration, LLC BEACON Beacon Offshore Energy LLC CVENERGY CV Energy C
copyrighted by PennWell's CIPC Centana Intrastate Pipeline LLC GENOFFSH Genesis Offshore Holdings, LLC MISSICAN Mississippi Canyon Gas Pipeline LLC UAII United Gas Pipe Line CRIMSON Crimson Pipeline PLAINALL Plains All American Pipeline LP BENNU Bennu Oil and Gas LLC DEEPGULF Deep Gulf E
MAPSearch®. This information is
provided on a best efforts basis and CONTANGO Contango Oil and Gas GENSISEN Genesis Energy, L.P. MUSTGLLC Mustang Island Gathering LLC UNOCAL Unocal Corporation ELPAEPLP El Paso E and P Company LP POPLC Poseidon Oil Pipeline Company LLC BHPBILLI BHP Billiton DYNAMOFF Dynamic Off
PennWell Corporation does not COPASLP Copano Pipelines/South Texas LP GOFFPL Gateway Offshore Pipeline Company NATLIS Nautilus Pipeline Company LLC VALLEYCR Valley Crossing Pipeline ENBUTOFF Enbridge Offshore Pipelines LLC RENAIOFF Renaissance Offshore LLC BLACHORE Black Elk Energy Offshore Operations LLC ECOFF EC Offshore
guarantee its accuracy, nor warrant
its fitness for any particular purpose
CORPGAS Corpus Christi Oil and Gas Co GULFEN Gulf Energy Exploration Corporation NGPL Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America LLC VENICE Venice Gathering System LLC ENIPEXCO ENI Petroleum Exploration Company SHELLPIP Shell Pipeline Company LP BPAPROD BP America Production Company ECOPETRO Ecopetrol S.
(not for navigational purposes). DESTIN Destin Pipeline Company LLC GULFSPLC Gulf South Pipeline Company LP PANTEGY Panther Interstate Pipeline Energy LLC WGPLT Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company LLC ENVEN EnVen Energy Ventures, LLC SOI Shell Offshore Inc. BPEXPLOR BP Exploration & Production Inc. ENERGYRE Energy Reso
Such information has been reprinted DGT Discovery Gas Transmission LLC GULFSTRM Gulfstream Natural Gas System LLC PANTPIP Panther Pipeline LTD. WILENS Williams Energy Services LLC ENXXIPIP Energy XXI Pipeline, LLC SOUTELTD Southcross Ngl Pipeline Ltd BUCKSTON Buckstone Development Company, LLC ENERXXI Energy XXI L
with the permission of PennWell DIGP Dauphin Island Gathering Partners HIGHGATH High Point Gas Gathering LLC SANDPROD Sandridge Expl. And Prod. LLC WILFIELD Williams Field Services EPL EPL Oil and Gas, Inc TWC The Williams Companies Inc BROFF Burlington Resources Offshore Inc ENIOILUS ENI Oil US L
Corporation. Data shown on this map
are available in a variety of digital DISCPROD Discovery Producer Services LLC HIGHIGAS High Island Gas LLC SEAROB Sea Robin Pipeline Company WTENERGY W and T Energy LLC EXMOPLCO ExxonMobil Pipeline Company UNANY Unocal Pipeline Company BYRONEN Byron Energy Inc. ENIPEXCO ENI Petroleu
formats from PennWell's MAPSearch®. ELPASOPR El Paso Production Company HIGHTRAN High Point Gas Transmission SHELLPIP Shell Pipeline Company LP WTOFF W and T Offshore Inc FELDWOOD Fieldwood Energy WILDWELL Wild Well Control CANTIUM Cantium LLC ENVEN EnVen Energ
1901OFFGomMap 1 1/8/19 10:57 AM

G AT H E R
E N GAG E
INFLUENCE
Connec ng p o ess ona s o he n o ma on
peop e and so u ons hey need
o ho m g om n
Allen 51 5 6 7
3
Pointe East Pearl
167 Tangipahoa Jackson 4
71 Coupee Baton River Mobile 47 40 8 9 10 11 98
15
Rouge 59
26 190
Livingston 25 12 13 14 15
53 63 104
57
17 18 19 20
Baton Rouge 190 3241 16
St. Landry West Baton 110
12
21 22 23 24
Rouge Harrison 25
26 27 28 29 30
St. 90
49
Tammany Hancock 10 36 37 38 39 40
10 32 33 41
55 45 46 48 50 51 52 53
Jefferson 44 47 49
190
Davis Acadia 8 43
64
54
67
61 62 63 65 66
24'' DIGP
39 36'' GULFS TRM
22 20'' CHE
VPL 55 56 57 58 59 60
St. Martin Iberville 40 41 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 79 80 81 82
Lafayette 44 43
36
'' D 42
K
ES 78
LIN
TI
30 N 87
EN
90
10 765 766 767 81 82 91
16 ''
88 89 90 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
80
Ascension 809 810 811 85 84 83 107 108 109 822
110
115 116 117 118
812 813 814 106
823 824 113 826 827 828 830
Lafayette St. John 815 819 820 MEPUSI MEPUSI FELDWOOD EXONMOBL EXONMOBL 829
NK
816
NK
860 861 862 863 864 871 872 873 874
N LI
PLACIDOC
855 856 857 858 859
N LI
13 853 854
the Baptist
24'' DIGP
868 869 870
'' E
'' E
12'' CHE
10 VPL 865 866 867 EXONMOBL MEPUSI COXOIL
12
12
Orleans
12'' TWC
904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 20'' DIGP 916 918
897 898 899 900 901 902 12'' E NLINK 917
NK NK
St. James 903 MOBILE 915 COXOIL COXOIL COXOIL
N LI LI
COXOIL COXOIL
14
'' E '' E N
18 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962
942 943 944 36' '
16
GU LFS
P
New Orleans 954
'' TG
COXOIL
945 TR M
12
991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006
989 990
30
987
1001
3127 610 1 988
70 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38
310 3 10 ''
HILE 23
12'' TWC
Vermilion NE 32
24'' WGPL
24 ''
36
'' D
St. 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
DIGP
5 4
E
ST
35
Iberia Assumption Charles
IN
75
CH EV PL
20 TALOS
PL
TALOS
T
126
CH EV
123 124 125
St. Mary 1 Jefferson 8 9 10 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
20' '
TALOS TALOS
20' '
46 BANDONLP
15 14 13 12 11 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170
N LI N K
333
NK
St.
'' E LI
12 '' E N
16 16 17 18 19 20 209 210 211 212 213 214
INTRACOASTAL 300
Bernard
'' E 21 35 36 202 203 205 206 207 208
16
83 N LI
90 NK CHANDELEUR AREA 204 VIOSCA KNOLL
CITY
ENERGYRE ENERGYRE
27 26 25 24 23 22 CHANDELEUR 247 248 249 250 251 253 254 255 256 258
10'' AGP
S 12'' AGP
20'' AGP
S 90 MORGAN 39 AREA, 37 246 252 257
S 10'' AGP
S
BERWICK Plaquemines 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 EAST ADDITION
FELDWOOD
301 302
CITY 40 41
43 44 292
42
FELDWOODFELDWOOD
293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300
6 91 90 89 88 87 86 161 160 159 158

82 VU
S A
LaFourche 39 12'' HIGHGA
TH
157 156 155 154 338 340 341 342 343 344 345 346
HE 7 92 93 94
FELDWOOD
'' C 95 96 97 162 339
10'' CHE VPL
164 165 166

30'' CHE VPL
10 90 167 168 169 388 389 390

C 170 384 385 386 387
8 ET 16'' TETC 163
KLLC
SHELF 15 16 17 FRESHWATER 24 17 24
'' T 18 103 101 100 99
WTOFF
98 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172
383
12'' M21
14 102 171 428 429 430 431 432 433 434
26 25 24 22 21
20 CITY 25 20 19 105 106 109
WTOFF
181
MAGNUM
M21KLLC
23 183
11 208 207
HOUMA TANAEXPL
104 WTOFF 182
184 185 186 187 20
'' D
IG
P
189 190
191 192 474 475 476 477 478
TH
20 19 18 17 16 12 39 40 27 28 115 114 113 112 111 188
24'' DIG
CRETACE
16 12 ''
31 33 34 35 36 209 20 110 205 204 203 202
GA
201 200 199 198
'' K K IN
15 '' D197 196

PL '' TW 20
WG
PLT
EV 195
HIGH
30 210 193
IN
32 519 520 522

36 T R
24'' 23 C
'' CH
30
IG
22 26 12'' EPL
E X XP
PLT
28 29 BRETON SOUND
'' S KLN
24'' WG 16 41 30 29 116 P
194
''
P
39 211 117 119
212 213
44 43 27 118 120 121 206
CO
41 40 207
PR R
208 209 210

EA G
23 211 212 213 521
14 ''
16'' WGPLT
42
E
21 25 31 219
24'' CHE VPL
57 44 AREA CANTIUM 214 215 216 217 218
PL
RO A S
218 215 1 219 220

R
42 38 32 214 CANTIUM ARENA ARENA

MAIN PASS AREA, SOUTH AND EAST ADDITION 565 566
'' AN
38 34 ARENA
MO
564
B
37 36 33 217 53 54 55 56 CANTIUM 38 CHEVUSA

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 35 EPL
216 123 122 236 234 233 232
EX
37 230 229
30
40 39 50 CANTIUM CANTIUM 228 226 224 223

DULAC
UNOCAL 20'' S HELLP IP PETROVEN
220 SA 222 223 224 225 127 126 222
12 ''
47 48 49
CANTIUM 124 ARENA PETROVEN 235 225 221 609 610
41 42 43 44 45 TALOS 46 VU 231
36
57 E COXOIL 9 10 11 12 12A B 39 128 129 130 131 132 227 20'' DIGP 12'' DIGP
R
61 60 59 58 237 238 239

'' S EA
CANTIUM CANTIUM
30
H 221 RO 243 244

'' AN
51 '' C 44 43 242 245 246 249

'' S
12'' K INE MID EA 133 250

EA R O
251
P
40 247 252 253
16'' E XMOPLCO
229 228 227 226 CANTIUM
62 16 16 231 230 CANTIUM MAIN PASS AREA EPL
IG
L
CANTIUM
OCXO '' S
FELD WOOD
RO B
L
53 PETROVENPETROVEN
AL
240 248
20
57 56 56 57 241
'' D
AL
71 72 73 59 58 55 54 '' K 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 22 CANTIUM 59 60 139 138 137 136 135

70 300
B
67 68 69 61 134 270 254

AIN
Terrebonne
IN 271 269 24'' TWC
268
16
52 24 267 266 12
AIN
232 26'' HIGHT

E XP
55 RAN MCMORAN
265 '' DI 263 FELDWOOD 259
60 58 262 257
PL
ENERXXI
233 234 R BROFF BYRONEN CANTIUM ENERXXI N GP 255 654
PL
APSHELF ECOFF
70 GOME1271 18'' AME RICA
G PLT
TOPCO
62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 10'' CHE VUSA
26 27 28 32 33 261
12 ''
74 71 30 34 35 65 18'' FELDWOOD 140 143 RENAIOFF WTOFF WTOFF 258 698

12 ''
141
PL
20
78 77 76 75 20 '' CHEVUSA 145 272 FELDWOOD

256
26
PLT
80 79 237 24'' CGT 274 275

'' W W G
235 238 239 CANTIUM

276
FF
31 KINE 61 278 279
'' C
COXOIL C MEDCOENR 62 273 281
12
'' K
COCHON 64
CH EV
693
18'' HIGHTRAN
29 PL 694
IP
63 ENERXXI
TO
12'' WGPLT XP ENVEN
O
242 241 695 696
'' C
EPL
R
ARENA 246 245 144
''
RESERMAN
244 FS MEDCOENR ENERXXI APCORP 282
IN
FELDWOOD FELDWOOD
20
R WTOFF
N
73 72
XP
LP
UL LT CASTEX WALTER APCORP 277

77 76 74 38 70
H
STONEE
TA
68 WTOFF 71 72
EX
75 47 45 44 '' G 40 147 146 SISEN
BU
79 78 10 '' 42 41 EPL
37 10'' WGP 705
VENICE
APCORP
E
30
89 90 91 300 296 741

20'' TE TC
EL
ENERXXI
88 293 737 739
KINE
87 243
N
85 86 GU 14
VU
240
GRAND 289 288 20'' GEN 738
PR
18''
286
24'' P OP LC
291 290
G
EN
LF 292
10 '' 43 298 297 295 294 287 734 735 742
SH
ENERXXI
CHEVUSA
736
CANTIUM
81 GU SPLC 39 EPL 284 283
SA
O
80 FELDWOOD EPL
46
10' '
APCORP 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 LFSP
20''
KIN EX 69 12'' S HELLP IP STONEE STONEE
740
16''
CHEVUSA
24 ''
90 91
22 ''
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 48 49 52 53 54 55 56 57 PR CHEVUSA IP WTOFF
2
ISLE
LC ANKOR
BPAM
98 97 96 95 94 93 PL GOMSHELF BYRONEN EL LP APCORP WTOFF
285 779 780 782 783 784 PETRONIUS
778
20'' CHE VPL
148
12
EV 10' ' SH WTOFF
12'' CORENRGY
N
20' '
20
50 51 58 '' CH CH EV PL 20 '' FELDWOOD 303 304 305 306
RA
RESERMAN 16
'' P
17 18 19 22 23 24 EV
12 ''
255 254 ENVEN ANKOR
21 SH 773 774
16
'' S
260 259 258 257 256 12 PL 302 GOMSHELF 776
XXI
EL LP 307 775 777
12'' GULFS PLC
'' CH WTENERGY
HT
LA
69 30 74 781 785
12
100 94 93 92
'' W
101 68 62 CHEVUSA
97 96 95 WEST DELTA AREA 149 WTOFF WTOFF
16'' WGPL
99 67 65 63 60
ON
WTOFF
108 98 10 T
9 10 WALTER IP
LL
103 104 105 106 107 COXOIL '' N 8 CONPHIL BYRONEN BYRONEN
IN
'' E
IG
G PL
EN ER
66 823 824 829
G PL
IP
820 821
A
BYRONEN BYRONEN 819 825 826

A LL
AT
PLC
CLF 150 312 817
OG
WTOFF
'' H
'' W
T
59
NE
61 ENERXXI
16'' GULFS PLC
311 310
L LP
261 262 263 264 266

L IS 24 T
16 77 308 815 818 822
60
10
827 828 PERSEUS CHEVUSA
14'' S HELLP IP
G PL APCORP
EX
T
70
RX
111
10'' GULFS PLC
108
12
106 109 110
HE
FELDWOOD
105 107 151 816
FOURCHON
14
10'' GULFS
103 104 71 76 77 78 79 80 12 13 15 16 18 36 33 32 31 30 29
12' '
112 111 '' W 15 17 19 EPL EPL WTOFF
'' F
GOMSHELF APCORP
XI
HIGHGATH
ENERXXI
APCORP
116 115 114 113 APCORP
ENERXXI
'' B
'' S
ROB
SOUTH MARSH ISLAND 265 267 28 27
T
ENERXXI
22'' SEA 20 78 152 APCORP 313 IN 867 869 871 872 873 874
M
75 11 WTOFF 314 315 316 858 860 862 864 865
16
ST
PA
73 74 WTOFF WTOFF WTOFF
O
EAST CAMERON AREA 102 72 BYRONEN BYRONEN APSHELF
30'' DG
153 DE
IL
ENERXXI
112 AREA, NORTH ADDITION 91 CANTIUM 24 ''
TALOS EINSET
M
114 113 31 30 29 27
G
121 120 119 118 116 115 269 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 26 25 24 25 24 35 34 APCORP
12' '
FPMCMORN 30 870 ANDAROFF
AS
121 122 123 124 125 126 21 EPL RENAIOFF 26 25 APCORP TALOS 859 861 WALTER 863 866 868 NOBLEENG
274 273 272 271 270 22 '' B
40 6
46 47 48 49 59 912 913 S DORADO 917 918
SOUTH PASS AREA, SOUTH
16 ''
FELDWOOD WTOFF WTOFF WTOFF WTOFF ENERXXI 50 908 910 911
KIN
117 WTOFF PP 904 905 906 909
12
23 20 16'' E PL
T
PL BPEXPLOR
275 276 277 278 280 92 CH EV 12 900 901 902 903
OP LC
AN
AND EAST ADDITION SOI ANDAROFF
'' P
LN
131 102 32 35 36 37 38 20' '
12
128 130
HIGH
100 101 '' CO SOI
U LF
123 127 93 95 96 98 99 27 28
EM
130 129 122 124 125 126 94 97 33 12'' APCORP 10'' K INE XPR 26 RE 31
SN TALOS 45 FELDWOOD FELDWOOD APCORP APCORP APCORP
VIOSCA KNOLL
C
914 ANDAROFF 916 NOBLEENG
H TR
LA
131
TETC
134 133 132 APCORP 16 '' NILE
'' LL
ENERXXI 907HESSCORP 2400
H
279 ARENA ARENA KIN A HESSCORP HESSCORP '' TW BPEXPLOR SOI

G
41 42
16 ''
NR
ID
COXOIL
IN
43 44 17 FELDWOOD
F FS
FELDWOOD WTOFF WTOFF BAY MA RCHAND AREA CANTIUM 68 69
E
WTOFF FELDWOOD
EX 29 30 18
957 DORADO 960 961 962
R IM
129 LT 954 955 956

24'' P
GY EPL
952 953
TR
TALOS 949 951
IG
A LL
PEROILG PR 947 948
22'' V ENIC
OG
CHEVUSA
2 1 286 285 284 283 282 113 GP 55 54 53 52 50 67 944 945 946
DE
51 14 49 65 64 63 62 61
CO
'' W 59 959 SWORDFISH
'' H
20' '
136 135 132 112 111 110 107 106 58 12
AN
138 137 134 133 9 10
'' C
140 139 108 BPEXPLOR

141 CANTIUM 35 34 56
EX
16 '' BP
L
HESSCORP
140 141 142 32 67
XPR
139
'' T
'' W
20
STIN
143 958
VP
CANTIUM
33 60
12
60 11 BEACON BEACON BPEXPLOR NOBLEENG

VERMILION AREA 104 103 APCORP G 16 17 18 19 21 22 0 19 18 61 70 940 941 942 943 O IL HESSCORP 950 HESSCORP HESSCORP EXONMOBL ANDAROFF EXONMOBL
20
APSHELF
109
HE
287 113A 105 56 57

PLT
67 20 23 36 GOMSHELF
12 993 994 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 BEACON 1004 1005 1006
144 58 59 60 61 GOMSHELF 66 989 990 991
20'' K INE
3 6 7 62 63 ENERXXI CANTIUM 986 988

'' C
64 65
A
120 66 1 SOUTH PELTO AREA 5 984 985
GOME1271 FELDWOOD
145 146 147 148 149 150 151 113B 114 115 116 121 122 GOMSHELF 41 57 995
SN
147 142 143 144 CANTIUM GOMSHELF
42
APCORP STONEFLY FASTBALL
P IP
12
152 151 150 149 148 26

118 PEOLLC 43 71 73 74
LN
TICA '' SE 4 5 MCMORAN SHIP SHOAL AREA TROFF
APCORP 2 3 4 APCORP 33 32 31 30 29 28 75 76 77 79 80 81 29 31 32 72 71 983 987 992 HESSCORP BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BEACON ANDAROFF ANDAROFF BEACON
36
LL
ULF
GOMSHELF GOMSHELF
COXOIL
10'' K INE 38 39 40 GOMSHELF 27 STONEE
PP
AR GOMSHELF FELDWOOD STONEE
FELDWOOD APCORP ENERXXI
27 APCORP
79 78
ENERXXI
PEOLLC APCORP GOMSHELF 180
77 76 8 7 6
'' KI
HE
OB GOMSHELF 10
13 12 75 74 73 69 68 EPL ENERXXI
40 41 1 2 3
'' B
'' FMANDAROFF 39
IP
161 160 159 158 153 152 14 10 9 133 132 131 130 129A 128 127 126 125 124 123 25 49 47 46 45 78 WHITNE YO
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 STONEE STONEE CARDONA 31 32 33 34 35 36
10'' CRIMG
APCORP
157 155 154 11
LP
BENNU
'' S
24
162 LG 38
NE
158 160 161 70 ENERXXI GOMSHELF 69 70 37 OI
L
8 ANKOR MCMORAN PEOLLC 71 APCORP
34 12'' WILENS FELDWOOD 36 35 34 73 ANKOR AMETHYST 28 APCORP CHEVUSA
EL
33
VP
ARENA ARENA GOMSHELF FELDWOOD EPL
20
APSHELF RESERMAN 134 41 20 29 APC AS ANDAROFF
XP
CHEVUSA ANDAROFF MURPHYEP
IPIP
156 TOPCO TOPCO APSHELF APCORP APCORP WHITNEYO
85 86 91 36 38 GOMSHELFGOMSHELF 44 96 95 94 37 STONEE STONEE CARDONA S CHEVUSA
16
81 84 12
'' SH
82 83 88 89 90 14 15 35 88 TOTALSA
HE
159 15 16 17 18 19 20 PEOLLC 10 '' 90 PEOLLC 86 85 39 38 77 78 79 80 81 82 KING W 84 85 45 46 47
R
NAVIPET 135 136 137 139 140 141 142 143 144 TALOS SOUTH PASS AREA MISSISSIPPI 75 76
'' LL
171 138 11 93 70 71
ENERXXI
18'' TWC
162 168 169 170 40 50
XX
163 42 67 68 69
'' C
ENERXXI 166 167 CH 66
H EL LP IP
54 55
48
ARENA ARENA EPL GOMSHELF 65

IP
170 168 167 166 80 13 EV MID GY 43 OTIS 83 DALMATIAN

20
169 165
APCORP
87 APCORP APCORP 44 45 46
OG
47 48
'' L
ENVEN
21
EN
51 89
10
LP
UNOCAL 155 EUGENE ISLAND AREA PL

KINE 48 47 NR 45 44 43 49 63 CANYON 72 NOBLEENG ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF
16 S H EL
52 53
O
164 165 APCORP 101 100 99 98 92 20 16 51 42 LLOGEX
EX
97 96 95 94 18 17 16 ''
GOMSHELF RIDGWOOD RIDGWOOD
12'' CHE VPL
CONTANGO 102 49 RE ENERXXI 64 STONEE STONEE

O
27 26
WALTER 12 ''
STONEE
28 25 24 23 22 154 151 150 149 148 145 EPL FELDWOOD APCORP TALOS
123 124 125 126 127 89 90 91
P1
180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 XPR ARENA APSHELF '' CO46 61 60 58 57 56 97 98 99 101
EPL EPL
109 ORION 111 112 114 117 118 120 121 122 KING
115 116
'' S
3000
175 176 177 178 179 180 EPL 10'' K INE 10
59 105 107 108 109 58 57 108 128 129
''
STONEE STONEE STONEE 56 54 52 12 HORN MOUNTAIN

30'' ANR
OB 156 60 CASTEX NAVIPET

51 50 119
16
53 54 55 103
ENERXXI
F
ANKOR
152 147 56 57 58 59 60 L
14'' WG
146 105 106 107 111 112 113 115 21 GRAND ISLE AREA FOCEX '' HI FELDWOOD STONEE DALMATIAN S
10'' RE NAIOF
AR 109 22 23 24 COXOIL
MURPHYEP CHEVUSA NOBLEENG ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF
WALTER
GOME1271 EP
181 GOME1271
32 '' SE 35 108
APCORP COXOIL EPL 10 '' 55 53 GH 10
110 113 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
29 30 31 34 157 159 160 164 165 166 104 110 114 ENERXXI GA FELDWOOD STONEE '' W 172 173 133 135
AN
AR
OB
182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 16 33 ARENA FELD WOOD ENERXXI 62 63 65 66 67 100 APCORP
106 TH 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171
188 187 186 185 184 177 APCORP EPL TALOS TALOS TALOS STONEE STONEE STONEE TALOS TALOS 25 APCORP 240 151 153 TE 155 156 157
H TR
'' SE 18'' TRKLN 18'' TRKLN 26'' K INE MID 74 148 150 NE KING'S PEAK
64 ENERGYRE 62 61 78
PLT
161 162
30'' ANR
30 163 127 124 123 122 121 120 119

30'' ANR
ANKOR BPEXPLOR APSHELF APCORP 126 125 HOUSGYLP STONEE 74 73 72 71 70 69

GA S
67 GA S 64 118 115 114 113 112 111 110 RG APDWLLC BPEXPLOR BPAPROD MURPHYEP MURPHYEP MURPHYEP
183 12 30 '' 36 66 63 116 WALTER ARENA 154 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA ANDAROFF LLOGBLUE LLOGBLUE APDWLLC
IG
TALOS CHEVUSA NOBLEENG
FOCEX
198 192 '' K 41 SE 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 167 ARENA EPL 76 75 149 APDWLLC 152 Y TOTALEPU WALTER
200 199 196 195 194 193 STONEE STONEE 118 117 68 ENERXXI ENERXXI 65 73 72 71 70 ENVEN
213 214 215 216 217 178 179
'' H
38 GOME1271 APCORP 69 68 18 212 177
18 ''
201 40 39 AR
178 116 APCORP ARENA 300 203 204 205 207 208 209 210 211
EXPR
WALTER
193 194 195 196 197 198 IN NSTAROFF OB 176 SOUTH PASS AREA, SOUTH 83 195 196 197 198 199 200 202 '' S
EX 80 192 193 194
16
42 37 128 129 130 131 132 134 136 138 30'' TRKLNGA S 81 82 83 85 ENERGYRE 87 88 MICA ODD JOB
IP
135 137 79 120 122 124 H

UN
197BANDONLP PR FELDWOOD FELDWOOD APCORP APCORP APCORP 84 ROOSLEU M 123 126 127 AND EAST ADDITION STONEE LLOGEX EL
LP
45 46 47 48 49 180 182 183 184 16 '' 185 188 189 75 121 201 REDROCK 206 LP LLOGBLUE STONEE TOTALEPU TOTALEPU DEEPGULF DEEPGULF ANDAROFF BPEXPLOR BPAPROD BPEXPLOR MURPHYEP MURPHYEP
KIN
LLOGEX
12'' CH
211 43 12'' CRIMSON

AN
139 EXONMOBL ARENA MANDY TOTALEPU

H EL
202 203 204 205 208 210 APCORP WTOFF 133 76 77 78 86 74 75 76 77 78 79 119 ENVEN ENVEN
260 261 221 222
24
206 205 204 203 202 201 W TALOS APCORP APCORP

87 86 85 84 245 246 247 249 250
IP
252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 223
30'' MIS
G 244
Y
242
'' S
44 NSTAROFF 93 92 240 241 CHEVUSA

36' '
PLT 186 APCORP 151 150 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 91 90 89 126 125 236 237 238 239
'' S
APCORP 181 149 98 97 96 94 FELDWOOD

136 134 133 235
ISEN
206 207 209 179 ARENA NSTAROFF APCORP 135 132 NSTAROFF
243 MATTERHORN
EA
OB
131 RATON
18
52 51
24
EVP
56 55 54 53 199 197 196 195 194 193 192 RIDGWOOD DEEPGULF BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR
26'' WGPLT
124 APCORP GOMSHELF 248 251 REDWILLO BEACON DEEPGULF

'' S
215 214 200 95 LLOGBLUE LLOGEX

RO
219 218 217 216 213 212 SOUTH TIMBALIER AREA 85 84 83

MSON
221 220
AR
APCORP WTOFF ENIPEXCO CHEVUSA

81 80
NS
WTOFF
H
APCORP CENTRYX HOACTZIN 24 ENVEN CHEVUSA 266

214 215 216 H 82 130 129 300 301 302 303 304 305 265
EA
211 212 88 FELDWOOD 295 SEVENTEEN 299 267
SICA
91 294
F FS
20'' TCOFFS '' S APCORP

191190 292 293
L
291
B
152 153 156 157 159 160 161 162 163 99 BANDONLP 288 289 290
'' SE
SOUTH MARSH ISLAND AREA 198 158 101 102 104 105 106 107 128 129 285 286 287
ROB
155 130 283 284
'' GE
154 TALOS 282
R
TARPONOD 137 139 140 141 H EL

144 279 280 281 MARMALARD
ARENA
ARENA ACONCAGUA
O
COXOIL
127 TALOS S RATON
CO
MCMORAN
63 103 142 LP HANDS
B
213 BYRONEN 58 201 202 203 204 206 209 210 211 ARENA
89 90
12'' CRI
26
BPEXPLOR
N
CENTRYX 100 APSHELF IP 296 SOI STONEE RIDGWOOD ANDAROFF
12
LLOGEX LLOGEX
224 225 227 229 230 MCMORAN NOBLEENG LLOGBLUE
24'' SEA
59 60 ANKOR BPEXPLOR
'' T
224 223 222 228 205 GOME1271 WALTER ARENA ARENA ICE 304 305 WEST DELTA AREA, 145 278
12'' CORENRGY CHEVUSA ENVEN ENVEN ENIPEXCO CHEVUSA SOI SOI
347 348 349 309 310
219 175 174 173 172 170 169 168 167 166 165 341 342 344 345 346 311
TALOS
164 110 109 24'' VEN 339 340 343

24
57 APCORP BYRONEN 61 62 ARENA ARENA ARENA 207 CHEVUSA 171 111 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 94 93 24 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 HESSCORP
20
226 231 133 87 265 266 APSHELF APSHELF

SOUTH ADDITION 92 324 325 326 CAMDEN HILLS
16'' ANR
222 223 86 10'' E XMOPLCO "M

65 64 222 FELDWOOD GCER 147
'' T
TANAEXPL CHEVUSA
221 220 233 232 70 69 68 67 221 220 219 218 217 216 214 213 212 CLF COXOIL 112 TALOS 108 ARENA
348 ENERXXI ENERXXI 323 AT
239 238 236 234 349 350 309 310 338 SOI BPEXPLOR
NG
240 88 347 312 TO

R
REDWILLO ATPOIL
241 FELDWOOD ARENA
151 150 149 148 146 327 ANDAROFF BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR ANDAROFF
KL
233 234 95 96
PR
229 230 232 176 177 178 179 180 181 183 184 186 187 141 142 144 145
APCORP
321 322
XP CHEVUSA ENVEN ENVEN
391 392 393 353 354
TI
BYRONEN
147 148 149 153 L 381 382 383 384 385 387 NEARLY HEADLESS 355
N
ANKOR ANKOR ARENA ARENA ARENA ARENA ARENA CHEVUSA ARENA

311 152 153 375 376 377 378 379 380 SOI LLOGBLUE
'' S
EWING BANK 154 373 374

SO
APCORP APCORP
G
20'' K INE XPR 237 235 BYRONEN

223 185 NAO FF APSHELF
365 367 369 370 371 NICK STONEE LLOGEX SOI SOI SOI
A
231 76 77 78 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 APCORP COXOIL COXOIL ARENA APSHELF
KEPLER 10'' B PAPRDEEPGULF
12
74 HOUSGYLP
75 APCORP WTOFF APCORP 24 143 12'' ARE 360 361
S
WTOFF RENAIOFF
PA
73 BYRONEN COXOIL 355 356

242 245 246 247 250 251 71
ANKOR
GOME1271 '' TC 146 WTOFF 151 152 89 90 393
PEROILG
366 MISSISSIPPI CANYON OD 386 389 APPOMATTOX SOI SOI VICKSBURG
12
LLOGEX SOI
30'' K INE XPR FELDWOOD
30'' K INE XPR 199 RENAIOFF 195 191 189 188 168 167 166 165 164 163 OB
372 BPEXPLOR CHEVUSA BPAPROD
EL
238 236 OFF 194 193 190 AR 353 600 363 364 368 435 436 437 397 398
'' CR
12'' CRIM
237 243 244 248 249 BYRONEN ANKOR EPL EPL APCORP MCMORAN ARENA ARENA ARENA
161 20 ''
SE 158 157 362 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 BEACON 429 430 431 432 433 434 399
SON BYRONEN PEROILG 419
20 ''
PEROILG
COXOIL 30'' K INE XPR 30'' K INE XPR 241 240 238 236 20 234 GOMSHELF TALOS 197 196 SH
192
FELDWOOD APCORP 91 394 354 ANDAROFF APSHELF
411 412 413 415 417 LLOGBLUE
242 241 240 239 86 85 84 244 243 APCORP APCORP APCORP WALTER ARENA 408 409 410 427 ARIEL BPEXPLOR SON OF BLUTO II
30'' DGT
'' SE 162 24
404 405
IM
12'' CRI
256 254 253 252 82 237 AR 200 201 202 203 204 FELDWOOD 206 FELDWOOD 209 10 160 159 '' SE 94 92 397 398 399 400 401 402 CHEVUSA 428 DEEPGULF BPEXPLOR
252 253 261 208 210 169 170 171 173 BPAPROD LLOGEX HESSCORP SOI SOI SOI
SO
260 TALOS '' SE 438 LLOGBLUE TOTALEPU HESSCORP CHEVUSA
249 20'' TETC 257 83 81 80 79 245 242 239 ARENA ARENA 235 OB
120 174 177 178 179 180 181
AR 1200 407 414 416 418 441 442
TALOS FELDWOOD 207 EPL AR TALOS OB PARDNER 406 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
470 471 474 476 477 478 479 480 481 443
N
259 258 255 WALTER WALTER
94 247 248 251 255 FELDWOOD 211 OB 172 176 93 ENERXXI
403 460 461 463 464 465 CHEVUSA
247 248 250 251 FELDWOOD 87 88 89 91 92 93 250 253 256 EPL RESERMAN 437 ENERXXI
451 453 454 455 456 457 458 459
MSO
BPEXPLOR
262 266 267 268 269 270 271 R
223 222 221 220 217 216 214 213 212 175 APSHELF APSHELF FELDWOOD 95 97 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 BEACON 475
260 259 258 257 256 255 254 FELDWOOD
246 24 ''
AN
249
ARENA MARQUISO 195 194 193 192
ARENA
482 441 442 APPALOOSA 466 467 468 469 472 473 BPEXPLOR LLOGEX SOI SOI SOI SOI
265 90
COXOIL ARENA ARENA ARENA 219 190 189 187 186 185 184
HESSCORP HESSCORP MURPHYEP
486
H
ENIOILUS
525 485
N
263 APCORP ENVEN

ENERGYRE
260 258 257 WTOFF ANKOR ANKOR FELDWOOD
196 BANDONLP 191 ARENA BYRONEN 96 450 452 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR HERSCHEL 522 523 524 487
FFS
102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 FELDWOOD 266 264 263 RENAIOFF UNOCAL WTOFF
188
FELDWOOD
500 501 505 506 507 508 509
281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 ARENA ARENA 224 20'' WG 227 228 230 232 198 199 200 201 ARENA APSHELF GOME1271 100 99 98 481 487 488 489 490 491 492 494 495 496 497 498 499 ENIOILUS WHO DAT CHEVUSA BPAPROD RIDGWOOD FOURIER RYDBERG
269 270 271 EPL EPL 485 504 WRIGLEY
30'' TCO
EPL
65 268 272 FELDWOOD 265 262 261 ENERGYRE PLT 233 197 202 206 525 526 502 LLOGEX
HESSCORP BPAPROD HESSCORP MURPHYEP MURPHYEP BEACON SANTIAGO BPAPROD 521 SOI SOI ECOPETRO SOI
COXOIL FELDWOOD
225 226 234 235 207 208 209 ZIA LONGHORN LLOGEX LLOGEX
18
LLOGEX
FELDWOOD FELDWOOD 276
ENERGYRE ENVEN ANKOR ANKOR WTOFF GOME1271 204 ENVEN
493 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 SANTA CRUZ 566 567 ECOPETRO 569 529 530 531
BANDONLP 104 105 107 108 271 272 273 277 278 552 553 554
'' S
266 267 287 288 289 291 103 110 269 270 274 246 241 203 ENVEN
HOUSGYLP
486 544 545 546 548 549 16'' LLO 551
283 284 285 286 290 247 244 102 103 542
16'' S EARO
D WOOD
282 APSHELF 109 245 240 239 236 215 214 213 211 FELDWOOD 104 539 540 541 563 BPEXPLOR LLOGBLUE FOURIER
HE
10'' TRK 536 537 ISABELA
277 275 274 273 272 ENERGYRE
243 242 238 530 531 532 533 534 535 GE X 568
16' '
8 276 EUGENE ISLAND AREA, LP IP ARENA ARENA FELDWOOD LNG 529 LLOGEX X APDWLLC APDWLLC MURPHYEP
S SANTA CRUZ SOI SOI SOI
LL
FELDWOOD FOCEX BEACON BPAPROD BPAPROD DEEPGULF
180 APSHELF TALOS
268 FELDWOOD FELDWOOD ANKOR WTOFF 237 212 221 222 223 224 225 AS GOME1271 101 GULFSLOP GULFSLOP MEDUSA N LLOGDEEP 13'' LLOGE 550
543 574
P IP
EAST CAMERON AREA, GOMEX GOME1271 288 L 282 281 280 12' ' ENVEN
607 608 609 610 611 612 613 573 575
SH ELL
TANAEXPL
16
CH EVUSA
14''
NEXENUSA 603
292 118 117 112 SOUTH ADDITION S HE 601 604
MURPHYEP COBALT CHEVUSA
293 113 289 248 249 250 251 252 253 255 257 258 216 217 218 219 18 SH WTOFF
108 107 MURPHYEP
591 592 593 594 595 596 597 599 600
'' M
301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 '' '' D 226 EL LP
228 106 105 581 582 583 585 587 588 LLOGDEEP APC ILXPROSP DOVER SOI MURPHYEP MURPHYEP
SOUTH ADDITION 579 580 MURPHYEP BALLYMORE
NSNA
FELDWOOD
SH ELL
286 285 284 283 IP 576 578 EX MURPHYEP MURPHYEP
AN
VERMILION AREA, SOUTH ADDITION PLT 116 115 114 287 20 LP

IP 279 FELDWOOD FELDWOOD PLT 254 256 259 G 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 GRAND ISLE AREA, 573 574 575 589 OG 590 602 18 E. ANSTEY CHEVUSA SOI SOI SAN JACINTO
B
220 T MEDUSA MURPHYEP CHEVUSA

G FELDWOOD 598
TA
238 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
PIP
IP
G EL LL LLOGEX 28' ' '' T

286 287 288 289 GOMEX
123 124 125 126 290 291 292 293 294 296 297 SH 300 '' W WTOFF WTOFF SOUTH ADDITION APSHELF 16 '' BPPL 653 654 655 619
2400
285 '' W 121 122 271 270 269 265 264 12 243 242 584 647 649 651 652 656 657
LP
648
18
20 '' W
283 284 260 241 239 WALTER 645
IP
309 310 311 240 577 MURPHYEP

639 640 642
BPPL
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 TALOS 268 263 633 634 635 636 637 638 NSNA C
C
FELDWOOD
20 20 111 112 632
PIP
'' S
631
LP
LLOGEX LLOGEX 650

EL
RENAIOFF 113
24
291 290 627 628 COULOMB
W
296 295 294 293 119 120 298 299 '' C 261 16
622 623 624 625 626 CHEVUSA
10'' WTOFF
621
EL
FELDWOOD FELDWOOD
18
266 617
HE
267 262 251 252 619 620
'' T
292 253 254 255 256 APSHELF
'' W
WALTER '' P 110

SH
UNOCAL R IM FELDWOOD 617

250 618 LLOGEX
643 644 646 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA SOI SOI SOI SOI SOI ECOPETRO MURPHYEP
H
311 310 309 308 306 305 302 301 109 '' S
641
18
LL
20' '
O
'' S
TALOS
312 134 133 272 273
24' '
FELDWOOD 304 278 279 SO 281 283 244 245 LLOGEX 700 701 661 662
G PL
274 282 P 20'' DGT 629 BIG BEND 698 699

128 LLOGEX
692 693 694 695 663
24 ''
130 SOUTH TIMBALIER AREA,
P IP
318 317 316 315 314 313 TALOS 249 LC H EL 686 687 688
20
322 320 319 N 116 115 114 680 681 682 HESSCORP 684 685
C
677 678 679

TETC
TA
304 305 306 307 WALTER

671 672 673 675 676 696 TOTALEPU TROUBADOUR
MA
301 302 303 321 12 670 FELDWOOD

14'' DISCP
669
TET
BLIND FAITH
T
FELDWOOD
129 FELDWOOD FOCEX DYNAMOFF TALOS ENERGYRE 275 276 277 280 246 247 248 266 SOUTH ADDITION 261 260 665 666 667 668
AN
LP
FELDWOOD ENERGYRE ENERGYRE 312
APCORP MONFORTE '' C 259 117 FELDWOOD APSHELF 663 664 TUBULAR BELLS 690 691 MENSA 697 NOBLEENG NOBLEENG NOBLEENG NOBLEENG NOBLEENG EXONMOBL EXONMOBL
315 316 317 318 319 320 322 689 COBALT
NTA
IP
295 R IM CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
'' M
FELDWOOD 137 138 139 140 313 ARENA 294 293 292 MONFORTE 289 288 287 286 284 270 269 268 267 264 702 674 HESSCORP HESSCORP 683 706
16''
FELDWOOD MURPHYEP 743 744 745 705

16' '
326 327 328 329 330 333 290 SO 265 263 262 118 119 120 736 737 738 739 740 742 707
24
332 APCORP 729 730

311 310 308 323 324 325 135 321 20'' MA
NTA 701 661 662 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 CHEVUSA
313 312 FELDWOOD ARENA APCORP APCORP ARENA 291 ANKOR 240 FELDWOOD N 271 277 278 280 12'' DGT 283 284 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 THUNDER HAWK NOBLEENG
DANTZLER
708
12'' E NIP EXCO
333 328 327 326 325 324 323 296 279 706 LLOGEX 709 710 HESSCORP HESSCORP 728 TRITON 741
KODIAK 735
ROD
EXONMOBL
309 ARENA APSHELF ENERGYRE FELDWOOD
144 143 24' ' 297 298 299 302 272 273 745 746 705 SOI
731 732 733 NOBLEENG CHEVUSA DEEPGULF DEEPGULF
334 150 301 274 CHEVUSA
14 TALOS TALOS
338 337 336 335 148 147 146 145 APCORP SEAR APCORP 275 276
281 282 APCORP 121
STONEE
SOI
12'' WILFIE
LD HESSCORP LLOGBLUE
MURPHYEP
785 786 787 788 789 749 750
323 324 325 344 343 342 341 340 784 751
ARENA S DEIMOS 782
PL
16'' TCO GOOSE 779 780 781

30'' DGT
320 321 322 334 ARENA

OB
329 FFS H ARENA 303 304 305 306 744 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 THUNDER HORSE N ENIOILUS BPAPROD
FF
WTOFF LLOGEX FELDWOOD

763 KING
FELDWOOD TALOS RENAIOFF FELDWOOD M21KLLC FELDWOOD APCORP 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 FELDWOOD APSHELF
755 756 757 758 759 760 761 772 775 THUNDER HORSE
O
339 156 336 338 339 340 344 345 319 318 317 316 315 314 313 312 310 309 308 299 298 297 296 788 789 790 749 750 752 753 754 W BOREAS SOI SOI SOI GOLDFINGER 783 COBALT
'' G
PEROILG PEROILG FELDWOOD SOI CHEVUSA CHEVUSA NOBLEENG

VPL
319 151 153 154 155 158 APCORP

295 SOI 774 BPAPROD BPAPROD BPAPROD EXONMOBL NOBLEENG
12 ''
TALOS WTOFF 20
348 349 350 352 353 354 355 ENVEN
341 294 ANDUIN PRINCESS SOI RIDGWOOD ENIPEXCO CHEVUSA 24'' GEN 794
345 346 347 351 831 832 833 793
16
'' S 335 ARENA 300 APCORP APCORP APCORP APCORP 825 826 795 SOI
823 824 827 828
12' '
RO
342 343 311 RIDGWOOD
819 820 821
20 ''
REDWILLO
331 330 329 337
APCORP ARENA ARENA ARENA FELDWOOD WTOFF APCORP FELDWOOD ANDUIN W FELDWOOD APCORP
813 814 SISEN
12'' CHE
812
EN
B 12 APCORP 787 WALTER 810 811 DEVILS TOWER

H
328 '' TE TIN SOUTH MARSH ISLAND 157 10'' ATP 804 805 807 808 809 308 FELDWOOD WALTER BEACON LLOGEX
OIL 803 REDWILLO
240 WALTER 829 830 822
FS
32 354 353 352 351 350 347 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 328 329 330 798 331 300
799 800 801 302 12'' FELDWOOD
MC
303 827 816

W ILF
826 829 830 794 DE SOTO

VE
IP
327 326 TC G
166 AREA, SOUTH ADDITION 159 346 VALLEY FORGE SOI SOI MARS B SOI 831 832 834 EXONMOBL 793 NOBLEENG
OF
APCORP TOTALEPU SOI

TALOS
360 359 358 357 356 305 802 815 LLOGEX 817 818 BPEXPLOR BPAPROD BPAPROD EXONMOBL EXONMOBL
16'' S HELLP
DONLP BANDONLP
PEROILG 364 363 362 306 307 796 GLADDEN ANDAROFF
N
OFFP
DEIMOS 806 SOI SOI SOI

161 349 348 SHIP SHOAL AREA, 300 327 GULFSLOP APCORP 833 795 SOI SOI SOI
869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 837 CANYON
'' TC
P IP
337 338 339 340 341 342 343 366 355 APCORP COXOIL APCORP 304 864 865 866 867 868
IE LD
KNIGTRES SOI
BANDONLP ENVEN 165 164 163 162 APCORP 160 335 310 309 APCORP
FELDWOOD WALTER RIDGWOOD RIDGWOOD REDWILLO 797
WTOFF
850 852 853 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863
359 360 361 362 364 343 SOUTH ADDITION 339 338 337 336 334 333 332 315 314 313 NAVIPET WALTER 849
LL
366 312 311 WALTER

300 APCORP 361 ENVEN 358 367 869 870 872 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 838 839
24
168 873 838 839 840 851 SOI

CHEVUSA CALLISTO
ET
377 167 174 357

169 170 172 874 875 837
24
HE
171 876
30'' GARDNB NK
WTOFF ENERGYRE
370 372 373 374 375 376 0 GULFSLOP GULFSLOP 871 877 878 BPEXPLOR EXONMOBL BPEXPLOR EXONMOBL TOTALEPU ANDAROFF
346 RENAIOFF 367 368 369 342 341 340 600 LLOGEX
363 854
'' S
350 349 348 347 371 173 COXOIL COXOIL 365 PLC WTOFF RENAIOFF WALTER EWING BANK 878 SOI SOI SOI SOI SOI SOI SOI
907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 921 881 882 883
345 347 348 352 20'' PO 354
SOI
900 901 902 903 904 905 906 920
20
ENERXXI
RENAIOFF 377 376 375 374 373 372 370 369 368 344 346 349 350 GULFSLOP 355 316 317 318 319 320 ENVEN ENVEN NAVIPET LLOGBLUE BROFF
890 891 892 893 894 895 12 897 898 899
PEROILG
176 175 378 911 887 888 889 '' AT
912 913 886
FMOILGAS RENAIOFF BANDONLP GULFSLOP GULFSLOP
915 916 884 885 896
379 378 180 179 178 177 371 WTOFF WTOFF 351 WTOFF 914 917 918 919 920 922 WALTER 881 882 883 SOI
ENERGYRE
388 387 386 384 382 381 380 182 181
HOUSGYLP
20'' POP
LC 20'' P OP LC WTOFF WTOFF POPLC 353 TA APCORP WTOFF RENAIOFF ENIOILUS PO SOI
ECOPETRO FELDWOOD APC EXONMOBL
55 357 358 359 361 385 HOUSGYLP GULFSLOP 20'' N IP 921 LLOGBLUE SOI IL CROSBY
959 960 961 962 963 964 965 925 926 927
GULFSLOP
364 363 362 361 360 359 A
953 954 955 956 957 958
N
SOI
379 357 356 948 949 950 951 952
LP WTOFF WALTER BLACK WIDOWWALTER
IN G
933 384 385 386 387 937 '' M NAVIPET

942 943 944 945 946 947
VE
TOPCO PEROILG MOCOMP RENAIOFF 383 APSHELF ANKOR

189 190 380 381 H EL 949 952 953 954
ENVEN ENVEN ENVEN WALTER
933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941
184 185 186 187 188 955 956 957 958 959 929 930 931 932
N
356 16
ENIPEXCO 16 '' S 960 961 962 963 925 926 927 928 MORGUS GUNFLINT Q
ST
964
20
392 393
'' E
389 390 391 399 382 383 WTOFF WTOFF FELDWOOD '' M 20 948 965 966 EUROPA MIRAGE ANDAROFF ANDAROFF BPEXPLOR
368 365 364 363 362 ECOPETRO ECOPETRO
'' S
RIDGWOOD
12
GYRE 366 367 AN 950 951 2400 SOI STATOIL STATOIL SOI SOI
1007 1008 1009 969 970 971
16 ''
ENVEN 365 368 ENVEN WTOFF BPEXPLOR SOI

998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005
NG
WTOFF WTOFF SOI SOI 995 996 997

H
EN ER 394 395 396 397 398 393 392 391 390 976 389 982 983 984 TA WALTER ENVEN PRINCE 989 990 991 992 993 994
'' W 977 978
16 979 986 987 988 1006
985
EL
12' ' 198 300 192 WTOFF 991 992 993 994 14 997
WALTER ENVEN ENIOILUS APDWLLC
978 979 980 981 982 983 984
TI
367 366 193 WTOFF 988 989 998 999 1000 1001 1002 973 974 975 976 977
LP
407 406 405 404 403 402 401 400 195 388 APSHELF '' P 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 970 971 972
'' S
410 409 394 HOUSGYLP IL 1008 1009 1010 969 VITO

IP
373 374 375 376 377 378 379 ARENA 191

GULFSLOP FIE 990 ENVEN
OP
BPEXPLOR RIDGWOOD MOCOMP MOCOMP BPEXPLOR
20
197 196 194 396 397

WHISTLER HESSCORP 995 LC WALTER EWING BANK EWING BANK 1006 ANDAROFF BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR SOI SOI
41 1 2
600 CHEVUSA
205 206 TOPCO 5 6 LD
8 9 10 20
11 '' G 12 13 ENVEN WTOFF HOUSGYLP
SOI
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 3
199 200 201 202 203 204 14 15 16 17 WHISTLER 1219 20 21 24
ENVEN ENVEN NOBLEENG NOBLEENG
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
27 29 30 411 412 33 35 413 395 GULFSLOP EN 25 26 27 HESSCORP
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
GULFSLOP NEXENUSA 7 S 18
'' W
EXONMOBL 36 37 38 39 40 MERGANSER
65 67 68 77 78 79 47 IS IL ENVEN 22 23 HESSCORP HESSCORP HESSCORP KATMAI APC APC LLOGEX MURPHYEP
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 MONDO NW
66 72 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 EN 57 58
DW 2400 MURPHYEP MURPHYEP BPEXPLOR APC BPEXPLOR
64 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 47
82 83 84 59 60 E 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 10 LLOGEX NOBLEENG RIDGWOOD
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 65 66 67 68
69 70 71 73 74 75 76 ECOPETRO 80 81 CVENERGY 61 62 63 64 LL '' W 73 74 76 77 79 50 51 52 53 54 55 45 46
80
ENS
FLEX 85 45 46 45 48 49
SOI SOI CHEVUSA 600 72 G PL 81 NAVIPET 84 46 47 TELEMARK ANDAROFF
9 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 89 90 91 92 93
WHISTLER WILDWELL WILDWELL TALOS HESSCORP T HEALEY SOI ANDAROFF
120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
94 95 97 98
HESSCORP EXONMOBL HESSCORP
75 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 89 90 91
12'' WIL
600 117 1200 99 100 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 78 BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR 82 83 BPEXPLOR
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
SOI 1200 110 112 ENVEN 115 116 14
97 98 99 100 101
20' '
ECOPETRO ECOPETRO 12'' S HELLP IP

129 '' G 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
SOI 96 101 109 10 111 114 E 128 REDWILLO REDWILLO ANDAROFF
158 '' SOI
SH
3 154 156 157 159 162 163 164 165 166 168 170 172 173 133 134 135 136 137 138 139
WILDWELL WILDWELL S OTALOS MOGUSA MOGUSA HESSCORP 117
N STATGULF HESSCORP
163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 133 134 135
140 142 143 144 118 119 S
157 158 159 160 161 162
10
145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 I IS BPAPROD BPEXPLOR MURPHYEP
150 151 152 153 154 155 156
EL LP
TULANE 171 153 154 155 157 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149
'' M
155 160 161 SHAFT 160 161 162 163 EN

165 166 167 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
167 168 169 133
1200
169 MANATEE 170 171 172

20' '
HESSCORP COBALT
BRUTUS
CO
HESSCORP HESSCORP NEXENUSA LLOGEX REDWILLO SOI

IP
7 198 199 200 201 202 203 205 206 209 EXONMOBL MOGUSA 156 HESSCORP ANDAROFF SOI SOI SOI
207 208 210 211 213 214 PENN STATE DEEP 178 LLOGEX 159 APC APC ANDAROFF APC
211 212 213 214 215 216 217 177 178 179
28' '
179 181 182 184 185 LLOGEX ENVEN

204 205 206 207 208 209 210
FF
186 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA 203

BPPL
NORTHWESTERN 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 195 196 197 198 164 REDWILLO BPAPROD BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201
199 200 201 189 190 191
ELLPIP
217 187 188

PE
GARDEN BANKS 205 203 183 184 185 186

MARD
SOI 204 212 HESSCORP

177 CHEVUSA 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 177 178 179 180 181 182
180 183 MCOFFPET ANDAROFF ANDAROFF LORIEN 215 216 217 COBALT
T
HESSCORP COBALT COBALT

NSNA S
1 242 243 244 245 246 248

HESSCORP HESSCORP SOI SOI EXONMOBL EXONMOBL 194
MOCOMP ENVEN EXONMOBL STURGIS ANDAROFF ANDAROFF SOI 202
249 250 251 252 253 254 CONGER 260 COBALT 221 222 223
1800
APC
260 261 222 223 224 FELDWOOD SOI
254 255 256 257 258 259
1800
MOCOMP
259 221 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 BRUTUS RU 204 205 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253
12'' SH
IGR
COTTONWOOD 14'' S HELLP IP 258 HESSCORP 237 239 240 241 ASPEN 243 244 245 246
BPAPROD BPAPROD
231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
247 PHOENIX 238 248 249 250 251 C 254 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 VORTEX
PETROBRA 255 256 257 WTOFF ANDAROFF HESSCORP APC APC ANDAROFF 225 253 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 221 222 261 COBALT COBALT COBALT
5 286 287 288 289 291 SOI SOI SOI TALOS ENERGYRE ENERGYRE ENERGYRE DROSHKY GLIDER TW SOI
292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 305 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
242
LLOGBLUE HESSCORP MOCOMP 247
EXONMOBL 16'' STATGULF STATGULF SOI SOI
292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 265 266 267
274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286
ENVEN EXONMOBL EXONMOBL 252 ENIPEXCO
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290
1800 24 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280
290 PYRENEES 00 ANDAROFF
TORNADO 295 296 ENIOILUS 298 BPAPROD MURPHYEP 301 265 266 267 268 269 270 271
DEEPGULF POWER 303 304 BORIS 287 302 303 304 305 291
COBALT COBALT COBALT COBALT
9 330 331 333 334 335 336 337 338 340 341 ENERGYRE ENERGYRE ENERGYRE EXONMOBL 297 ALLEGHENY S SOI SOI
2400
342 343 344 PLAY 347 348 349 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318
HESSCORP SOI
335 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 348 310 311
SARGENT 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 ENIPEXCO CLIPPER 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 JUBILEE
HABANERO 346 329 330 331 333 FRONT RUNNER 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 JUBILEE
332 345 334 340 341 342 343 344 LLOGBLUE 346 309 310 311 312 313 314 EXTENSION
DEEPGULF DEEPGULF SOI 347 347 349
24'' S HELLP
ANDAROFF ANDAROFF EXONMOBL EXONMOBL BPAPROD BPEXPLOR 3000 FRONT RUNNER S 348 336
374 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 385 386 387 388 EXONMOBL EXONMOBL 332
16'' GENS ISEN
390 391 393 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 336 337 MURPHYEP MURPHYEP EXONMOBL EXONMOBL KHALEESI
378 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 353 354 355
3000 384 LLANO 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 373 374 345 HOUSGYLP
369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377
376 377 378 379 380 QUATRAIN 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368
383 384 385 359
IP
3 375 389 392 20 '' 387 388 390 391 353 354 355 356 357 358
HESSCORP HESSCORP 392
LP
2400 EXONMOBL BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR TALOS 382 GE 379

PEGASUS
EL
7 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 428 429 430 433 434 436 437 397 398 399 400 401 402
EXONMOBL EXONMOBL 372 375 381 NS
389 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 397 399
403 404 405 406 ENVEN ISE 423 424 425 426 427 398
H
407 408 409 420 421

IP
MURPHYEP
CARDAMOM 410 411 412 413 414 ENIOILUS
417 418 419
'' S
416 417 415 416

14
N BHPBILLI LLOGBLUE LLOGBLUE ANDAROFF BEACON 414

418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428
BHPBILLI
404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413
429 402 403
14
401 BASS LITE

16'' E NTEICE S
'' G
HESSCORP HESSCORP SOI SOI 431 432 435 EXONMOBL 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 397 398 399 400 CHEYENNE
ECOPETRO ECOPETRO 422
EN
1 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 441 442 443 444 445
TALOS 415 TALOS HESSCORP SAMURAI 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 441 442 443
446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 CHEVUSA ANDAROFF 430
DEEPGULF
463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471
SI
SERRANO 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465
BHPBILLI MURPHYEP REDWILLO LLOGBLUE ENVEN APC
454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461
466 467 468 469 BPEXPLOR
450 451 452 453
SE
HER 470 472 473 474 475 476 477 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449
ENERGYRE SOI SOI 3000 PONY 478 479 480 481 441
N
EXONMOBL ECOPETRO 6000 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA CHEVUSA

506 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523
BPEXPLOR
KING KONG MORMONT HESSCORP 462 523 524 525 485 486 487
524 525 485 486 487 488 489 491 492 493 494 495 496 497
EXONMOBL SOI HESSCORP CHEVUSA 471 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522
NNY 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509
LLOGBLUE ANDAROFF ANDAROFF BHPBILLI MURPHYEP LLOGBLUE ENVEN
499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507
490 WIDE BERTH 510 511 512 513 514 515
BPEXPLOR
490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498
507 508 OZONA DEEP 516 YOSEMITE 518 K2 NORTH 521 522 485 486 487 488 489 COBALT
FF
ENERGYRE BHPBILLI BHPBILLI HESSCORP EXONMOBL REPSOLYP APDWLLC ECOPETRO BPEXPLOR KNOTTY HEAD 523 524 525 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
552 553 554 555 556 557 558 517 APC WILDLING-2
TO
550 551 559 560 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 CHEVUSA SOI CHEVUSA 519 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 529 530 531
538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547
STATGULF STATGULF NEXENUSA
546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556
BU
LLOGBLUE
OREGANO 548 EXONMOBL 550 552 554 555
ANDAROFF APC BHPBILLI BHPBILLI
539 540 541 542 543 544 545
9 561 551 556 557 558 559 561 WARRIOR 563 564 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 LLOYD RIDGE
EN
SOI SOI 565 566 567 568 569 529 530 531 CHEVUSA
BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR
FF
3 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 EXONMOBL EXONMOBL 549 SOI 553 K2 APC 611 612 613 573 574 575
10 ''
613 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584
SOI
560 APC 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610
U TO
585 586 587 588 590 591 592 593

ANDAROFF APC BHPBILLI BPAPROD ANDAROFF
586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596
WINTER 594 595 596 598 CP RO D 600 601 602 604 605 LLOGBLUE
580 581 582 583 584 585
606 APC 608 575 576 577 578 579 ATWATER VALLEY
NB
SOI COBALT EXONMOBL EXONMOBL CHEVUSA 597 ' DIS FRIESIAN 610 611 573 574
MURPHYEP BPAPROD BPEXPLOR 589 16' 609 612
'' E
7 638 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 617 618 619 620 621 622
EXONMOBL APC APC NEPTUNE 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 617 618 619
623 624 625 626 627 628 629 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF 603 ANDAROFF MARCO POLO 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647
16
630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637

630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639
638 639 640 642 ANDAROFF ANDAROFF 645 646 647 648
LLOGBLUE 613 623 624 625 626 627 628 629
639 649 650 652 620 621 622
BHPBILLI
657 617
16'' E NBUT
SOI 641
EXONMOBL EXONMOBL HESSCORP BPAPROD BPAPROD BPAPROD TAHITI CHEVUSA BHPBILLI BHPBILLI 655 656 618
1 683 684 685 686 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 700 701 661
CHEVUSA CHEVUSA SOI DANIEL BOONE GENGHIS KHAN 654 696 697 698 699 700 701 661 662 663
662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 CHEVUSA CHEVUSA 643 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695
2400
672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679

ANDAROFF APDWLLC BHPBILLI SHENZI BHPBILLI 619 679 680 681 682 683 684 685
682 680 681 682 683 684 HOLSTEIN DEEP HOLSTEIN 690 691
BPEXPLOR BPEXPLOR
669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678
687 699 SOI 692 693 694 697 698 699 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668
EXONMOBL SOI
STATGULF BPAPROD CHEVUSA
CONSTITUTION APC CAESAR 685 686 687 688 689 700 701
5 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 742 743 CHEVUSA NOBLEENG 20'' E NBUTOFF 743 744 745 705 706 707
OFF
744 745 705 706 707 708 CHEVUSA APC

737 738 739 740 741 742
FF
709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722
STATGULF STATGULF HESSCORP ANDAROFF APDWLLC APDWLLC 695 696 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736
723 724 725 726 727 728 729 BPAPROD BPEXPLOR 718 719 720 721 722 723
UTO
726 730 732 733 734 735 736 737 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717
EXONMOBL SOI APC SOI 741 WEST TONGA CALPURNIA 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 705 706 707 708 709
STATGULF CHEVUSA CHEVUSA CHEVUSA STATGULF UNOCAL
20'' ENB
9 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 749 750 751 752 753
UNOCAL RIDGWOOD RIDGWOOD ANDAROFF CHEVUSA APC APC LLOGEX GREEN CANYON ATLANTIS 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 749 750 751
754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766
REPSOLYP
767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779
MAGNOLIA 767 768 769 770 772 773 774 776
BPEXPLOR BPAPROD BPAPROD BPAPROD
759 760 761 762 763 764
APC 765 766 APC APC
777 778 779 780 781 782 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603
CHEVUSA SOI SOI SOI CONPHIL CONPHIL SOI SOI ANDAROFF ANDAROFF CHEVUSA STATGULF
TICONDEROGA 771 783 784 786 RS 788 789 749 750 586 587 588 589 590 591 592
CHEVUSA CHEVUSA TOTALEPU CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
3 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 793 794 795 796 797 798
RIDGWOOD NOBLEENG APC NOBLEENG REPSOLYP 6000 DI
G
RS 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 793 794 795
799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810
APDWLLC ANDAROFF
785 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822
D IG 787 809 BHPBILLI
BPAPROD BPAPROD AR
811 812 813 814 815 816 817 REPSOLYP 819 820 '' M 803 804 805 806 807 808 APC APC APC
ANCHOR 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 16 R
794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 644 645 646 647
TOTALSA COBALT SOI BHPBILLI COBALT COBALT ANDAROFF SOI ANDAROFF
A 831 832 833 793
7 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869
REPSOLYP APC CHEVUSA TOTALEPU CHEVUSA CHEVUSA LLOGBLUE MAD DOG '' M SOI
870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846
COBALT 818 REPSOLYP STONEE 24 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 837 838 839
847 848 849 850 852 853 856
BHPBILLI BPAPROD BPAPROD
BPAPROD 830 MURPHYEP SPIDERMAN 852 853 854 MURPHYEP 855 856 857
APC 858 859 860 861 862 643
857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 846 847 848 849 850 851
851 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691
TOTALEPU BHPBILLI TOTALEPU TOTALEPU COBALT ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF
STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF TOTALEPU CHEVUSA CHEVUSA MURPHYEP HEIDELBERG 875 877 837
854 855
24 ''
1 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 918 919 920 2400 881
921 882 883
921 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894
APC STONEE NOBLEENG NOBLEENG APC APC
903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917
895 896 898 899
ANDAROFF ANDAROFF BPAPROD BPAPROD BPEXPLOR
876 896 CHEVUSA 897 BHPBILLI 898 MURPHYEP899 900 901 902
CH
900 901 902 903 904 905 906 908 909 889 890 891 892 893 894
MURPHYEP MURPHYEP
895
910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735
919
EV
CHEVUSA CHEVUSA COBALT COBALT COBALT STATGULF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF 897 920 921
5 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 REDWILLO
925 926 927
PL
961 962 963 964 965 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936
APC APC 907 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965
NORTH PLATTE 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 EXONM OBL 940 APDWLLC 941 APDWLLC 942 943 944 945 946 947 948
949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939
CHEVUSA CHEVUSA COBALT COBALT 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 925 926 927 928 929 930 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 769 770 771 772 773 774 30 776 777 778 779
SOI SOI COBALT ANDAROFF ANDAROFF HOUSGYLP CHEVUSA 965 00
9 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 969 970 971 972 973 974 975
HOUSGYLP LLOGBLUE LLOGBLUE EXONMOBL APC DE SOTO CANYON 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1007 1008 1009 969 970 971
976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991
ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF LLOGBLUE LLOGBLUE TOTALEPU 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 766 998
997 767 768 775
992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983
1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 817 818 1006819 820 821 822 823
COBALT TOTALEPU SOI TOTALSA TOTALEPU
CHEVUSA LLOGBLUE REDWILLO
1008 1009
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 1 2 3 4 5 6
STONEE STONEE STATGULF
31 32 33
814 815 81635
34 36 37 38 39 40 41 1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 BHPBILLI 21 BHPBILLI 22 23 24 25 26 MURPHYEP27 MURPHYEP 28 29 30
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
COBALT COBALT 31 32 33 34 35 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 862 863 864 865 866 867
90
STATGULF BIG FOOT 37 38 39 40

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
00
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
REDWILLO LLOGBLUE STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF LLOGBLUE CHEVUSA CHEVUSA 42 76 77 78 79 86180 81 82 83 84 85 45 46 47
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 STONEE 70 ANDAROFF71 72 73 74 MURPHYEP 75
SHENANDOAH 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
CHEVUSA STATOIL CHEVUSA
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 86 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 907 908 909 910 911
STATGULF SOI APC APC ANDAROFF STATGULF STATGULF 81 82 83 84 85
9 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 65
FF
124 125 126 127 128 129 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 STATGULF STATGULF

114 115 ANDAROFF116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125906 126 127 128 129 89 90 91
97 98 CORON ADO 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
LLOGBLUE CHEVUSA
108 109 EXONM 110 111 112 113
UTO
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 SOI OBL
YUCATAN 99 100 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955
STATGULF SOI 127 128 129 130 89 90 91 92
10'' ENB
LLOGEX ANDAROFF ANDAROFF STATGULF

3 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 133 134 REDWILLO REDWILLO 109 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 133 134 135
135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149
COBALT COBALT STATGULF
153 154 155 EXONM 156 157 158 159 160 ANDAROFF161 162 163 164 165 166
150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 EXONM OBL EXONM OBL OBL EXONM OBL EXONM OBL
160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 90
992 993 994
REDWILLO
159 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 133 134 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 00 995 996 997 998 999
ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF STATGULF
7 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 177 178 179 180 181 182 183
LLOGEX DEEPGULF STATGULF ANDAROFF STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF
206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 177 178 179
184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 194 195 196 EXONM 197 198 199 200 201 EXONM 202 203OBL 204 205
196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 OBL EXONM OBL SOI OBL EXONM
206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186
CHEVUSA SOI SOI
EXONMOBL EXONMOBL ANDAROFF VENARI STATGULF PETROBRA 214 215 216 217 218 177 178 4 5 6 7 8 9 10LUND 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 221 222 223 224 225 226 STATGULF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF
253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 221 222 223
227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 ATLAS NW 238 239 240 241 242 243 EXONM 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252
241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 OBL EXONM OBL EXONM OBL
250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 223 224 225 226 228 229 230 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
CHEVUSA CHEVUSA SOI SOI STATGULF EXONMOBL EXONMOBL EXONMOBL COBALT CASCADE 258 259 260 261 262 221 222 48 49 50 51 52 53
18'' GENS ISEN
5 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 265 266 267 268 269 CHEVUSA 9000 227 ATLAS 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 265 266 267
270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284
PETROBRA
282 283 284 285 286 EXONM 287 288 EXONM 289 290 EXONM 291 292 293 EXONM
KASKIDA 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 274 275 276 277 278 279 COBALT
BHPBILLI 280 COBALT 281 OBL OBL OBL EXONM OBL OBL
294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 265 266 270 271 272 273 95 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
STATGULF CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF EXONMOBL EXONMOBL
302 303 304 305 306 92 93 94 96 97 98 99
VENARI VENARI
9 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 309 310 311 312 313 315 CHEVUSA STATGULF 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 309 310 311
316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 267 268 269 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 EXONM 335 336 337 EXONM 338
328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 318 319 320 321 322 323
BHPBILLI 324 325 OBL OBL
314 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163
STATGULF STATGULF SOI
STATGULF STATGULF COBALT EXONMOBL CHEVUSA 346 347 348 349 350 309
3 374 REPSOLYP REPSOLYP
375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 354 358 359 360
ANDAROFF VENARI VENARI STATGULF
382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 353 354 355
20'' DISCP ROD 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 EXO NM
373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 BHPBILLI 368 OBL
382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207
SA STATGULF STATGULF SOI CHEVUSA SOI SOI SOI SOI 353 355 356 357 COBALT CHEVUSA
390 391 392 393 394
REPSOLYP REPSOLYP
7 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 433 434 435 436 437 397 398 399 400 401 402 403
VENARI
426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 397 398 399
432 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 414 BHPBILLI 415 416 417 418 419 BHPBILLI420 BHPBILLI421 422 423 424 EXONM 425
416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 COBALT OBL APC
426 427 428 429 400 401 402 403
PL
VENARI EXONMOBL STATGULF SOI 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 397 398 399 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251
SOI SOI 437 438
EV
REPSOLYP
1 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 441 442 443 444 445 446 SOI 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 441 442 443
447 448 449 450 451 466 467 468 EXONM 469 470
CH
452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462
PETROBRA
456 COBALT 457 BHPBILLI 458 BHPBILLI459 BHPBILLI 460 461 462 463 BHPBILLI464 BHPBILLI465 OBL EXONM OBL EXONM OBL
6000 EXONMOBL 463 464 465 466 467 468 470 471 472 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 COBALT
473 474 443 444 445
24 ''
ENIOILUS ENIOILUS STATGULF 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 441 442 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295
STATGULF STATGULF CHEVUSA CHEVUSA CHINOOK
507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 SOI SOI 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 485 486 487
5 506 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504
PETROBRA
503 504 505 506 507 508 BHPBILLI509 510 511 512 513
505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500
COBALT 501
ANDAROFF BHPBILLI
502
COBALT SOI
514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339
STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF CHEVUSA TUCKER STONES 522 523 524 525 526
CHEVUSA
9 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 529 530 531 532 533 534
SOI SOI SOI SOI SOI
559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 529 530 531
535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 546 APC547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558
548 552 553 554 555 556 557 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 COBALT
TUCKER 551 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383
STATGULF STATGULF EXONMOBL CHEVUSA
566 567 568 569 570
3 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 573 574
EXONMOBL CHEVUSA CHEVUSA BEACON BPEXPLOR 549 550 SOI SOI 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 573 574 575
575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588
SOI
593 594 CHEVUSA 595 CHEVUSA 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606
589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 583 584 585 587 COBALT 588 COBALT 589 COBALT 590 COBALT 591 592
JULIA 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421
STATGULF STATGULF
608 609 610 611 612 613 614 573 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 422 423 424 425 426 427
EXONMOBL EXONMOBL
7 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 617 618 619 620 621 622 623
SOI SOI SOI SOI
646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 617 618 619
624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 634 635 636 COBALT 637 638 639 CHEVUSA 640 641 642 643 COBALT 644 645
637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 624 625 626 627 628 629 631 632 633 COBALT COBALT COBALT
646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471
ANDAROFF REPSOLYP REPSOLYP STATGULF STATGULF STATGULF ANDAROFF ANDAROFF EXONMOBL EXONMOBL CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
654 655 656 657 658
1 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 661 662 663 664 665 666
UNOCAL UNOCAL
691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 661 662 663
667 668 669 670 671 672 673 675 676 677 678 679 678 COBALT 679 COBALT 680 681 682 683 684 COBALT 685 COBALT 686 687 COBALT 688 689 690
LEON 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 668 669 670 671 672 673 675 676 677
ST. MALO 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515
ANDAROFF REPSOLYP REPSOLYP BPEXPLOR STATGULF 698 699 700 701 702 488
5 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 674 UNOCAL UNOCAL
737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 731 COBALT 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 705 706 707
715 716 717 718 719 721 722 723 724 725 726 720 COBALT 721 COBALT 722 COBALT 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 COBALT
MOCCASIN 720 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 710 713 714 715 716 719 COBALT
COBALT
736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 705 706 707 708 709 711 712 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559
APC APC APC LLOGEX ANDAROFF ANDAROFF BPAPROD BPAPROD BPAPROD
CHEVUSA CHEVUSA 744 745 746
9 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 749 750 751 752 753 754 WALKER RIDGE 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 749 750 751
755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778
768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 757 758 759 760 COBALT
763 764 765
JACK 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603
ANDAROFF APC BUCKSTON LLOGEX EXONMOBL EXONMOBL APC APC CHEVUSA CHEVUSA
786 787 788 789 790
3 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 793 795
800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 LLOYD
816 817 RIDGE 818 819 820 821 822 823
814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 799 800 801 802 803 804 807
824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 793 794 795 796 797 798 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647
DEEPGULF ANDAROFF APC BUCKSTON BUCKSTON BUCKSTON BPEXPLOR APC APC APC APC CHEVUSA CHEVUSA 832 833 834
7 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 852 853 854 855 856 857 CHEVUSA 858 CHEVUSA 859 860 861 862 863 BHPBILLI864 BHPBILLI865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 837 839
LA MS AL GA
BUCKSTON BUCKSTON
BUCKSKIN
ANDAROFF
APC
APC APC APC
859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 851
664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 TX
1 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 920 921 881 882 883 884 885 886 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 881 883
919 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 898 899 900 901 902 CHEVUSA 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910
LUCIUS 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 889 890 891 892 895CHEVUSA
BHPBILLI 896 BHPBILLI 897
910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735
918 919
5 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961
EXONMOBL EXONMOBL
962 963
APC
964
ANDAROFF ANDAROFF
965 925 926 927 928 929 930 931
920 921 922
954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 925 927
FL
932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953
HADRIAN S LOGAN 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 932 933 934 935 936 939 BHPBILLI
BHPBILLI 940 BHPBILLI
955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779
EXONMOBL EXONMOBL ANDAROFF ANDAROFF APC APC 963 964 965 966
9 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 975 976 977 978 979 980 983CHEVUSA 984CHEVUSA 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1 inch equals approximately 17 miles
1009 969 971
Eastern
999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 969 970 971 972 973 974 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823
1007 1008 1009 1010
1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 10 36 37 38 39 5 40 41 0 1 2 3 10 20 30 Miles Extent
PHOBOS 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 2 3 4
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 45 47
53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
SIGSBEE ESCARPMENT 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 45 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 59 60 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907
75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 46 47 48 884 885 886 887 888 889 908 909 910 911
83 84 85 86 87
9 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 128 129
127 128 129 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 100 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114NOBLEEN 115
G NOBLEEN 116
G NOBLEEN 117
G 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
10 5
126 127
0 89 91 10 20 30 40 Kilometers
oleum Corporation CASTEX Castex Energy Inc AMERY TERRACE
117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943
Main Extent
Offshore Corporation 169 170 171 172 173 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164
147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159
NOBLEEN G NOBLEEN G160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 1 centimeter equals approximately 11 kilometers
170 171 172 173 133 135
Eastern Extent
165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999
212 213 214 215 216 217 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 202 209 210 212 213 214 215 216 217 177 178 179
188 189 190 191 192 133 134 135 136 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 203 204 205 206 207 208 211
204 205 206 173 174 175 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189
210 211 212 213 177 178 179 180 LUND SOUTH
1 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 221 223
228 229 248 249
PIPELINES
230 231 232 233 234 235 242 243 244 245 246 247
Offshore Support Base
236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241
5 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 Protraction Area 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 265 267
331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 Natural Depth 349 309 311
Crude
320
23
355 356 357 358 359 Gas Un-Leased Block
Active Crude Field
Proposed/ Active Lease
Natural Gas Field
OPERATOR
OPERATOR
Under Construction
2018 Lease Sale Deepwater Discoveries labeled in RED
Idle OPERATOR Updated September 2018 per BOEM.gov
© Copyright 2019 PennWell MAPSearch 800.823.6277 | mapsearch.com
1901OFFGomMap 2 1 8 19 10 57 AM
OCTG workover risers in deepwater:

An alternative solution to drill pipe
Novel solution deployed as part of Gulf of Mexico field development project
MICHAEL TRICARICO, FLORIAN BENESCH, ALVARO RODRIGUEZ, CORENTIN COUVREUR, VALLOUREC
WORKOVER RISERS are an essential part of the subsea well For this specific project a water depth of 8,000 ft, tempera-
life cycle, allowing operators to access the well during well com- ture of 220°F, and 15,000 psi working pressure, 1 mm corrosion
pletion, landing of subsea equipment, and servicing the wells tolerance, NACE region 3 sour service, and high fatigue cycle
by both chemical and mechanical methods to improve hydro- resistance described much of the harsh and challenging
carbon flow. environment.
As part of a large Gulf of Mexico field development project, Usage of the riser was planned at two to three runs per year.
Vallourec was asked by a major operator to develop a workover This required a high number (25) of cycles of assembly and dis-
riser to meet stringent envi-
ronmental and loading T1: API 17G LIMIT LOAD TABLE
requirements including: high 32°F to 150°F Up to 250°F Up to 350°F
fatigue; NACE region 3 sour Tension: 1,025 kips Tension: 932 kips Tension: 871 kips
service; 1,500,000 lb of ten-
Normal Compression: 410 kips Compression: 373 kips Compression: 348 kips
sion; and 15,000 psi pressure. Operations IP: 17, 410 psi IP: 15,843 psi IP: 14,798 psi
This challenge was met by
EP: 10,565 psi EP: 9,614 psi EP: 8,980 psi
designing and testing high-
Tension: 1.223 kips Tension: 1,113 kips Tension: 1,040 kips
grade sour service pipe along
with a specialized and inno- Extreme Compression: 489 kips Compression: 445 kips Compression: 416 kips
Operations
vative riser connection. IP: 20,788 psi IP: 18,917 psi IP: 17,669 psi
The development led to an EP: 12,615 psi EP: 11,480 psi EP: 10,723 psi
Oil Country Tubular Goods Tension: 1, 529 kips Tension: 1,392 kips Tension: 1,300 kips
(OCTG) solution of 7-in. OD Accidental Compression: 612 kips Compression: 557 kips Compression: 520 kips
x 0.85-in. wall VM110SS-D Operations IP: 25,984 psi IP: 23,646 psi IP: 22,087 psi
VAMTTR HW-NA to meet the EP: 15,769 psi EP: 14,349 psi EP: 13,403 psi
harsh environment, while
allowing at least 25 cycles of
usage. The solution offered all the OCTG grade benefits as com- assembly of the threaded connections, known as “make and
pared to a drill pipe solution but with much better sour service breaks” or “M&Bs.” For a threaded and coupled connection, this
performance, and with significantly lower upfront costs. The represented a very high number of M&B cycles especially for a
goal here is to describe the design, testing methods, and results high yield strength material. Typically, this has been the weak-
of that effort. ness of OCTG solutions versus drill pipe risers. By allowing 25
M&Bs, it reduced this issue to allow for a tubular much better
ENVIRONMENT AND USAGE at handling the harsh sour service environment than a drill pipe
The primary purpose of a workover and completion/landing style.
riser is to access subsea wells for service. They are used to per-
form operations in one well and then retrieved to be used in ISO/API SPECIFICATIONS
multiple other wells. Workover risers are used in both comple- To qualify the riser system for the environment and usage, sev-
tion and workover phases of the wells. These functions can eral qualification tests were required. As a workover riser, the
include lowering equipment or delivering well cleaning chem- API 17G (ISO13628-7, 2006) specification applied to the system.
icals and using mechanical equipment throughout the life of This specification details the safety factors applied to the design
the well for routine maintenance. These activities are essential for corrosion, temperature, tension and pressure during design.
for the lifecycle of the well. With all that importance—coupled It also specifies fatigue and basic mechanical testing perfor-
with the fact that they are often “single barriers” to hydrocar- mance. Because the design chosen is a “threaded and coupled
bons leaking into the water—they have to meet very high levels (T&C)” style connection the qualification specification API 5C5
of qualification. also applied for the static performance. Meeting all the
1901OFF66-69.indd 66 1/4/19 4:08 PM

requirements of these stringent specifica- F1: VON MISES ELLIPSE SHOWING PERFORMANCE ENVELOPES
tions necessitated careful design and devel- OF THE PIPE AND CONNECTION
opment testing. Perhaps the most notable
requirement is “working pressure” that is 7” x 0.850” VM110SS-D VAM TTR HW-NA:
assigned by API17G. This requirement states ISO13628-7 Operating Envelopes - up to 350˚F
30000
that normal or typical operations have to QII QII
35% PBYS 88% PBYS
be less than 60% of the maximum rated 100% VME 100% VME
pressure of the system. For a 15,000 psi 20000
“working pressure” system, or 15k system

as commonly referred to, the system must 10000
pass a test at 22,500 psi. Similar require-
Y axis = Pressure (psi)

ments are placed on the axial loads.
0
Based on these connection and pipe per- –2000 –1500 –1000 –500 0 500 1000 2000 3000
formance requests, a connection was devel-
oped that was then qualified to ISO/FDIS –10000
13679:2011 CALIV and API 17G (ISO13628-
7) 2006, putting the VAM TTR HW connec-
–20000
tion within the most high-performance QII QII
products in the field. 35% PBYS 88% PBYS
70% AP15C3 70% AP15C3
–30000
100% Pipe VME CYS TLE
LOADS TLE - Normal operations & 1mm corrosion TLE - Extreme operations & 1mm corrosion
The loads under which the system was to TLE - Accidental operations & 1mm corrosion
be used were required to be within the lim-

iting factors of both the API 5C5 and API F2: THE SPECIMEN TESTING RESULTS EXCEEDED THE CYCLES
17G envelopes. The API 17G envelopes were REQUIRED FOR A SAF < 1.5 VS. DNVB1 2005 CURVE IN AIR.
more conservative and limited the system
7” x 0.85” VM110SSD VAM TTR HWNA
as shown in the table at the various tem- S-N curve - Including Minor damage for subsequent loads
peratures which were considered as part of 1000.0
the operation. The 15k system was origi-
nally designated for the 250°F level. During
the project additional interest was expressed
in a higher temperature (356°F) for other
Stress range (MPa)
potential riser applications in the future.

The system was then rated for performance 100.0
under those pressure, tension/compression,

and bending loads.
The envelopes in the “API 17G Limit load
table” represent the allowable loads defined
as normal, extreme, and survival loads in
API 17G. The pressure envelopes were 10.0
100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
defined as 60%, 90%, and 100% of system Numbers of cycles
yield strength taking into account tempera- DNV-B1 2005 Design curve for SAP=1.5 vs. DNV-B1 2005 Run-out Mean tension
ture derating factors and corrosion toler-
ance. Axial loads are defined slightly pressure mainly drove the material selection. As is usually the
different as 2/3, 80%, and 100%. case with high performance applications that call for a threaded
These were the loads as established by the customer and as and coupled product, the coupling material posed the greatest
given by API 17G. The loads tested as per ISO/FDIS 13679:2011 challenge. In this case, the coupling stock was over 8.25-in. OD
CALIV are defined in below. These confirmed the connection with an over 1.5-in. wall thickness. The base specification was
performance per the Von Mises Ellipse (VME) diagram. API 5CT which is typical for oil country tubular goods, with a
number of additional end user requirements. As part of these
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS specifications, both pipe and coupling stock needed to pass sour
There were a number of key design considerations that had to service testing per NACE Method A and Method D per TM0177.
be taken into account in the development of the workover riser. These different methods required a total of over 45 days testing
Some of the primary considerations are detailed below. multiple groups of specimens. In order to successfully produce
Pipe – The sour service requirements as well as high material that could meet these requirements, high-grade
1901OFF66-69.indd 67 1/4/19 4:08 PM

For the connection pipe, fatigue testing was conducted on specimens to check their internal pressure capabilities.
chemistry as well as specialized heat treatment processes were seal interference. As this was an open water riser, the connec-
followed. By using Vallourec expertise developed with years of tion was developed with an innovative external water tight seal.
producing sour service material, the delicate balance between The external seal was subject to the same issues on interference
high-strength material and carefully controlled ductility could as the threads and internal seal. After several iterations of design
be reached. Complicating the issue was the very specific size and FEA simulated load cycles, the right balance was found and
fell just in between the capabilities of the mills at that time. This the connection was ready to move to physical testing.
required the pipe to be produced in one mill (with a piercing
process), and coupling stock be produced following a forging PIPE MATERIAL TESTING
process. As is common for pipes produced for riser applications the
Connection – The greatest challenge was successfully achiev- required dimensions are far beyond API5CT standards. This
ing 25 M&Bs. A metal-to-metal seal requires interference, mean- requires adaptations of the materials and production processes
ing metal elastically deforming. A connection with very light in order to ensure meeting severe requirements, which go even
interference could be made up many times, but would not be beyond common proprietary grades. Therefore, several mini-
gas tight. A very high interference seal would hold gas tight rolls were produced prior to the production order to verify the
under all conditions, but would cause so much deformation as mechanical properties and dimensions of both pipes and cou-
to only be made up once without damage. The right balance pling material. Beside common testing practices for riser appli-
comes first from experience, and second through mapping that cations like Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) tests, the
experience in finite element analysis. By knowing the correct requirements on tensile and hardness tests were also extended.
interference stress to target, multiple iterations of the connec- The tensile test especially focused on the lower actual yield
tion can be analyzed prior to final design. These can then be strength results (110 ksi to 111 ksi), which were revalidated by
compared with previously tested connections. In this case how- two additional tests taken from each end 180-degrees apart. In
ever, while there was a good amount of data on correct design addition, the amount of hardness tests were increased (4 quad-
to seal, there was not as much data on the correct interference rant testing) with a focus on process stability. Sour service resis-
to ensure such a high number of M&Bs. Typical threaded and tance was proven by both NACE A and NACE D testing on the
coupled connections are rated to 3 to 4 M&Bs. In some cases actual order.
that has been extended to 10 M&Bs. As much as 25 M&Bs have
been attempted in only a few cases. There are different style CONNECTION TESTING
connections—drill pipe based—that can go well beyond 25 To meet the challenge of meeting ISO/FDIS 13679:20011 CAL-IV
M&Bs, but these solutions struggle with the high sour service and API 17G testing, a program was designed to combine spec-
requirements relying on difficult-to-qualify welds or large wall imens. This was be done by taking advantage of the threaded
thickness variations. This riser threaded and coupled connec- and coupled nature of the connections requested. For example,
tion can then offer very high sour service resistance on high ISO/FDIS 13679:2011, CAL-IV requires five specimens. There
yield strength material but has also overcome the risk of are the same number of specimens whether the connection is
increased galling. The design then focused on very carefully integral (no coupling) or threaded and coupled. This means
managing the thread form and fit of threads in addition to the that a threaded and coupled connection is testing two
1901OFF66-69.indd 68 1/4/19 4:08 PM PenCus

connections for every one integral connection. To take advan- viewed as a more difficult condition for fatigue testing (though
tage of that repeating, Vallourec and the end user agreed to not exclusively required). Three of the specimens were purposely
machine each side of the coupling with the required specific stopped prior to failure to undergo internal pressure testing
configurations, thus combining the specimens while still test- after fatigue cycles. This helped ensure the specimens could
ing all the configurations. maintain sealability at the highest allowable pressure even after
By using this methodology, the total number of sealability a high number of cycles. The remaining three samples were
specimens was reduced from four to two which allowed for a brought to failure. In all cases the specimens successfully com-
large improvement is both cost and schedule, which can often pleted testing. The results of the failure samples well exceeded
pose great challenges to projects. The Make and Break sample the cycles required for a SAF < 1.5 vs. DNVB1 2005 curve in air,
(specimen 5) would remain the same configuration but would giving a high degree of confidence to claim at a minimum this
be tested to the more difficult requirements of API 17G. This fatigue life.
included low and high pressure tests between testing and inter-
changing of pipe and coupling sides in the so called “round robin CONCLUSION
style” which mimics the actual field usage of new makeups. The Designing a pipe and connection for the highly critical work-
samples then followed the internal pressure, external pressure, over/completion/landing riser harsh environment involves sat-
bending, tension, compression, and thermal cycles that are pre- isfying both difficult service conditions and stringent ruling
scribed by the ISO/FDIS13679 CALIV protocol, which is regarded standards. Through experience, careful design, and innovation,
as the most difficult to pass of all the 13679/API 5C5 qualifica- Vallourec developed the VAM TTR HW; a high-performance
tion programs. threaded and coupled riser connection that successfully com-
The testing then completed the fatigue requirements with pleted the rigorous requirements. This allowed for a solution
six specimens. In all cases the fatigue specimens had “mean able to meet both the difficult environment of 25 M&Bs in a
tension” applied in the full-size test specimens by internal water NACE region 3 environment with 15,000 psi working pressure
pressure. The pressure pushes against the endcaps which then as well as allow for a lower cost versus drill pipe style. •
exert a tension on the pipe and connections. This is typically
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4/18/16 1:52 PM
PM
ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION, & INSTALLATION
Disconnectable transfers critical to

drilling vessel conversions
Economic alternative to purpose-built FPSOs in harsh environments
ROB ANDERSON, FES INTERNATIONAL
LOWER OIL PRICES in recent years

have resulted in fewer new oil fields
where the services of drilling vessels are
required. Many of these hugely expen-
sive, often high-spec assets have been
sitting dormant but in the new, more
optimistic oil and gas environment
operators are beginning to see the ben-
efits of converting them to FPSOs.
There are a number of uses for a con-
verted drilling vessel including:
• Well testing – to ensure an oil and
gas reserve has economic viability
• Early production allowing for a rev-
enue stream to be available while
awaiting a longer-term solution (i.e.
a platform) to be constructed
• Development of marginal oil and gas
reserves where it is not economi-
View of the disconnectable mooring system through the
cally viable to construct, install, moonpool. (All images courtesy FES International)
and maintain major new offshore
infrastructure
• Locations where technical and eco- considered for the conversion process, notably the requirements for connecting
nomic constraints have ruled out the vessel to, and transfer from, offshore pipeline infrastructure.
exploitation of a field’s full poten-
tial, for example, due to the marine HOW DOES A DTS WORK?
environment Disconnectable transfer systems (DTS) were originally developed for use in the
• A flexible, permanently moveable North Sea in 1999 to access marginal fields and were subsequently deployed off-
asset that can be quickly relocated shore Australia and the Gulf of Mexico, both areas subject to hurricanes and
to produce different oil and gas cyclones. The configuration allows the vessels to quickly disconnect from the sub-
reserves. sea infrastructure and leave the field until the weather event has safely passed.
Converting a drillship to an FPSO The DTS conversion consists of installing the systems in the drilling vessel’s mid-
can be significantly more cost-effective ship moonpool. They are designed to be installed in a straightforward way with-
than building a newbuild floating or out the need for major modifications to the existing structure.
fixed platform. Drilling vessels already The DTS supports various flexible risers and subsea control umbilicals from
contain most of the characteristics the wellhead, keeping the riser pattern static while allowing the vessel to weath-
required for an FPSO such as a moon- ervane unrestricted through 360°. Rapid and safe connection and disconnection
pool, dynamic positioning, oil process- of the flexible risers and control umbilicals, without any environmental issues,
ing equipment, and an offtake system. means that operators can work efficiently in challenging environments, with less
And the potential for speedy relocation danger to life. DTSs have also allowed certain vessels to leave the field for a major
allows producers to unlock substan- upgrade without the need for costly offshore repairs. This is because when dis-
tial economic value far quicker than connected, the DTS supports the subsea infrastructure above the seabed and is
with permanent production installa- impervious to weather impact on the sea surface, dispensing with the need to
tions. However, various factors must be dismantle subsea infrastructure for a disconnection.
1901OFF70-71.indd 70 1/4/19 4:08 PM

“Converting a drillship to an
FPSO can be significantly
more cost-effective than
building a newbuild floating
or fixed platform.”
system would allow for a quick discon-

nection of the vessel from the risers, with
the well closed off at speed so that the
FPSO could leave its location and return
once the weather had improved.
A controlled disconnect will usually
take longer - around four to five hours -
as flowlines are flushed and the buoy is
lowered for safety. However, in an emer-
gency, where an immediate response is
needed, the DTS/turret can be quickly
Shallow-water configuration.
disconnected within minutes, isolat-
ing the flowlines, with no spillage of
hydrocarbons into the surrounding
waters. The DTS/turret swivel allows
the FPSO to weathervane around the
turret without risking damage to subsea
infrastructure. The DTS incorporates a
quick connect disconnect connector
which allows for the safe and simulta-
neous disconnection of multiple flow-
lines and wellhead control umbilicals,
all inspected and approved by the rel-
evant regulatory bodies.
After FES International delivered the
DTS/turret and the vessel was about to
start producing oil on the Phoenix site,
the Deepwater Horizon disaster hit the
region. Because of the Helix Producer 1’s
bespoke DTS/ turret system, it became
a crucial part of the BP recovery opera-
tion as it was the only vessel locally that
Deepwater configuration. could quickly disconnect and travel to
the Macondo site.
The system works in both shallow water and at significant depth. The DTS can
accommodate differing riser patterns and water depths, allowing for the re-use of
equipment from one field to the next, continuing the active life of the converted THE AUTHOR
drilling vessel to an FPSO. Rob Anderson is Man-
aging director of FES
HELIX CONVERSION International, a subsea
In 2008, Helix Energy began converting the Helix Producer 1 into an FPSO for use on engineering firm that
the Phoenix oil field in the US Gulf of Mexico. The company commissioned FES Inter- designs, manufactures
national to design and deliver a disconnectable transfer system that would connect to and supplies subsea
the side of the FPSO, with the dynamical positioning system maintaining the vessel’s products to the oil and gas and offshore
position on the field without causing damage to the risers attached to the seabed oil renewable energy markets.
well. In the event of an oncoming storm, the company was asked to ensure that the
1901OFF70-71.indd 71 1/4/19 4:08 PM

• ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION, & INSTALLATION
Integrated supplier-led solution

improves deepwater project economics
Approach enables design simplification, interface streamlining
FLORENT HURAULT DE LIGNY, SUBSEA 7

IAN ROBERTS, DAVID JAMES, AND EKATERINA ELISEEVA, SCHLUMBERGER ONESUBSEA
IN THE INDUSTRY’S QUEST to main- technology and demonstrated via integrated modeling
tain profitable oil and gas developments, • Significant reduction in capex
adopting an integrated supplier-led solu- • Accelerated schedule due to a proposed innovative bidding process and a reduced
tion (SLS) is becoming a key component. equipment lead time enabled by standardization
It introduces opportunities to provide a • Lower project risk profile by improving the execution predictability primarily due to
more open approach to the design and the integrated subsea offering.
engineering process and more access to
information about the reservoir. Adopting INTEGRATED SLS
an integrated SLS approach also enables Essentially, an integrated SLS is when suppliers or contractors take the lead to define and
comparison of various concepts and opti- execute a project, as opposed to a traditional approach whereby suppliers bid on a well-de-
mizations not only in terms of cost, but fined solution and must comply with a long list of specifications. An integrated SLS enables
also the production and hence, revenue a a supplier to propose its best solution for a given development. This solution, unlike con-
concept will deliver. In so doing, it goes a ventional project execution models, is partially or totally unconstrained by the operating
long way in avoiding the pitfalls of reduc- company. The operator role is to provide the inputs needed by the supplier to be able to
ing cost at the expense of inadvertently determine a solution, and to explain project drivers. Of course, the supplier needs to have
reducing revenue. Cost savings are a focus; the skills and the experience to be able to develop a viable solution.
however, opportunities to increase or accel- A successful integrated SLS is based on six building blocks as shown in the first figure
erate production are equally emphasized. and described below.
The industry has triggered many consol-
idations and moves among operating com- Integrated production Integrated project
panies, contractors, and suppliers. Several system modeling delivery
consolidations have taken place over the gration
inte a
past three years motivated by a willingness a
e
llia
to address cost challenges and capitalize on Collaborative

Subs
nce
opportunities for added value through the Fit for purpose approach Suppliers/industry
scoping Operator specification
synergies offered by two companies coming
OneSubsea
together. An example of these consolida- up Subsea 7
i
on
ut
S
p li e
tions is a subsea production system (SPS) r -l e d s o l
supplier and a subsea umbilicals, risers,
and flowlines (SURF) contractor, forming Project technical
Standardizaion
definition
an integrated subsea alliance.
A case study highlighted later in this
article demonstrates how, the combina- An integrated supplier-led solution is when suppliers or contractors take the lead on the
tion of OneSubsea’s SPS and Subsea 7’s definition and execution of a project.
SURF expertise in one such alliance, Sub-
sea Integration Alliance, can deliver value Fit-for-purpose scoping. The first building block addresses the way the project is
through fully integrated early engagement. specified by the client. The inputs expected at this stage are limited to the key functional
The methodology applied was flexible and requirements, with a focus on what needs to be achieved rather than how. The drivers
can be customized for any offshore pros- that will make the project successful also need to be clearly specified. This represents an
pect. Beneficial outcomes from the case important evolution in ways of working. The philosophy around the project definition and
study included: design scoping is based on a totally different mindset compared to the traditional approach.
• Accelerated production resulting from Instead of providing detailed and constrained specifications with predefined design to the
the introduction of subsea boosting contractors, the operating company will provide the minimum required inputs.
1901OFF72-75.indd 72 1/4/19 4:08 PM

ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION, & INSTALLATION •
This fit-for-purpose approach enables contractors to propose and reducing risk.

their best solutions based on capabilities and experience. The Standard equipment has the following attributes:
requirements are not generic, but rather weighted against the • Standard material, quality, welding, and paint specifications
project needs with a flexible, collaborative approach. This fos- • Approved standard designs, including functional design
ters reusability of existing designs which will not only generate specification
cost savings and schedule predictability, but also improve safety • Qualified components
and quality through repeatability and continuous improvement. • Released subassembly bill of materials
Integrated production system modeling. Each working • Approved vendor list
solution is assessed and quantified with an integrated production • Available in contractor’s internal standards catalog.
system modeling. This is achieved by coupling reservoir, wellbore, Suppliers and industry specification. The next building
network, and facility models through direct integration so that the block is the adoption of suppliers or industry specifications rather
full integrated model is solved at every time step in every point of than operator specifications, which are often more stringent. Inter-
the system. Running an integrated model gives dynamic accurate national industry recognized standards, such as API, NORSOK, or
hydraulic response to changing conditions across the production DNV, will provide the basis for safe and efficient design. Also, there
system from the source rock to the facility. It enables the quick is value in leveraging the experience acquired by suppliers over the
and efficient evaluation of multiple concepts, including reservoir years for various clients in various locations.
responses and flow assurance aspects. Meeting the standardization goal of standard components and
Many potential field development options can be explored at subassemblies that are manufactured, either for stock or available
the earliest project phases without having to separate the mod- from ongoing production, as needed to meet accelerated delivery
els, manually change the output forecast, or reduce the complex- schedules is essential for one set of specifications to be used con-
ity of the system and its components. Flow assurance and other sistently within the manufacturing process to allow items to be
production issues can be identified and addressed early, and sys- assigned to any customer at the time of final assembly and equip-
tems can be properly sized to maximize the return on investment. ment testing.
Project technical definition. The next building block is about Contractor’s standards should as a minimum meet the published
how to come up with the most efficient technical solution for the industry standards applicable to metallurgy, welding, and quality.
project. The mindset here is to look for a globally optimized solu- Integrated project delivery. Finally, the integrated project
tion by using fit-for-purpose equipment that best meets the overall delivery concept provides some additional benefits and cost savings
field architecture criteria. New technology can be introduced if it during the project execution. The integration of the subsea equip-
has a positive impact on the overall economics of the development. ment and installation scope opens the door to seamless interface
Early engineering has traditionally been performed by operators management, resulting in more efficient engineering and reduced
or with the support of engineering firms. The recent downturn has risk profile. Project predictability is consequently improved, reduc-
forced the industry to try different models; contractors and equip- ing the risk of cost and schedule overrun. The absence of stringent
ment suppliers’ roles have grown in these early phases and they specifications and requirements allow using lean project manage-
have been given a chance to show what value they can bring. An ment structures, both for the contractors and the operator, result-
integrated SLS is probably the most efficient way to ensure that ing in further cost savings.
suppliers will be able to propose their best solution. An integrated Essentially an integrated SLS will allow a reduction in execution
SLS shapes an approach that is unique and tailor-made to those costs and risks associated to the project, as detailed below. This is
who will execute it; the objective is to maximize the value of the achieved by a combination of novel ways of working and project
development for the operating company. team setup. Some examples of these features are:
There are multiple benefits in having the suppliers involved in the • Integrated reservoir and production system engineering and
project definition, and in particular, on the subsea part. These ben- design verification
efits are even more important when the subsea part is integrated. • Direct SPS-SURF interface management
Standardization. The use of standard equipment building • Integrated schedule and convergence plan
blocks reduces the engineering required for a project solution and • Integrated testing program.
will contribute to reduce costs. For example, the use of contractor Cost reduction is enabled by a streamlined project manage-
standards for multiple operators enables common stocking pro- ment organization and efficiencies generated by the integration.
grams and economy of scale in the manufacture of components
and subassemblies. A key aspect of standardization is to have CASE STUDY
material, welding, and quality specifications and processes that are The case study concerns a large, complex deepwater development
acceptable to the industry and not operator specific. This allows in a remote location. The field had been discovered more than a
products and systems to be built from a common catalog of parts decade ago but, after multiple attempts, an economically viable
to yield a project-specific solution. development concept had yet to be found. The operating company
Standardization of equipment can make a significant contribu- proposed a challenge: the latest development concept (reference
tion to the overall economics of the field development by reduc- case) was provided and Subsea Integration Alliance was invited
ing equipment cost, shortening the project duration to first oil, to propose an SLS, totally unconstrained, to improve the project
1901OFF72-75.indd 73 1/4/19 4:08 PM

economics and hopefully allow it to pass oil circulation. This resulted in significant reduction of hardware, and hence, cost. On
the next decision gate. all these single lines either low- or high-pressure wells (not both), have been connected
The process of this challenge was and comingled except on the North drill center. Here, a boosting pump has been added
divided in two main parts: providing a with the objective to remove one flowline. The boosting pump is used to match the
budget pricing and a high-level schedule pressure of the low-pressure wells to the same level as the high-pressure wells and
for the reference case, and providing an enhance production.
alternate integrated SLS, based on a min- • The gas lift functionality has been removed, eliminating an important part of the cost.
imalist functional specification. The inte- The impact on the production of such a change has been carefully assessed.
grated SLS could be based on alternative • All-electric water injection trees have been proposed, allowing significant simplifica-
field architecture, new technologies, stra- tion of the umbilicals cross section by removing all the hydraulic lines.
tegic partnerships, supplier internal pro- • The water injection network has been reviewed and optimized, so the overall risers
tocols, supplier-selected equipment and and flowlines length has decreased. The tradeoff for this was the use of slightly higher
methods, etc. This solution was fully uncon- diameter risers and flowlines, and a more complex riser design (with a double lazy-
strained so that the integrated subsea alli- wave configuration).
ance could propose its best solution from • The control system has also been completely reviewed to again reduce the overall
its own perspective. length of products, by using more complex but perfectly feasible umbilicals cross sec-
The field is divided into three main pro- tions. For instance, the MPP power cable has been combined with the E/H umbilical.
duction areas: north, central, and south. • A special connector has been proposed on certain production and water injection trees
Each location has a number of production to provide an efficient daisy chain method, removing the need for multiple structures
and water injection wells. The production and jumpers. This method had some consequences on the installation feasibility, but
is flowed back to an FPSO, where the oil the integrated team was able to quickly demonstrate the feasibility and price the impact.
is processed and exported via an offload- • Finally, the project has been turned into a full flexible flowline project: in the integrated
ing buoy system. The gas is exported in a SLS there is no more rigid pipeline, avoiding the mobilization of a pipelay asset.
dedicated gas export line. Production wells
are split in two categories: high-pressure
wells and low-pressure wells. High-pres-
sure wells and low-pressure wells cannot
be commingled.
REFERENCE CASE
The reference case provided by the operat-
ing company was a conventional, robust,
and rather costly field architecture. A num-
ber of production and water injection wells
were tied back to the FPSO, where the oil
was exported via an offloading buoy, and
the gas was transported through a long
gas export line. Production trees were con-
nected to the FPSO via conventional pipe-
in-pipe flowline loops and steel catenary The schematic on the left illustrates the reference case provided by the operating company,
riser (SCR), using dead oil circulation as a which was a conventional, robust, but rather costly field architecture. The schematic on the
preservation strategy. Rigid jumpers were right illustrates the SLS which has a more simplified architecture comprising single flexible
flowlines instead of loops, elimination of gas lift, and optimization of the water injection system.
used to connect trees to manifolds or pipe-
line end terminations (PLETs).
INTEGRATED SLS IMPROVEMENTS
SLS CASE To develop the integrated SLS, the team started from a blank page and went through an
The main changes from the reference case extensive concept screening exercise to identify the best solution. An integrated multi-dis-
are: cipline team was able to quickly evaluate each concept that was generated against multiple
• The production loops have been criteria: cost, technical feasibility, risk, schedule, opex, operability, and production recovery.
replaced by single line systems. This Using SLS methodology led to significant improvements of the project performance
has been made possible thanks to a profile. This can be summarized in four main categories: capex reduction, improved pre-
heated flexible risers and flowlines solu- dictability, optimized recovery, and schedule acceleration. The capex on this project was
tion. This technology enabled the sin- the main driver as only a significantly lower cost could allow the project to be sanctioned.
gle line configuration in which hydrates An overall reduction of 41% was achieved. In addition to these direct cost savings, the
are managed by heating instead of dead internal costs for the operating company are also reduced by a reduction in contingencies.
1901OFF72-75.indd 74 1/4/19 4:08 PM

ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION, & INSTALLATION • HRM FOR THE
OIL & GAS
Company inputs Contractor inputs
INDUSTRY
Environmental Integrated
Reservoir modeling
Reservoir drainage plan Field
and recovery architecture Flow assurance
Functional assessment
requirements Standard
equipment
Project drivers and solutions
Installation Equipment installation

stratey selection solutions
Integrated supplier-led solution
The flowchart shows the process to develop the integrated supplier-led solution which is
collaborative in nature with inputs from both operating company and supplier.
The subsea integration approach presents improved predictability in terms of both

cost and schedule due to, among other things, seamless interface management and risk
410 Pages/Hardcover/2016
transfer and mitigation. The overall risk profile of the project is reduced.
The evaluation demonstrates that the SLS not only reduces equipment cost/capex,
but also extends the oil production plateau. This improves overall project economics by
accelerating production because early cash flows are discounted less. As an example, the
total production increase in the first five years was estimated to be 17%.
Project schedule was also significantly improved. There are two parts to this improve-
Order Your Copy Today!
ment. The first one is the overall process of a project relying upon an integrated SLS. Several
models can be used, the fastest one being a sole-source engagement from the very early
stages. Another common model is a design competition between typically two integrated
An in-depth look at human
subsea contractors. All these models have one thing in common—they allow accelerating
resource management for all aspects
the pre-award phase compared to a traditional process.
of the oil and gas sector. Managing
The other part of schedule acceleration is the actual execution duration. Because indus-
Human Resources in the Oil & Gas
try specifications and standard products are used, great efficiency is gained for design and
Industry will help:
procurement phases. Long lead items lead time is drastically reduced and can even be
kicked off during the front-end engineering design phase once sufficient definition has ï Guide managers in the oil and gas
been achieved. sector on how to better manage
their employees
CONCLUSION ï Explain ways to deal effectively with
Profound changes proposed in the integrated SLS led to significant cost reduction com- the complexities of globalization
pared to the reference case, due to the reduced hardware and the introduction of novel
technology. In addition, the use of standard equipment, supplier’s specifications, and ï Describe numerous ways to foster a
opportunities linked to the integrated project execution also permitted cost reduction. safety culture
For example, a total delta of 41% cost reduction and an early life production increase of ï Show how effective management
17% between the reference case and the supplier-led solution were achieved in the cur- of human resources can improve
rent case study, which on this type of large development could be a game changer for project success
project viability and economic performance. Also, schedule acceleration can result in an
ï Explain how human resources will
overall schedule reduction of more than 10 months from a 40-month project duration for
recruit and train the next wave of
the traditional reference case.
industry workers and leaders during
the ìGreat Crew Changeî
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
This article was adapted from OTC-28920-MS: Integrated Subsea Supplier-Led Solution:
A Case Study, which was presented at the Offshore Technology Conference held in Hous-
ton, Texas, USA, April 30 - May 3, 2018. •
www.pennwellbooks.com
DECEMBER 2018/JANUARY 2019 OFFSHORE | WWW.OFFSHORE-MAG.COM75 800-752-9764
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• PRODUCTION OPERATIONS
Corrosion management critical

to long life of offshore assets
Components in all areas at risk
DANNY CONSTANTINIS, EM&I GROUP
SEAWATER ENVIRONMENTS are highly corrosive to offshore

structures and prevention, early detection and treatment are
vital to optimize safety, life cycle cost and uptime. Corrosion
control is therefore one of the key issues for offshore assets.
For conversions such as FPSOs, usually based on the hull
of a VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier), corrosion started when
the hull was first built – often 20 years earlier or more – and
must be dealt with before the asset leaves the yard. Produc-
tion structures and pressure systems are the ‘big ticket’ items
but corrosion also affects onboard electrical equipment and
machinery, and these areas too must be considered in a corro-
sion management strategy.
PREVENTION THE BEST CURE

Life-cycle cost approaches need to align with the differing
commercial drivers for project teams and operational teams. Real-time radiography. (All images courtesy EM&I)
Specifying the right materials and implementing an effective
corrosion management strategy at the new build or conversion life-cycle hull corrosion protection service, including capex /
stage is essential, with a balance having to be struck between opex costs and class society compliance reporting for a fixed
capex and opex requirements. Life cycle costing should include and cost-effective annual fee which spreads the outlay, and with
prevention, inspection, monitoring, inhibition, maintenance, capex often eliminated altogether. This is a major advance as
repair, refurbishment and the ‘consequential costs’ of having sacrificial anodes are prone to damage and difficult to replace
to shut down the offshore facility or have it come off station. using divers if they are consumed before the end of their planned
Prevention of corrosion is often the most effective strategy or extended lifespan. Conventional ICCP systems have fixed
and careful material selection, coating, cathodic protection anodes and need divers to clean or replace them, unlike ‘diver-
and chemical inhibition methods should be adopted effectively. less’ anodes which can be removed for inspection, cleaning or
However, longer-term corrosion issues often arise from poor replacement at any time.
application of these protective measures, the priority being to
complete the project to tight time and cost schedules. And when OPTIMIZED INSPECTION
corrosion does occur, maintaining protective systems during Cost-efficient methods of monitoring an asset’s condition are
the asset’s operating life often takes a back seat, with the main key to an effective corrosion management strategy. Traditional
drivers being safety and production levels. inspection systems
One way for operators to reduce their risk and management are increasingly cen-
costs is to hire service providers that can offer life-cycle based tered on risk-based
corrosion management services on guaranteed price or sub- programs, but the
scription-based contracts. An example is a subscription-based ‘hit rate’ of anomalies
service to prevent corrosion of the underwater hull using div- detected per inspec-
erless (retractable anode) Impressed Current Cathodic Protec- tion is rarely better
tion (ICCP) systems. Conventional ICCP or sacrificial anode than 10%, meaning
systems are likely to have higher and less predictable life-cycle that 90% of the inspec-
Statistical analysis.
costs simply because of the need for diver or other underwater tion cost is wasted. So
interventions for anode maintenance or replacement purposes. how can this situation be improved?
Subscription-type contracts can be an attractive solution Optimized inspection programs have been developed based
for operators because they can be provided with a complete on statistical analysis of digitized data that can safely reduce
1901OFF76-78.indd 76 1/4/19 4:08 PM

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS •
the work scopes for pressure systems piping by around 50% The primary drawback of internal inspections of pressure
with consequent savings and POB (personnel on board) reduc- vessels is preparing them for man-entry and the extended out-
tions. Data can be used in a similar way to lessen the inspec- age time that can follow. This can be avoided through non-in-
tion requirements for components, electrical equipment and trusive inspection (NII) engineering assessments which use
machinery. Collaboration with statistics and data analysis information on prior inspection, maintenance and operational
specialists, i.e. from academic institutions and universities, history, changes in process conditions and non-intrusive NDT
are yielding impressive insights into how data can be used to (non-destructive testing) methods to defer shutdown for internal
predict condition and thus optimize safety, maintenance and inspections. There are circumstances where an internal visual
operational planning. inspection is still needed to examine linings and other internal
structures; but man-entry can be avoided through part-intru-
NON/PART-INTRUSIVE INSPECTION sive inspection (PII) methods which involve placing remotely
Detecting Corrosion under Insu- operated camera devices into the vessel through existing or
lation (CUI) is one of the major even purpose-built openings.
problems for FPSO operators as
removing and replacing insula- CORROSION IN CONFINED SPACES
tion can be expensive. Detecting The hull and tanks are confined spaces that conventionally
the cause of the corrosion and require man entry, but both can also be visually inspected using
where it is occurring, and being remote cameras carried by robotic arms, ROVs or Unmanned
able to assess the level of dam- Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). To date UAVs have been used to min-
age without removing the insu- imize the need for maintenance personnel to work at height,
lation, can help reduce remedial for example, for tank inspections. UAV operators still need to
work to a minimum. CUI man- enter the tanks and there are payload limitations, but ‘drone’
agement strategies can include technology is evolving quickly.
Real Time Radiography (RTR), However, greater advances are under way that entail perform-
which can be improved through ing class- approved general and close visual inspections with
use of a non-intrusive screen- remotely-operated high-performance cameras, which require
ing tool that can measure exter- no man-entry whatsoever.
nal wall loss. The RTR ‘hit rate’ These are much
NoMan camera.
can also be optimized through safer, reduce tank
application of Neutron Backscat- outage time signifi-
ter techniques. cantly, and are more
Typically, a two-man team can inspect around 50 m (164 economic than any
ft) of insulated pipework per day with major operators report- man-entry meth-
ing that ‘calibrated’ RTR technology cost benefits compared ods, with proven
to insulation removal of around 70 %. The same principle and cost savings of over
cost savings can be applied to large-diameter insulated pressure 50% and reductions
vessels using eddy current methods for screening and Back- in POB of 70%. The
NoMan camera.
scatter Computed Tomography (BCT) for sizing any anomalies total man hour sav-
found. Managing the internal inspections of pressure vessels ings including tank preparation, management and inspection
for corrosion and other degradation will also benefit from the time can represent a saving of over 90%.
introduction of non-intrusive or part-intrusive methods.
REMOTE THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS
Managing tank corrosion could also include measuring the
structure’s wall thickness. The conventional approach is to
have a technician apply ultrasonic inspection in close prox-
imity to the structure (i.e. man entry into the tank/confined
space and often working at height), which increases both the
cost and safety risk. However, the emergence of synchronous
laser techniques will facilitate remote thickness measurements
of these structures.
Inspecting the underwater parts of a structure and mooring
systems for corrosion too can be performed by ROVs. Often the
surface has to be cleared sufficiently of marine growth to allow
inspection and this in itself can damage protective coatings. Spe-
cialized cleaning tools such as cavitation blasters are much less
1901OFF76-78.indd 77 1/4/19 4:08 PM

damaging to underwa- time for remedial work to minimize cost and disruption. In
ter coatings but a more other marine industries there is a tradition of constant reme-
practical approach dial ‘painting’ where the crew have time available on long voy-
might be to minimize ages. Our industry does not have that luxury and with bed
the amount of marine space at a premium, it is important to manage remedial work
growth removal for on a campaign basis.
inspection purposes. However, the concept of C-Fix – ‘See it Fix it’ - combines
Corrosion of elec- inspection and remedial coating which can arrest corrosion
trical equipment is for at least the time needed to prepare for a major campaign,
another challenge, and is therefore a useful tool in corrosion management. Signifi-
especially for Ex (haz- Measuring callipers on an ROV. cant advances are under way in remedial technology and some
ardous area) compo- future assets could be designed for fully robotic maintenance. •
nents. These need to be regularly stripped down for internal
inspection to ensure that, among other issues, the internal con-
nections, cables and flame paths have not corroded. Non-Intru-
sive Inspection (NII) of Ex equipment can be performed using
advanced NDT methods. This helps avoid the cost and down-
time of isolating electrical systems and the need to dismantle
and reassemble electrical items for inspection purposes.
REMEDIATION
There are few components on an offshore asset that will not
at some stage need some form of remediation from corrosion.
HullGuard anode.
Oil and gas industry experts have long discussed the optimum
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A digital twin of Vito is enabling Shell to maximize its

operational readiness before the platform reaches its
commissioning phase. (Courtesy Shell)
Virtual reality provides springboard

for rebounding offshore capital
Shell employing 3D modeling technology on Vito platform
BRIAN LOZES, AUDUBON COMPANIES

BEAU PEREZ, SHELL OIL CO.
DIGITALIZATION HAS EMERGED as a powerful lever for help- and increased pressure to deliver projects on time and within
ing oil and gas operators reduce costs and improve efficiencies budget. In the midst of the current climate, operators have had
amid the low-price environment. This is particularly the case in to take aggressive measures to reduce project capex and opex,
the offshore sector, where long development cycles, high capex while accelerating time to first oil.
and opex, and added safety risks present unique challenges that Technologies like digital twins and immersive VR models,
are often not encountered in onshore projects. As this article which can help companies improve the way they work, are increas-
will discuss, applying technologies that require a relatively small ingly proving their worth in helping to achieve those goals.
up-front investment, like virtual reality (VR) and digital twins,
can unlock value and savings for offshore operators across every APPLYING VIRTUAL REALITY
phase of the development lifecycle – from front-end planning Many use cases exist for virtual and/or augmented reality in oil
and design, through construction, and eventually into operation. and gas. One that lends itself particularly well to the offshore
environment involves developing an interactive 3D model that
OFFSHORE INDUSTRY CHALLENGES can be used by operations personnel to familiarize themselves
After a prolonged lull in deepwater activity following the 2014 oil with a facility before it is physically built. This is the approach
market decline, the offshore industry is beginning to show new currently being deployed by Shell on its Vito platform.
signs of life. In the 18 months spanning from January 2017 to June Vito reached FID in April 2018 and will be Shell’s 11th deep-
2018, more than $110 billion worth of projects worldwide reached water host in the Gulf of Mexico. The project features a low-cost
final investment decision (FID) – up from $50 billion in 2016.1 development approach and has a highly competitive forward-look-
While confidence in offshore exploration and production ing break-even price estimated to be less than $35/bbl. The floating
continues to grow, many challenges remain for owners, suppli- production system is currently under construction in Singapore
ers, and EPCs. Among these include the potential of having to and is scheduled to achieve first oil in 2021.
operate in a sustained low-price environment, market volatility, Shell has been an early adopter of digital technologies since the
1901OFF79-81.indd 79 1/4/19 4:08 PM

1970s. Today, the company continues to determining egresses, and identifying potential health, safety, and environmental risks
take aggressive steps to stay at the indus- (HSE), which is often not feasible with traditional 2D and 3D model reviews.
try’s forefront by using digital transforma- Additionally, with multi-user capabilities, team members can jointly complete tasks,
tion to increase its competitive advantage take action, and communicate just as they would in a real-world scenario, regardless of
and overcome the challenges posed by the geographic location. This functionality can be used for training purposes as well, where
low-price environment. one individual assesses the competency of a trainee performing a certain task – with
As part of its organization-wide digita- zero HSE risk to either party or the facility. All of these advantages are derived from the
lization initiative, Shell recently selected VR application and would otherwise not be possible, even if Vito was being constructed
Audubon Companies to provide VR prod- in a shipyard in Texas.
ucts for the Vito project. Using only 3D Ultimately, by embracing VR technology, Shell has effectively reduced the distance
data supplied by the topsides engineer- between its operations team and the Vito platform. In the coming months, personnel
ing firm, Audubon Companies created a will continue to use the interactive digital twin and VR stations to acclimate themselves
digital twin of Vito’s topsides. with the topsides and prepare for commissioning of the facility in 2020.
The digital twin is a standalone, inter-
active 3D model delivered in the form PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN
of a single executable file. As part of the While Shell’s use of VR on Vito demonstrates the many advantages that applying the
scope of work for the Vito project, Audu- technology offers after a topsides design has been finalized, it can also be used to unlock
bon Companies provided Shell with all value earlier in the project timeline by increasing stakeholder engagement.
of the required hardware and software to VR solutions overcome the limitations of traditional 2D and 3D model reviews, which
build out VR stations at multiple locations. often fail to engage stakeholders on a level that solicits detailed feedback. In the tra-
Shell is currently using the Vito digital twin ditional review process, design changes are looked at by the design team, the owner’s
at its Woodcreek facility in Houston and project team, and occasionally facility leadership. The changes, however, rarely make
in the Vito operations base at its Robert their way down to the final end-users, such as equipment operators, technicians and
Training Center in Louisiana. It is also craftsmen. VR offers a more engaging way for individuals to walk themselves through
being utilized by personnel overseas in the model on their own time and provide detailed input to the design team. The immer-
the company’s Netherlands-based offices. sive digital twin gives the user a very personalized, self-driven overview of the project,
With Vito currently under construction which evokes a greater sense of ownership of the design.
in a shipyard nearly 10,000 miles from the VR gives the user the sensation of physically walking through the facility, even when
Gulf Coast, the use of VR is immensely in the conceptual stages or when distance is a factor. Designers and operators have the
valuable in that it gives operations person- opportunity to check for things like operability, safety, and placement of equipment. The
nel the capability to virtually walk the deck use of VR also allows subject matter experts and trainers to assist in the development
of the facility and familiarize themselves of safe work practices even if they are physically unable to go offshore.
with a fully constructed version of the top- Additionally, VR can be used as a simulation tool, with the user navigating through-
sides without ever leaving the office. This out the facility and visualizing exactly how it will come together at different points
represents a clear departure from how the
vast majority of offshore developments
are executed today and will enable the
Shell team to maximize its operational
readiness before the platform reaches its
commissioning phase. It will also translate
into improved bottom-line performance
by offsetting international travel costs
and compressing operational onboard-
ing timelines.
Entering the immersive environment
presents zero risk and allows users to visu-
alize the topsides layout and better under-
stand how it will look and perform in the
real-world. Operators are able to validate
2D drawings and locations of equipment,
make virtual rounds, plan routes, and con-
firm that operating procedures are execut-
able in the way that they are written. The
digital twin also serves as a useful tool for Interactive 3D models enable operations personnel to virtually walk the deck of a facility
developing emergency evacuation plans, without ever leaving the office. (Courtesy Audubon Companies)
1901OFF79-81.indd 80 1/4/19 4:08 PM

during the construction timeline. For example, full scale digi- capex and opex requirements present operators with added risk
tal cranes or equipment can be inserted into the virtual envi- that is often not seen in onshore projects.
ronment, allowing the user to verify dimensions and determine In the midst of the industry’s current state, which many are
if objects or pieces of equipment will introduce problems spa- acknowledging may be “the new normal,” producers and suppli-
tially. In doing so, stakeholders are able to make design adjust- ers must be open to applying new technology in order to remain
ments or plan interventions before arriving on location. In many competitive.
cases, this directly translates into cost savings by reducing the Unlike many of the solutions being applied across the digi-
likelihood of late-stage field change orders, which often lead to tal oilfield today, VR is especially attractive and unique in that it
costly project delays. requires little up-front investment on the part of the user, both
The capabilities and benefits afforded by VR can also be real- from a standpoint of cost and manpower resources. The tech-
ized on brownfield projects. In such cases, 3D laser scanners and nology is widely applicable to disciplines ranging from design
surveying tools, such as LIDAR are brought in to map the exist- teams to operations personnel and can generate immense value
ing physical facility. Using data gathered from these methods, by improving engagement and communication between stake-
along with 2D drawings and plant design models, an up-to-date holders, leading to better project outcomes. •
digital twin of the facility can be created and leveraged just as it
would in a greenfield. REFERENCES
1. Oil and Gas Projects Worth $110 Billion are Coming Off the
CONCLUSION Backburner. Rystad Energy. June 2018.
Oil and gas operators have emerged from the downturn leaner
and more efficient than ever. However, the need to reduce devel- THE AUTHORS
opment costs, improve work processes, and increase efficiency Brian Lozes is Vice President of Virtual Reality, Audubon
remains key to long-term success. This is especially the case in Companies.
the offshore environment, where long project cycles and increased Beau Perez is Operations Manager, Shell Oil Co.
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• EQUIPMENT & ENGINEERING
UAVs bring offshore inspection

into the digital age
AS THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY increasingly prioritizes dig-
ital innovation, many operators have yet to fully embrace asset
integrity data as a means to drive decision making, optimize
operations and maximize profitability. These operators are
missing a vital opportunity to gather highly detailed, up-to-
date data which will enhance the operation and production
of their assets.
PUSHING TECHNOLOGY BOUNDARIES

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), otherwise known as drones,
have taken inspection to a new level, allowing operators to
undertake condition monitoring in a far more efficient manner.
UAVs allow operators to undertake condition monitoring in a far
This is thanks to a range of benefits; inspections which are up more efficient manner. (Images courtesy Cyberhawk)
to four times faster; cost savings of up to seven figures through
avoiding unplanned shutdowns; and drastically reduced risk to develop more efficient asset inspection programs. Generating
the safety of personnel. these huge volumes of data, however, creates its own challenges
Cyberhawk says it has been using drones to inspect high, haz- and requires a different approach to reporting in order to get
ardous and difficult-to-reach assets for over a decade. Operat- the best value out of the data.
ing globally, typical general visual and close visual inspections In the previously highlighted tank inspection, Cyberhawk says
include flares stacks, cooling towers, chimneys, confined spaces that it completed more than 350 flights and collected over 600GB
(such as the inside of a cargo tank) and structural inspections. of data. The data is hosted in iHawk, Cyberhawk’s cloud-based
In terms of internal tanks, drone inspections in these assets visual asset management software, which has been designed
have to date focused on capturing to host the huge volumes of data cap-
visual data of specific areas, repre- tured by drones or other sources and
senting approximately 20 to 30% of allow the user to access this data in a
the tank. Cyberhawk says it recently functional and intuitive way.
completed an inspection, however, iHawk presents the client with a
using a solution developed to cover 360-degree view of the inside of the
100% of the tank’s internal surface in tanks, with defects and areas of inter-
a quicker, more cost-effective manner. est highlighted. High definition imag-
The traditional method of inspec- ery was provided which allows the
tion for this type of tanker would be to user to see these points of interest in
scaffold the inside of the tank, with sur- Cyberhawk says that its iHawk solution presents the greater detail, giving them the ability
veyors performing a visual survey and client with a 360-degree view of the inside of the to make evidence-based asset man-
tanks, with defects and areas of interest highlighted.
non-destructive testing (NDT) tech- agement decisions.
nicians taking thickness measurements. There are multiple The software presents one central repository of asset data
liabilities associated with this type of working, from potential that can be referred to by both projects teams and contractors,
dropped objects caused by lowering equipment into the tank, reduces visits required to site and means office-based staff have
to potential damage to the tank coating, to working at height a better understanding of the tank and its context.
in confined spaces. iHawk also provided the client with a complete visual record
Furthermore, the time required to set up and remove the scaf- of the tank, which can be referred to on an ongoing basis to mon-
fold, together with the time required for inspection, is roughly itor the condition of the tank and the degradation of any defects.
seven days per tank compared to one day per tank by Cyber- Drones have already proven to be one of the most game-chang-
hawk’s two-man team, the company says. ing technologies when it comes to efficiency gains. By embracing
the new opportunities presented by data management, opera-
USING DATA TO ITS MAXIMUM POTENTIAL tors can use data-driven insights to drive efficency, safety and
These types of technological advances allow greater volumes reliability, fundamentally securing a competitive advantage in
of data to be captured than ever before, opening the door to today’s evolving industry. •
1901OFF82-86.indd 82 1/4/19 4:07 PM

EQUIPMENT & ENGINEERING
Anti-Two Block system reduces

risk of dropped loads
OV E R THE YEARS, replaceable cap and the activation of limit sensors is not
the offshore and marine dependent on chain length or weight unlike other A2B
industry has witnessed designs.
multiple crane incidents The innovative design also allows for the A2B to be
and dropped loads due installed without removing the block and disconnecting
to two-block collisions. the wire rope. The A2B interlocks onto the wire rope with
To address this problem, multiple fasteners and will not come off the wire rope if the
Keppel LeTourneau devel- chains break or if several fasteners are removed.
oped a simple yet innova- One of the key advantages of the newly upgraded A2B is
tive solution to reduce the that it can be visually inspected without disassembly. Unlike
risk of dropped loads. existing systems in the market, this A2B has no springs, seals,
The company says that lubrication, precision wear points or mechanical switches,
the result is an Anti-Two making it practically maintenance free. It is resistant to wire
Block system (A2B) that rope lubricant, sand, water, ice and other contaminants that
can be modified to fit most normally disable other A2B designs.
cranes in the market today.
Weighing under 50 lbs
and with a compact body,
the newly designed A2B
can be installed on all
LeTourneau cranes and is
also customizable to other
The Petroleum Industry
brands upon request. It has The newly designed A2B with field
adjustable chains that allows for
an expected life span of flexible stopping distances for a “BIG PICTURE”
over 10 years and is made variety of applications. (Images
of forged stainless steel courtesy Keppel LeTourneau) You’ve Been Seeking!
and high impact polymer
to resist corrosion.
ORDER TODAY!
The company J
Joseph Hilyard’s timely book
says that the A2B provides a broad perspective
utilizes a dual chain on the oil and gas industry,
suspension system with primary focus on the
which ensures that United States. A guided tour
it is highly resistant of the operations used to
to spinning, thereby fnd and evaluate resources,
preventing it from and then to produce, store,
being dragged up and deliver oil and gas.
by the wire rope.
332 Pages / Hardcover / 2012
On top of this, the
wide stabilizing
arms cater for high
winds, and pitch
and roll motions. A distinguishing feature of the A2B system ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY!
A distinguish- are the versatile and reliable sensors that
are not dependent on chain length or
ing feature of the weight unlike other A2B designs.
A2B is its versatile
FIND US!
and reliable sensors, says Keppel LeTourneau. The redun- www.PennWellBooks.com
dant NAMUR proximity sensors are integrated in an easily 1.800.752.9764
OGI14V_petro_150218 1 2/18/15 5:17 PM
1901OFF82-86.indd 83 1/4/19 4:07 PM

Clock Spring introduces zero-emission gasket

CLOCK SPRING COMPANY, INC., has expanded its product and productivity loss
line with the introduction of the patented Full Metal Gasket, and higher opera-
which it says delivers a permanent, zero-emissions, non-leak- tional costs. The Full
ing seal. Metal Gasket is said
“As we introduce creative solutions for maintaining the reli- to eliminate the pip-
ability of critical infrastructure, our continuing focus is on safety ing system’s weakest
and environmental responsibility,” says Clock Spring CEO and link, delivering sealing
President Matthew Boucher. “The design of our metal-to-metal technology with unri-
gasket is elegant in its simplicity, maintaining zero-emissions valed effectiveness.
integrity under exacting conditions. And like all Clock Spring The gasket design
products, it is easy to install and cost-effective to deploy across includes specially
a broad range of applications.” milled ridges that Clock Spring says that the Full Metal
The company says that the Full Metal Gasket is the world’s make up the metal- Gasket is manufactured from a single
only DNV GL type approved gasket for zero emissions. The to-metal seal. The block of metal using the same material as
the surrounding pipe and flange.
CNC-milled gasket is manufactured from a single block of metal ridges deform accord-
using the same material as the surrounding pipe and flange; ing to the surface of
so it shares identical characteristics and is able to expand and the flange and seal a 0.3 mm groove. Compression produced by
contract in line with the adjoining infrastructure to maintain the V-shaped rings that create the seal make installation easy,
a permanent, zero-emissions, non-leaking seal. reducing the torque required to tighten the flange by almost
The gasket design addresses a problem that bolted flanges 70%. When traditional bolted gasket joints are tightened exces-
cannot. Traditional gaskets leak when the material contained sively, the seal is often compromised. The Full Metal Gasket is
in the system escapes through the pores of the gasket material. said to provide the same exceptional performance even when
Studies show that seals between flanges are among the weak- overtightened, controlling emissions and eliminating the like-
est components of piping connections, resulting in production lihood of penalties and fines. •
Mobile command center enhances inspection capabilities

AVISIGHT HAS RECENTLY unveiled its proprietary C3UBE communications. The C3UBE will continue to fuel growth for
Command Center. This mobile command center enables the company in the oil, gas, power, transportation, and telecom-
unmanned Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) data collec- munications sectors. It is manufactured in Las Vegas in partner-
tion and near real-time data streaming from almost any point ship with Xtreme Manufacturing, part of the Ahern Rentals, Inc.
within any critical infrastructure network. family, a world leader in industrial machinery manufacturing. •
“The C3UBE will transform the industrial inspection indus-
try. We are talking about the equivalent of going from The Flint-
stones to The Jetsons,” said J.B Bernstein, CEO of AviSight. “This
represents a true generational paradigm shift for industrial
inspections in efficiency, data actionability and of course, safety.”
This mobile command and distribution center allows for the
flight of unmanned aerial systems and is designed to not only
allow AviSight to reach the maximum BVLOS distances permit-
ted today, but also to expand its range for UAS operations as
limits increase in the national airspace. In addition, it enables
near-real-time transmission of data and imagery, which can
be disseminated live to anywhere in the world via its propri-
etary distribution network located at Switch’s Tier 4 data cen-
ter. It is with this advancement that AviSight is starting to see
a clear path by which UAS can supplant helicopters and other
manned aviation assets. The C3UBE Command Center enables unmanned Beyond Visual
The three Cs in C3UBE stand for command, control, and Line of Sight data collection. (Courtesy AviSight)
1901OFF82-86.indd 84 1/4/19 4:08 PM

EQUIPMENT & ENGINEERING •
Wide-ranging environmental factors

impact offshore moorings design
ONINTZE MATIAS, VICINAY MARINE
MOORING LINE DESIGN is critical to the safety of floating

steel offshore structures. The requirements for oil and gas
platforms and floating offshore wind systems differ widely
depending on the application, technology employed, and
the geographic location. Each project has its own special
characteristics, and the mooring system and its individual
components must take account of these factors.
The chains and connectors that comprise the mooring
system are more than a standard product and need to be
considered as part of a tailor-made solution. Vicinay Marine
group has developed an ‘Ad hoc mooring philosophy’ which
seeks to maximize the integrity and improve the safety of the
various components while optimizing the overall system cost.
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, warm-temperature areas
such as those found offshore West Africa or East Asia, and
the harsh Arctic environment all present different challenges
to mooring chain integrity. During the system’s design phase,
long-term performance factors that need to be considered
include fatigue, corrosion, damage induced by hurricane
or cyclone conditions, deepwater, the composition of the
seabed and local marine life, and the need to reduce oper-
ational and maintenance costs during service, particularly
in remote, ultra-deepwater settings. Through the Ad Hoc
Mooring approach, solutions can be provided to address
these challenges and minimize the impact of these degra- 220-mm diameter chain link manufacturing.
dation mechanisms. (All images courtesy Vicinay Marine)
HIGHER GRADE, LARGER DIAMETER all major classification societies, is a positive development
The new R6 grade for chain and connectors with an ultimate in this regard.
tensile strength of 1,100 MPa provides increased strength Corrosion is a concern especially for moorings in
which offers a larger safety margin and enhanced security warm-temperature regions, and mainly at the splash zone
in challenging metocean conditions and ultra-deepwaters. where there is high oxygen content. The impact of bacterial
The weight reduction gained by moving to corrosion should be considered as well, not
a higher grade contributes to a decreased solely on the seafloor but in different posi-
payload of the vessel or platform and tions along the mooring lines. Several coat-
leads to easier handling and installation. ings have been developed to prevent or to
Research on the fatigue performance and minimize general corrosion, such as Ther-
fracture mechanics of R6 demonstrates mal Sprayed Aluminum (TSA), or others
this grade is a significant solution for the to protect components against wear and
offshore industry, with weight reduction abrasion, such as Thermal Sprayed Carbide
an increasing preoccupation for opera- Thermal Sprayed Aluminum-protected (TSC). Both coatings have been proven in
tors of many projects. At the same time, chain link. laboratory tests and a real offshore envi-
the need to extend design life and intro- ronment. Alternative coating solutions are
duce larger corrosion allowances means that sometimes also under development with a focus on impact protection
bigger is better with regards to chain diameter. The ability and bacterial corrosion.
to supply 220-mm diameter chain in all grades, certified by Interface points of mooring lines are critical and must be
1901OFF82-86.indd 85 1/4/19 4:08 PM

connectors and H-links.

In addition to optimized accessories,
chain link geometry can be modified. By
changing the geometry and therefore the
weight of the links, variable geometry and
weight (VGW) products are an option.
VGW chain can reduce overall mooring
line tonnage, increase resistance to corro-
sion, improve fatigue life characteristics,
and enhance the line’s response to tension.
Harsh environments subject to unex-
pected occurrences also need special care
in product design. The Arctic region, for
example, combines very low temperatures
with an ice impact risk. For mooring systems
in these settings, specific heat treatments
that assure proper mechanical properties
H-link design connectors. during the service life can provide a means
of increasing the structural integrity.
analyzed in detail to ensure the connector design is optimized The Ad hoc mooring philosophy will continue to gain
to suit the required function. Numerous special accessories knowledge of how mooring lines perform and develop opti-
can be designed, manufactured, and delivered to facilitate mized products that function properly in a specific envi-
installation and operation including ROV-operable con- ronment. •
nectors, dedicated installation links, and all types of D-type
Remote metrology now available ‘on demand’

ZUPT LLC RECENTLY completed its
latest remote metrology in the Gulf of
Mexico. According to the company, the
timeline of the latest job was different
than previous operations as the client
did not want to “up-man” to take the
ROV operations to 24 hours per day.
The bathymetry data was collected
on the same day as the communica-
tions check/interface test, as the ROV
crew had time left at the end of their
normal shift. The next morning with
the ROV crew back on shift, the iner-
tial metrology data was collected with
the company’s tool, C-PINS, and the job
was completed.
The company said that this last
job continues to identify the ease for
the ROV crew to mobilize and use the
survey equipment under the control
of Zupt’s survey team onshore. The
other highlight of this job was there
was no need to up-man the ROV crew Since 2017, Zupt LLC says it has performed seven remote metrologies.
to 24-hour operations.
This job, the company said, was com- added cost for additional offshore personnel or equipment. Since 2017, the com-
pleted across two day shifts with no pany says it has performed seven remote metrologies. •
1901OFF82-86.indd 86 1/4/19 4:08 PM

OF F SHORE- EVENT.COM
HOSTED BY: HOSTED BY:
FEBRUARY 5–7, 2019 GALVESTON, TX USA

MOODY GARDE NS H O T E L & C O N V E N T I O N C E N T E R
PRELIMINARY EVENT GUIDE

OWNED & PRODUCED BY: PRESENTED BY: SUPPORTED BY:
DOF_TPS_Prelim_Event_Guide_OGJ.indd 1 12/18/18 12:58 PM

1901OFF87-100.indd 87 1/4/19 4:07 PM
TWO CONFERENCES. ONE EXHIBIT HALL. ENHANCED NETWORKING.
COMING TOGETHER CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
YOU ARE INVITED TO ATTEND THE 16TH

ANNUAL DEEPWATER OPERATIONS
On behalf of the conference Advisory Board and PennWell, I invite you to participate
in the Deepwater Operations Conference & Exhibition, February 5-7, 2019, at the
Moody Gardens Hotel & Convention Center in Galveston, Texas.
Murphy Oil is delighted to host Deepwater Operations, alongside Equinor, the

Rusty Desormeaux host of Topsides, Platforms – Hulls Conference & Exhibition. The two conferences
Murphy Exploration & will be co-located with an overarching theme, “Coming Together.” This enhanced
Production Company event features unique opportunities for the engineering and operations teams to
collaborate. It’s proven that early engagement and transparency among teams
General Manager,
through all phases of upstream operations enable safe and efficient development.
Operations, Western
Hemisphere Offshore The conference Opening Plenary Session is designed to encourage delegates
from Deepwater Operations and Topsides, Platforms – Hulls to come together to
Deepwater Operations
discuss the benefits and barriers of the digital transformation of offshore oil and
Conference Advisory Board
gas operations. Senior thought leaders from international operators will share their
Chairman
perspectives on the development and application of digital technologies, in a panel
discussion format. It promises to be an informative and lively debate.
After the opening session, the conferences will break into separate rooms and will
run concurrently for the duration of the event. Networking coffee breaks and evening
receptions will be in a common exhibit hall for both delegate groups to reconvene
throughout the week.
The 2019 edition of Deepwater Operations seeks to address the issues that are
front-of-mind of global operations professionals. These include challenges related to
brownfield management, flow assurance, subsea leak detection, well intervention,
and personnel competency development. The technical sessions also feature
presentations on innovative operational solutions, and entry requirements and
considerations for operators and contractors that are pursuing opportunities in
emerging markets such as Guyana.
I encourage you to join your peers at this unique event. The offshore oil and gas
industry is on the verge of an upcycle, and it’s imperative that the engineering and
operations teams come together to ensure that the momentum continues on a
sustainable, upward trend.
Thank you for your support, and I look forward to seeing you at Deepwater
Operations 2019.
GO TO offshore-event.com TODAY FOR THE MOST CURRENT INFO AND TO REGISTER. 2
DOF_TPS_Prelim_Event_Guide_OGJ.indd 2 12/18/18 12:58 PM DOF_TP

1901OFF87-100.indd 88 1/4/19 4:07 PM
YOU A R E I N V I T E D T O AT T E N D T HE 9 T H
A N N UA L T OP S IDE S , P L AT F O R M S – H U L L S
C ON F E R E N C E & E X HIBI T ION
Welcome to the Topsides, Platforms – Hulls Conference & Exhibition, owned and
produced by PennWell. Equinor is delighted to host the 2019 edition, which will be
held at the Moody Gardens Convention Center in Galveston, February 5-7, 2019.
This year I have the honor of chairing the advisory board consisting of seasoned
Lars Ronning industry peers. They volunteer their time and work their professional networks to
develop a comprehensive technical program. I am confident this conference will
Principal Engineer, give you a wealth of knowledge about recently completed world-class projects,
Platform Technology, Equinor
lessons learned from projects sanctioned in a low oil-price environment, solutions
2019 Topsides, to late-life challenges of offshore production, insight about new technology
Platforms – Hulls developments, and views of the road ahead.
Advisory Board Chairman This year marks a significant change in how the conference is organized in that
it is co-located with PennWell’s Deepwater Operations Conference & Exhibition.
Therefore, the natural theme is “Coming Together.” I am particularly excited about
bringing these two events together as I believe the format of the conferences and
the expo affords a unique opportunity to bring together designers, fabricators,
vendors, and operators from different parts of the world in an intimate setting.
Sharing experiences and ideas will improve deliveries and benefit the industry.
The conferences kick off with a combined plenary session on digitalization. This is
a term that has often been labeled a “buzzword” and can appear vague and fuzzy
to many audiences. What is clear is that most companies today have a digitalization
strategy and are increasingly putting resources into this area. So, what does it
mean? And is this a good thing or should we be cautious? To find out, attend the
panel session Tuesday afternoon where industry leaders will discuss the pros and
cons of digitalization in the industry. Later in the program, speakers will share
some of the concrete steps that are being taken to unlock its potential.
I am very grateful to the excellent staff at PennWell for organizing such a great
conference and to my colleagues on the advisory board for their hard work. And
my sincere thanks to all the presenters, exhibitors, and delegates without whom
there would not be an event. Sir Isaac Newton famously said that “If I have seen
further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” I daresay you will find many
shoulders on which to stand at this conference. I look forward to seeing you in
Galveston!
12:58 PM DOF_TPS_Prelim_Event_Guide_OGJ.indd 3 12/18/18 12:58 PM

1901OFF87-100.indd 89 1/4/19 4:07 PM
EVENT HIGHLIGHTS*
Connecting you to the contacts you need to make and the solutions you need to succeed!
DEEPWATER OPERATIONS TOPSIDES, PLATFORMS – HULLS
635
635 Attendees from
736
736 Attendees from
12 Countries and 16 States 15 Countries and 17 States
12 Operator
Presentations 2 Consultant
Presentations 7 Operator
Presentations 5 Contractor
Presentations 3 Consultant
Presentations
2 Medical
Presentations 2 Regulatory
Presentations 1 University
Presentation 1 Regulatory
Presentation
TOP REASONS PEOPLE CHOOSE TO ATTEND
1
The events are important
2
Attendees meet the contacts
for performing their job they need to conduct business
and establishing contacts
in the industry
3
Valuable networking
4
The overall event experience is
opportunities worth the investment
*Data garnered from the the Nov. 2017 Deepwater Operations Conference & Exhibition survey results and the February 2018 Topsides,
Platforms - Hulls Conference & Exhibition survey results.

1901OFF87-100.indd 90 1/4/19 4:07 PM
WH AT ’ S H A P P EN I N G I N 2 0 1 9
Two Conferences. One Exhibit Hall.
Hear DIRECTLY from OPERATORS as they discuss INNOVATIVE AND

PRACTICAL WAYS to address real-world challenges in field development.
Opening Day Golf Tournament — Sign up by January 21 to participate in a four-

person scramble before the opening plenary session on Tuesday.
Don’t miss the OPENING PLENARY SESSION on Tuesday, February 5, at

3:30 pm on the Digitalization of Offshore Oil & Gas Operations presented by
Murphy E&P Company, Equinor, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, BP, and
McKinsey & Company.
Earn Professional Development Hours — as a participant of either conference,

you can receive nine credit hours for attending the event.
Technology Zone — 600 sq. ft. of space on the exhibit floor dedicated to
showcasing the latest digital technology solutions.
Win a $500 American Express gift card! Attend the Awards Ceremony and
lunch on Thursday to be entered in the drawing.
Catch up with colleagues over BREAKFAST, LUNCH, AND COFFEE BREAKS.
Explore an expanded exhibit hall, featuring the latest in industry

products and services.
Network with exhibitors and colleagues during the exhibit hall

NETWORKING RECEPTIONS on Tuesday and Wednesday nights.
Get involved in the Breakfast Discussion Tables on Wednesday and

Thursday mornings.
Participate in a productive and efficient week of connecting with

1,000+ industry professionals.

1901OFF87-100.indd 91 1/4/19 4:07 PM
DOUBL E YO U R
K N OW L E D G E
GROUP REGISTRATION PL AN S SEND MORE EMPLOYEES FOR LESS
What better way to broaden your marketing and Networking Events

product intelligence gathering than by sending key • Golf tournament, Moody Gardens Golf Course
personnel to attend PennWell’s industry leading, in Galveston
• Evening exhibit hall networking receptions
combined Deepwater Operations and Topsides,
• Breakfast roundtable discussions
Platforms – Hulls Conference & Exhibition. As a • Delegate luncheons
prudent manager, you may be worried about cost. • Morning and afternoon coffee
We share your concern, and that’s why we’re offering
a unique opportunity for operators and equipment/
service providers to send groups of three or more at DISCOUNTED DELEGATE RATES
a discounted rate, with even more incentives if you Deepwater Operations and Topsides, Platforms – Hulls Combo
register early.
Full Early Bird
Individual $995.00 $845.00
Real-World Content Exhibitor Delegate $650.00 $550.00
• Digitalization of Offshore Oil & Gas Operations Group Plan – Operators
• Adapting to a Low-Price Environment Group of 3-9 $525.00 Per person
• New Technology Group of 10+ (Unlimited) $5,000.00 Flat rate
• Late Life Management
• Innovative Operational Solutions Group Plan – Equipment/Service Companies
• Flow Assurance Group of 3-9 $795.00 $675.00 Per person
Group of 10+ $695.00 $575.00 Per person
REGISTER YOUR TEAM AS FULL CONFERENCE DELEGATES TODAY AND ENJOY THE INFORMATIONAL
BENEFITS OF TWO WORLD-CLASS CONFERENCES COMING TOGETHER AS ONE.
Contact Desiree Reyes, 713.963.6283, DesireeR@PennWell.com

or Sara Lowery Ng, 713.963.6277, SaraN@PennWell.com, or register now.

1901OFF87-100.indd 92 1/4/19 4:07 PM
PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE P R OGR AM
A
REGIS ll
TUESDAY – FEBRUARY 5, 2019 TRANT
AR S
WELCO E
ME TO
3:30 – 5:00 p.m. Opening Plenary Session – Hall A ATTEN
D!
DIGITALIZATION OF OFFSHORE OIL & GAS OPERATIONS PANEL DISCUSSION
Welcome: David Paganie, Conference Director & Chief Editor; Offshore magazine
Moderator: Jim Crompton, Director; Reflections Data Consulting
Panelists: Richard Ward, Sr. Manager Machine Learning & Data Science; McKinsey & Company
Ahmed Khamassi, VP Data Science; Equinor
Sathish Sankaran, Engineering Manager – Advanced Analytics and Emerging
Technologies; Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
Bryan Arciero, Investor Relations; Murphy Exploration & Production Company
Al Vickers, Vice President, Technical Functions, Global Operations Organization; BP
(invited)
5:00 – 6:30 p.m. Networking Reception – Exhibit Hall
A
REGIS ll
WEDNESDAY – FEBRUARY 6, 2019 TRANT
S
ARE
WELCO
ME
7:00 – 8:00 a.m. Breakfast and Breakfast Discussion Tables – Floral Ballroom ATTEN TO
D!
(Breakfast Discussion Tables take place from 7:10 – 7:50)
Table Topics: Process Safety Systems for Offshore Production Facilities – Murphy E&P Co.
Package Vendor Engineering in FEED – Chevron
US Offshore Wind Outlook – Keystone Engineering
Selecting Mooring Tensioning Systems for Offshore Platforms – Aker Solutions
8:00 – 9:00 a.m. Keynote Plenary Session – Hall A

WELCOME & INTRODUCTION
David Paganie, Conference Director & Chief Editor; Offshore magazine
KEYNOTE PRESENTATION
Dale W. Bradford, Vice President, Western Hemisphere Offshore
Murphy Exploration & Production Company
9:00 – 10:00 a.m. Coffee Break – Exhibit Hall

1901OFF87-100.indd 93 1/4/19 4:07 PM
PRELIMINARY CONFEREN C E P R OGR AM
10:00 – 11:30 a.m. SESSION 1
DEEPWATER OPERATIONS – HALL A1 TOPSIDES, PLATFORMS – HULLS – HALL A3

ADVISORY BOARD CHAIRMAN’S OPENING REMARKS ADVISORY BOARD CHAIRMAN’S OPENING REMARKS
Rusty Desormeaux, General Manager of Lars Ronning, Principal Engineer,
Operations, Western Hemisphere Offshore; Platform Technology; Equinor
Murphy Exploration & Production
RECENT PROJECTS
KEEP THE WELLS FLOWING Johan Sverdrup
Inventive Technologies Applied to Modify Viktor Nilsen-Nygåard, Principal Professional,
Serial No. 1 Subsea Pumps PlatformTechnology Marine Operations; Equinor
Gary A. Giordano, Subsea Engineering
Big Foot Project Overview
Manager; Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
David Knight, Big Foot Project Manager;
Building Deepwater Subsea Well Intervention Chevron
Capability in the Gulf of Mexico
Big Foot Tension Leg Platform Installation
Rob Macnamara, Petroleum Engineer; BP
Jim Reiners, Big Foot Installation Manager;
Barrels vs. Bits: Understanding the Benefit of Chevron
Platform Operations on Drilling Success
Billy Pecue, Completions Engineer; Murphy
Exploration & Production Co.
11:30 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Delegate Lunch – Floral Ballroom
1:00 – 2:30 p.m. SESSION 2

LIFE CYCLE: FROM COUNTRY ENTRY TO ARTIFICIAL LIFT STANDARDIZATION – ADAPTING TO A LOW-PRICE
New Country Entry from Key Contractor ENVIRONMENT
Perspective
Advancing Deepwater Together – Vito Host
Michiel Heuven, Area Operations Manager
Kurt Shallenberger, Vito Project Manager; Shell
North America and Caribbean; SBM Offshore
Juniper Unlocks BP Challenge to Deliver in
BSEE Risk-Based Inspection Program
Low-Cost Environment
Jason Mathews, Chief, Office of Safety
Michael Daniel, Project General Manager; BP
Management; BSEE
Peregrino Phase 2 – How to Adjust Your
KING Gas Lift Project
Project to Survive in a Low-Price Environment
Cort Prois, Engineering GoM Area Asset Lead;
Egill A. Arianson, Project Control Manager,
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
Peregrino Phase 2 Project; Equinor
2:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Coffee Break – Exhibit Hall

1901OFF87-100.indd 94 1/4/19 4:07 PM
PRELIMINARY CONFEREN C E P R OGR AM

3:15 – 4:45 p.m. SESSION 3 REGIS
TRANT
AR S
WELCO E
DEEPWATER OPERATIONS – HALL A1 TOPSIDES, PLATFORMS – HULLS – HALL A3 ATTEN
ME TO
D!
BROWNFIELD MANAGEMENT NEW TECHNOLOGY
The Restart of Titan Robotic Underwater Tank Inspection
Kyle Golson, Titan Operations Manager; Georgios Papadopoulos,
Equinor Shell Research Engineer; Shell
Allegheny Flex Bearing Replacement Technology Advancement on Water Injection
Dyrk Zapata, Facilities & Subsea Engineer; Pump for St Malo Field
Eni Petroleum Al ElRabaa, Jack St Malo Mechanical Engineer;
Chevron; Martin Uere Villoria, VP Global
Chevron Bigfoot Preservation Challenges
Technology; Sulzer
Brandon Bowman, Bigfoot Maintenance
Coordinator; Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Artificial Intelligence Approaches for
Automating Offshore Operations
Diptabhas Sarkar, Lead Facilities Engineer;
Equinor
4:30 – 5:30 p.m. Networking Reception – Exhibit Hall
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 2019

7:00 – 8:00 a.m. Breakfast and Breakfast Discussion Tables – Floral Ballroom
(Breakfast Discussion Tables take place from 7:10 – 7:50)
Table Topics: Offshore Wind Outlook – Saitec Offshore Technologies
Inclusion of Operations Input into FEED and Detailed Engineering
Design Phases of MCP’s – Chevron North America E&P Co.
Murphy in Mexico – Preparing for Deepwater Activities –
Murphy Exploration & Production Co.
Smart Strategies to Optimize Performance – DanosPetrofac
8:00 – 9:30 a.m. SESSION 4

INNOVATIVE OPERATIONAL SOLUTIONS LATE LIFE MANAGEMENT
Computer Analytics to Improve Plant Safety Gulfstar One FPS – Mooring Fatigue
and Operating Efficiency Assessment Using Field Measured Data
Chris Cooley, GOO GoM Engineering Manger; BP YC Park, Manager, Offshore Engineering; Williams
Real-Time Remote Guidance Visualization of VIM Assessment During Horn Mountain’s
Maintenance and Inspection on Platforms Life Cycle
Ajay Dham, Founder & CEO; CNS David Renzi, Principal; Stress Engineering
Services, Inc.
Subsea Leak Detection Advances
Katie Pelliccio, Process Engineering Team Buoyancy Can Removal in a Gulf of Mexico
Lead; Chevron Gulf of Mexico Deep Water Field
Carly Fisher, Facilities Engineer; Anadarko
Petroleum Corporation
9:30 – 10:15 a.m. Coffee Break – Exhibit Hall

1901OFF87-100.indd 95 1/4/19 4:07 PM
10:15 – 11:45 a.m. SESSION 5
FLOW ASSURANCE LOOKING AHEAD

Flow Assurance Plan Optimization During Floating Production Market Outlook
Stampede’s Gradual Ramp-up David Boggs, Managing Director; EX
Jason J. Harry, Subsea Engineering Advisor; Energy Maritime Associates PTE LTD
Hess Corporation BSEE Update
Setting Subsea and Topsides Wear Specific Paul Versowsky, Chief, Office of Structural
Production Thresholds and Technical Support; Bureau of Safety and
Yogesh Kapoor, Flow Assurance Project Environmental Enforcement, Department of
Advisor; Anadarko the Interior
Asphaltene Management in a Gulf of Mexico Country Entry to Mexico
Deep Water Field Gabriel Gomez, Country Manager Mexico;
Kevin Wrobel, Production Engineer; BHP Murphy
11:45 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Delegate Lunch – Floral Ballroom
12:15 p.m. Presentation of Speaker Awards

Chairmen's Closing Remarks
American Express $500 Gift Card Drawing

1901OFF87-100.indd 96 1/4/19 4:07 PM
BATHROOMS BATHROOMS
EXIT EXIT EXIT EXIT EXIT

EXIT
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY ZONE
PENNWELL
SPEAKER LOUNGE
DANOS
527 626 1127
MEET THE
927 1026 1027 1126
Moody Gardens
COFFEE BAR
627 726
PORT DWD
CETCO
ENVIRO
RESERVED
DANOS
FOUR INTERN
Convention Center 525 624 625

KONGS
725 824 924
KEYST-
1024 1025 1124 1125
INTE
BERG VARCO HOOVER
ONE
ASPENA TIGER RESERVED GRATED
EXIT
523 622 623 722 723 822 823 922 923 1022 1023 1122 1123 1222
1221
WOODS
HOLE OGLAEND
CLA- HYDRA SIEMENS SHIELD XSTREM LEECYN
ANTLER VAL TIGHT ALFRED EMD REMITITE
GROUP
518 519 618 619 718 719 818 819 918 919 1O18 1019 1118 1119 1218 1219
MAMMOET
OCEANEERING
OIL STATES
DEANSTEEL
LOKRING
MSC
FAGIOLI
JACOBS
CORTEC
OFFSHORE
HOUSTON
EDG
516 517 617 1O16 1017 1216 1217
DOXSTEE CARBER RESERVED LEICA
Conference Sessions 514 515 614 615 714 715 814 815 914 915 1014 1015 1114 1115 1214 1215
VALLOUREC
512
Deepwater Operations
FREUDENBERG
VERIS GLOBAL
BERARD
HOLLOWAY
510 511 610 AUDUBON 1210 1211

+ CIVEO
COMPANIES NALCO
CHAMPION,
CLARIANT
Topsides, Platforms – Hulls 508 509 608

SAFEZONE
609 WOOD AN ECOLAB
COMPANY
909 1009 1108 1109 1208
SOS
1209
506 507 1107 1206 1207
SEATRAX
504 604 705 805 BAKER MISTRAS 1204 1205
FALCK HUGHES GROPU
503 602 603 903 1003 1103 1202 1203
HALL B HALL C EXIT
EXIT EXIT EXIT
ENTRANCE BATHROOMS BATHROOMS
E X HIBI T O R L I ST
Alfred Conhagen Inc 918 Holloway Houston 610 PennWell Corporation 1221
Antler Supply Services 718 Hoover Ferguson 822 Deepwater Operations
Conference and Exhibition
Aspen Aerogels 1022 Houston Offshore Engineering,
Oil & Gas Journal
Audubon Companies 609 an Atkins Company 1114
Offshore Magazine
Hydratight 819
Baker Hughes, a GE Company 903 Offshore Wind Executive Summit
Integrated Corrosion Companies, Inc 1123
Berard Transportation Inc 1109 PennWell Books
International SOS 1107 PennWell MAPSEARCH
Carber 615
CETCO Energy Services 923 Jacobs 815 PNEC Conference
Keystone Engineering 922 Subsea Tieback Forum & Exhibition
Civeo 608
Kongsberg Oil and Gas Technologies 623 Topsides, Platforms & Hulls
Clariant 909
LaserStream, LP 1122 Port Fourchon 725
Cla-Val 818
Leecyn Company 1118 Remitite America, Inc 1119
Cortec Fluid Control/Cortec
Manifold Systems 814 Leica Geosystems Inc 1015 Reserved 1014
Danos 722 Lloyd's Register 823 SafeZone Safety Systems, LLC 604
Danos Petrofac 726 Lokring Southwest 1016 Seatrax 1103
Deansteel Manufacturing Company 614 Mammoet 715 Shield Air Solutions, Inc. 1018
Dox Steel Fasteners 515 Mistras Group, Inc 1003 Siemens Water Solutions 919
DWD International, LLC 824 MSC Software 1017 Tiger Offshore Rentals 1023
EDG, Inc 914 Nalco Champion, an EcoLab Company 805 Vallourec USA Corporation 1211
Enviro-Tech Systems 924 National Oilwell Varco 723 Veris Global LLC 1108
Fagioli, Inc 915 Oceaneering 1115 Wood 705
Falck Safety Services 602 Oglaend System US LLC 719 Woods Hole Group 618
Freudenberg Oil & Gas Technologies 1009 Oil States Industries, Inc 714 XstremeMD 1019

1901OFF87-100.indd 97 1/4/19 4:07 PM
E V E NT PA RT N E RS
HOSTS
DIAMOND
Opening Reception/Registration/Title Golf Beverage Cart /

Golf Tournament Sponsor Hotel Keycard /Branding Badge Holder / Escalator Branding
GOLD
Coffee Break Networking Breakfast
SILVER
Delegate Lunch Whiskey Tasting Networking Reception Conference Notepad – Conference Notepad –
Topsides, Platforms — Hulls Deepwater Operations
SUPPORTING SPONSOR
Hotel Welcome Gift

& Door Hanger Custom Sponsorship

1901OFF87-100.indd 98 1/4/19 4:07 PM
2019 D E E PWAT E R O PE R ATI O N S

C ONFE RE N CE A D VI SO RY B O A R D
Advisory Board Chairman Conference Director

Rusty Desormeaux David Paganie
General Manager, Operations, Chief Editor
Western Hemisphere Offshore Offshore magazine
Karelis Anato Christopher Landry

GoM Surface Engineering Manager Offshore Ops Superintendent
BHP Anadarko Petroleum Corp.
Chuck Blevins Richard Loveland

MCP Sr. Project Ops Professional Area Reservoir Development Manager, GoM
Chevron North America BP
Fernando Gama Mike Lynch

Operations Department Manager Senior Operations Advisor
Petrobras America Inc. Granherne
Amro Hamza David Murphy

Dir Production Ops – GoM MR & I Wells/Subsea Lead
Anadarko Petroleum Corp. Hess Corporation
Julia Hedderson Reed Pere’

Account Manager VP of Production Services
TechnipFMC Danos
Will Hernandez Raffaello Rapacioli

VP, Strategy & Growth Portfolio Manager
Quality Companies USA Eni Petroleum
Michiel Heuven Pete Stracke

Area Operations Manager Offshore Facilities Manager – US & Mexico
N. America & Caribbean Equinor
SBM Offshore
Gerhard Visser
Wes Johnson Manager, Offshore Operations
Asset Manager, Leviathan Williams
Noble Energy
Tom Keating
VP, Operations
Wood

1901OFF87-100.indd 99 1/4/19 4:07 PM
2019 T O PSI D E S, PL AT F O R M S – H U L L S A D V I S O RY B O A RD
Advisory Board Chairman Conference Director

Lars Ronning David Paganie
Principal Engineer, Platform Technology Chief Editor
Equinor Offshore magazine
Shree Akhave Curtis Lohr

Director of Engineering Project Advisor/Guest Lecturer
TechnipFMC/Genesis Oil & Gas Shell Alumni
Arun Antony Ryan McLendon

Principal Naval Architect Project Engineer
Houston Offshore Engineering Jacobs Engineering
Jonathan Brewer Stafford Menard

Senior Associate VP, Deepwater Development
Stress Engineering Audubon Engineering Solutions
David Brubaker Marc Paquette

General Manager Structural Engineering Team Leader
Keystone Engineering Shell International E&P
Bryan Burkett David Petruska

Senior Facilities Engineer Segment Engineering Technical Authority
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation and Team Lead for Floating Systems and
Metocean
Mike Clarke BP
Senior Project Manager
Murphy Exploration & Production Co. Kevin Raatz
FPU, Product Account Manager
Nathan Davidson SBM Offshore
Offshore Business Development
Williams Matt Sellers
VP, Process Facilities
Renard Falcon Kiewit Offshore Services
Facilities Manager
Chevron Fraser Senciall
GoM Brownfield Projects Team Lead
Boyd Howell Hess Corporation
General Manager, Sales and Marketing
MODEC Scott Smith
Sr. Project Manager – EPC, Offshore
Jon Husby KBR Inc.
Project Director, Floating and Marine
Facilities Bryan Trocquet
Aker Solutions VP, Offshore
WorleyParsons
Alec Johnson
Senior Mechanical Engineer Eric Wensel
Petrobras Director, Development Studies
Wood
DOF_TPS_Prelim_Event_Guide_OGJ.indd 14 12/18/18 12:58 PM

1901OFF87-100.indd 100 1/4/19 4:07 PM
BUSINESS BRIEFS •
IN MEMORIAM TJ Johansen and Mag-

Apache Corp. co-founder, former chairman and gie Laureano have joined
CEO Raymond Plank passed away at his home Bureau Veritas as senior
in Ucross, Wyoming, on Thursday, Nov. 8, 2018. vice president and COO for
He was 96. Plank, a World War Two bomber pilot the oil and gas market seg-
and graduate of Yale, began as a bookkeeper and ment and vice president
tax advisor in Minneapolis helping wealthy in- and HR Head for North Johansen
vestors with tax shelters in the oil and gas busi- America, respectively.
ness. He is survived by six children, 12 grandchil- Oil & Gas UK has appointed Sian Lloyd
dren, and 11 great-grandchildren. “For the many Rees to the board to represent the services
of us at Apache who knew him, and the many sector.
more whose lives he touched, we remember Ray- Saipem has appointed by co-optation
mond as a visionary leader and a strong, passion- Pierfrancesco Latini as non-executive
ate and caring man,” said CEO and president John and non-independent director, and a mem-
J. Christmann IV. “His leadership, courage, gener- ber of the Audit and Risk Committee.
osity and integrity are central to the core values he instilled at Apache, and they ROVOP has appointed David Lamont
continue to guide us today.” [Photo courtesy Houston Chronicle] as a non-executive director.
Oceaneering has named Chirag Jay-
swal as senior integrity engineering
PEOPLE manager.
Anadarko Petroleum Corp. has named Robert G. Gwin as president; Benjamin M. STATS Group has hired Angus Bowie
Fink as executive vice president, Finance and CFO; Robin H. Fielder as senior vice as regional director for Asia/Pacific and
president, Midstream; and Michael C. Pearl as senior vice president, Finance and Investor Sam McKinnon as business development
Relations. The company also elected Alexandra Pruner and Michael K. Grimm to its manager for Australia and New Zealand.
board of directors. Aqualis Offshore has appointed Mark
The Board of GC Rieber Shipping has appointed Einar Ytredal as CEO, Øystein Kvåle Lomas as director of the company’s Euro-
as CFO, and Christoffer Knudsen chief commercial officer. pean operation.
Husky Energy has appointed Jeff Hart as CFO. Deloitte has appointed Caroline Muir
W&T Offshore Inc. has appointed Janet Yang to executive vice president and CFO. as a partner in the Aberdeen office.
The company has promoted David M. Bump to executive vice president, Drilling, Com- Mohamed Galal has joined TWMA as
pletions and Facilities and William J. Williford to executive vice president and general regional director for MENA.
manager of Gulf of Mexico. Anthony Bews has joined Rotech Sub-
Steven W. Green has been named president of Chevron North America sea as business develop-
Exploration and Production, effective March 1, 2019. He succeeds Jeff ment manager, Europe.
Shellebarger, who is retiring from Chevron after 38 years of service. Nigel Petrotechnics has ap-
Hearne has been appointed as president of Chevron Asia Pacific Explo- pointed Bill Lutz as re-
ration and Production. Debra Reed-Klages has been elected to Chevron’s gional manager for North
board of directors. Chevron has named Navin Mahajan as vice president America, David Ross as
and treasurer, and Dale Walsh as vice president of Corporate Affairs. Bement regional manager for the Muir
Northern Drilling Ltd. has appointed Scott McReaken as CEO. Middle East, and Sophie
Tidewater Inc. has appointed Quintin V. Kneen as executive vice Menard as partner solu-
president and CFO. tions manager in the Mid-
Henning Olset has resigned as CFO of Spectrum. The company has dle East.
named Dean Zuzic as his successor. Bjørn T. Akselsen has
THREE60 Energy has appointed Walter Thain as Group CEO. joined MacArtney Norge
Hydraulic Systems Inc. has appointed James Bement as CEO. Thorngren
AS as managing director. Galal
Forum Energy Technologies Inc. has named C. Christopher Gaut as Ampelmann has ap-
CEO. He succeeds Prady Iyyanki. pointed Tim Mulders as
Maersk Supply Service has appointed Karl Thorngren as CFO, effective business developer in
April 29, 2019. Dubai.
Wood has appointed Joe Sczurko as executive president for strategy Wild Well Control, a
and development. Superior Energy Services
Kreuz Subsea has appointed Knut Eriksen as the board’s first inde- company has named Bry-
pendent non-executive director. Eriksen an Ellis as president. Ellis
1901OFF101-104.indd 101 1/7/19 2:52 PM

• BUSINESS BRIEFS
Gareth Jones has joined Xodus Group as de- and visual inspection. Eight Element specialist will deliver round
com lead. the clock testing services on-site, with testing and R&D support
Swagelok Co. has named David Lucarelli as from the company’s Sheffield – Maltravers laboratory.
vice president, global human resources. Wärtsilä has divested its pumps business to Solix Group, a
Aubin has named Katy Gifford as CEO and Scandinavian investment company.
Paddy Collins as chief technology officer. Acteon Group Ltd. has acquired subsea corrosion specialist
Pioneer Consulting has named Gavin Tully as Jones Deepwater Corrosion Services Inc. The acquisition enhances
a partner. Acteon’s subsea integrity management offering.
Gulf Island Fabrication Inc. has appointed Rob- Trelleborg has joined the Port Equipment Manufacturers
ert Averick to its board of directors. Association.
Daniela Freeman and Karen Diaz have joined Ampelmann has opened an office in Dubai.
Petroleum Industry Data Exchange as standards ClassNK has opened a new exclusive survey office in Reggio
and compliance manager and marketing and Calabria, Italy.
events manager, respectively. Lucarelli Aqualis Offshore has entered into a master services agreement
with McDermott Asia Pacific Sdn Bhd to provide engineering
COMPANY NEWS reviews and marine warranty services for the company’s offshore
Aker Solutions and Siemens have signed a strategic collab- operations in the Asia/Pacific region. The agreement is valid for
oration agreement to further develop digital offerings in engineering, five years and covers Singapore, Vietnam, India, Myanmar, and
operations, and services. The collaboration focuses on the creation Australia. Aqualis Offshore will provide engineering reviews and
of software applications and joint service offerings including the approvals, vessel surveys, towage approvals and marine warranty
development of industrial digital twins that will drive efficiency services for McDermott’s offshore installation and construction
throughout the entire plant lifecycle. In addition, the companies projects in the five countries.
will further develop specific offerings for the oil and gas market Bristow Group Inc. has signed a definitive agreement to
based on Siemens’ Comos engineering platform. These solutions, combine with Columbia Helicopters Inc. for $560 million. The
the companies said, will help customers to reduce engineering and transaction was expected to close by the end of 2018.
operational cost and enable improved decision making. Magseis ASA and Fairfield Geotechnologies have entered
Heerema Fabrication Group (HFG) plans to sell two of its into an agreement whereby Magseis will acquire the Seismic
main offshore fabrication yards in western Europe, due to insuffi- Technologies business from Fairfield comprising data acquisition,
cient project volume and marginal profitability. HFG intends to nodal and system sale and rental activities including all shares in
dispose of its activities in Zwijndrecht, the Netherlands and Hartle- Fairfield’s wholly owned UK subsidiary WGP Group. The name
pool, northeast England. It will also close its head office in the of the new business will be Magseis Fairfield.
Netherlands, with the loss of 60 jobs. The company has signed a Tidewater has selected UniSea AS to digitalize and standardize
letter of intent to sell its engineering/construction activities at the its business processes related to health, safety, environment and
yard in Zwijndrecht with Italian fabricator Rosetti Marino. It does quality and operations. The UniSea software suite will be imple-
not expect the transfer to affect the workforce at the yard. It will mented on all Tidewater vessels and in all its offices.
also seek a buyer for its activities at the site in Hartlepool but will Well-Centric, a FrontRow Energy Technology Group company,
retain activities at the HFG yard in Vlissingen in the southern has acquired Simmons Edeco Europe. The combined entity will
Netherlands, where the focus will remain on jackets, and the trade under a new name – Unity.
supporting yard at Opole in Poland. At the same time Vlissingen READ Cased Hole Ltd. has acquired Proactive Diagnostic
will continue as the shore base for sister company Heerema Services Inc.
Marine Contractors. DynaEnergetics has opened its manufacturing, assembly and
Wood and Nobel Oil have entered into a joint venture agree- administrative facilities on its industrial campus in Blum, Texas.
ment to provide engineering and operations support services to Tullow Oil has chosen OPERAM Managed Solutions to
the oil and gas market in Azerbaijan. The JV will combine Wood’s streamline and assist in the automation of its global contingent
engineering and technical services capabilities with Nobel Oil’s workforce management and recruitment operations to reduce
local knowledge and expertise in the Caspian region. It will primarily costs, enforce compliance, and improve supplier quality.
support in the delivery of brownfield engineering, procurement Gulf Island Fabrication has completed the sale of its North
and construction management contracts across a range of assets Yard facilities in Aransas Pass, Texas and certain associated equip-
offshore Azerbaijan. ment for $28 million.
TechnipFMC has awarded Element Materials Technology ABS has awarded AviSight Inc. certification to support sur-
a three-year contract to provide non-destructive testing (NDT) vey-related inspections on all types of rigs using drones. AviSight
services to its umbilicals manufacturing site in Newcastle upon is now certified as an ABS Recognized External Specialist in Remote
Tyne, UK. These will cover computed radiography, including al- Inspection Techniques.
ternating current field measurement, dye penetrant testing; Level Ashtead Technology has acquired Canadian-based underwater
III NDT services; magnetic particle inspection; ultrasonic testing; inspection specialist Welaptega.
1901OFF101-104.indd 102 1/7/19 2:52 PM

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
The index of page numbers is provided as a service.

The publisher does not assume any liability for error or omission.
AFGlobal www.afglobalcorp.com/drilling 5
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Ariel Corporation www.arielcorp.com/partnerships 21

SALES OFFICES
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PENNWELL PETROLEUM GROUP Cortec Fluid Control www.uscortec.com 43

1455 West Loop South,
Suite 400, Houston, TX 77027 DMG Events www.gastechevent.com/off1 11
PHONE +1 713 621 9720 • FAX +1 713 963
GE Oil & Gas www.bhge.com/subsea-connect 7
6228
David Davis (Worldwide Sales Manager) Greater LaFourche Port Commission www.portfourchon.com 51
davidd@pennwell.com
Halliburton www.hal100.com 2, 3
United States • North America
• Central America IES SRL www.omc2019.it 1
• South America Igus GmbH www.igus.eu 32
David Davis davidd@pennwell.com
PHONE +1 713 963 6206 Magnetrol www.magnetrol.com 19
UNITED KINGDOM • SCANDINAVIA Opito www.opito.com 59

•THE NETHERLANDS Subsea Tieback Forum & Exhibition 2019 www.SubseaTiebackForum.com C3
• MIDDLE EAST
10 Springfield Close, Cross, Deepwater Operations/Topsides www.offshore-event.com 87-100
Axbridge, Somerset,
United Kingdom BS26 2FE PNEC Conferences www.pnecconferences.com 78
PHONE +44 1934 733871
Graham Hoyle grahamh@pennwell.com RM Young Company www.youngusa.com 40
SNC-Lavalin/Houston Offshore Engineering www.snclavalin.com C4

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PHONE +49 (0) 2903 3385 70 • understanding of the industry in a simple, easy-to-understand language.
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1901OFF101-104.indd 103 1/7/19 2:52 PM

• BEYOND THE HORIZON
Will divided government chill the

offshore energy industry?
RECOVERY FOR THE OFFSHORE world has been slow, incon- technology and economic realities.
sistent, uneven and long awaited. If slow and steady wins the race, Where does that leave the US offshore market? I would say at
2018 pointed to an upsurge in offshore activity in 2019. Prices crept a crossroads: one road leading to retreat, the other leading to
up, costs scaled down and confidence, with some swagger, re- American energy dominance in the international arena. But there
emerged at offshore industry meetings. is an obstacle to a resurgent US offshore energy market – the “no
But both economics and federal policies will dictate the success new access” philosophy. Currently, 94% of the US outer continental
of our industry. The economics of the commodity prices has the shelf (OCS) is closed to exploration and development. I do not
most obvious impact. For the most part, prices continued an upward know of another country with an active offshore energy program
trend until the end of last year. Of course, decisions regarding global that has closed off 94% of its potential. The release and approval
oil output by OPEC and Russia impact the stability and volatility of the new Five Year Program will hopefully reverse that 1970s
of the oil market, but economic growth in non-OECD countries mindset.
and the China/Asian market also foreshadow the price of energy. Frankly, government policies dictate the success or failure of
Simply put, the stronger those economies are, the more energy, offshore energy. One of the most glaring areas of improvement
particularly oil and natural gas, will be needed; and commodity could be the royalty rate charged by the US government. Over the
prices will continue to climb. past generation, bonus bids (the amount paid by companies to
Thanks to a change in US policy, foreign markets are open for receive offshore leases) have been competitive and reflected the
business to US producers. Oil and LNG exports are expected to market. When prices and demand were high, so were the bonus
increase as the world economy demands more energy. Renewables bids.
will continue to garner an increased share of that expected energy The US consumer, federal and state treasuries all benefit from
market, but most experts predict that the lion’s share will remain the payment of bonus bids. However, the current 18.75% royalty
with traditional fuel sources for the foreseeable future. rate should be re-evaluated. Onshore royalties at 12.5% and the
The real competition with the US offshore market comes from current 18.75% offshore rate will not encourage the development
two sources: onshore production and activity offshore Mexico and of new deepwater plays. Royalty reform may be the most mean-
South America. Many US producers, particularly majors, make ingful change that could actually boost US offshore exploration.
investment opportunities based upon estimated returns; these Other federal policies that should make a difference in 2019
opportunities can be onshore or offshore. Large offshore plays have include the final well control rule; a round of discussion on the new
been producing more oil for the Gulf of Mexico, but the investment air quality permitting; another stab at a consistent logical supple-
decisions for those projects were made up to 10 years ago. As mental bonding and financial assurance program; and continual
onshore plays have become more profitable, investment dollars improvement in the rigs-to-reefs process.
have literally dried up for many offshore areas. The silver lining of The 2018 elections brought back a divided government. The
low commodity prices resulted from producers and service com- administration’s efforts to clarify and reduce the regulatory burden
panies cutting expenses, therefore creating some scenarios where on energy development will be questioned, examined, and likely
existing fields and tieback projects are increasingly competitive stalled in the House of Representatives. The good news is that the
with new onshore prospects. Many on the service company side Senate is unlikely to go along with many of the measures that will
would say that these innovations and cost-cutting measures were be passed by the House. Compromise will be necessary on the
not voluntary, but were needed to survive, and are not sustainable basics, including a budget, appropriations for government functions,
over the long term. While overall higher prices will ease tension, and policy direction.
producers and service companies must continue joint efforts to While divided government is not new, it is still a challenge. The
find ways to survive in the US offshore market. only guarantee at this time is that it will not be boring. •
Brazil is once again attracting companies to their offshore space.
In addition, the seemingly endless potential of making giant dis- RANDALL LUTHI
coveries offshore Guyana will draw more international attention. PRESIDENT
NATIONAL OCEAN INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (NOIA)
The “newness” of the Guyanese market provides an opportunity
for developing a legal and regulatory scheme designed for today’s
This page reflects viewpoints on the political, economic, cultural, technological, and environmental issues that shape the future of the petroleum industry.
Offshore Magazine invites you to share your thoughts. Email your Beyond the Horizon manuscript to David Paganie at davidp@pennwell.com.
1901OFF101-104.indd 104 1/7/19 2:52 PM

MARCH 5–7, 2019 | SAN ANTONIO, TX USA
HENRY B. GONZALEZ CONVENTION CENTER | WWW.SUBSEATIEBACKFORUM.COM
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December 2018/January 2019

TOP OFFSHORE PROJECTS

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Floating production market outlook strengthens���������������37

4 WWW.OFFSHORE-MAG.COM | OFFSHORE DECEMBER 2018/JANUARY 2019

1901OFF04-07.indd 4 1/4/19 4:11 PM AFGlob

Agile thinking. Engineering change.

Volume 79, Number 1

6 WWW.OFFSHORE-MAG.COM | OFFSHORE DECEMBER 2018/JANUARY 2019

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Introducing Subsea Connect. We’re making better

LATEST NEWS AVAILABLE AT OFFSHORE-MAG.COM VP AND GROUP PUBLISHING DIRECTOR

The Challenges of Maintaining Equipment on Offshore Platforms

8 WWW.OFFSHORE-MAG.COM | OFFSHORE DECEMBER 2018/JANUARY 2019

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New opportunities boost

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As the world’s pre-eminent gas, LNG and energy event,

Gastech invites you to inspire the communities and share

BENEFITS OF SPEAKING AT GASTECH 2019

ADVANCE THE ENERGY INDUSTRY

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Fleet utilization rate, %

Total utilization Total supply Total under contract Working

F2: OPEC-14 (EXCL. QATAR) CRUDE PRODUCTION, MONTHLY

prices to the $70 level, according to ana-

vessels operations accounting for the re-

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STATUS OF GAS FIELDS DISCOVERED

Product lease 4 4 MARI B AND NOA GAS FIELDS

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Lowering of a subsea template at Vigdis North East. (Courtesy

Front-end engineering design is under way for the Gudrun

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CHEVRON BRINGS BIG FOOT ONLINE

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INITIAL SUBSEA POWER TEST ÅSGARD SUBSEA COMPRESSORS PASS

The Åsgard subsea gas compression facility features two HOFIM

ensure stable flows and satisfactory production, hence the need

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BP NAMES MAD DOG 2 PLATFORM

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Out here, it all matters.

OFFSHORE OILFIELD SERVICES MARKET PROJECTED

QATAR PETROLEUM TO PARTNER

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The upturn is now��35

Floating production market outlook strengthens��37

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