G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering , Nagpur.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ENERGY CONVERSION
LABORATORY MANUAL
Subject –Energy Conversion-II

Semester - Seventh
 EXPERIMENT NO.-1

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:

Measure amount of CO and HC in exhaust gases of 2-stroke & 4-stroke

engine with help of exhaust gas analyzer.

CONCEPT:

I.C. Engine testing are classified as :

a) Thermodynamics test
b) Commercial test
c) P.U.C. test

Types of I.C. Engine test

Thermodynamic test Commercial test P.U.C. test

a) Thermodynamic test :
The test which are performed on the engine for the purpose of
comparing actual result with the theoretical are known as
Thermodynamic test.

Thermodynamic test

Power developed Heat supply per Distribution of half

unit time supplied

b) Commercial test :
The tests performed on two stroke engine for commercial purpose are
known as Commercial test. This test is performed to check the
following.
Commercial Test

Output Quantity of Quantity of Oveload

Power the lubricant / the coming / capacity of
BHPh BHPh
c) P. U. C. test : (to check exhaust gas emission)
Due to increase in automobile pollution all over the country. The
state has made it mandatory for all vehicles checked & obtain P.U.C.
certificates. The P.U.C. certificate will be valid for 6 month.
All these measurement are being taken to keep CO, HC, CO2 & pm
under control which are highly injurious to the health.

P.U.C.

%CO %CO2 %HC

Emission Euro II standard for controlling PUC in India from 1st April 2000.

2 – Wheeler 3 – Wheeler

Co (g/km) HC (g/km) Co(g/km) HC (g/km)

Min 2.0 Min 2.0 Min 4.0 Min 2.0
Max 2.4 Max 2.4 Max 4.8 Max 2.4

Test certificate provided after PUC testing

PUC is the process of adjusting air fuel ratio to make the mixture lean or
reach or adjust the values of CO & HC emitted by the vehicle in exhaust
within times.

Is done by only RTO approved center

Is compulsory for all vehicles

PUC For small Petrol vehicles costs Rs. 50/-

Certificate is valid only for 6 months

PUC values for Petrol Vehicles are RTO approved

For Carburetor For MPFI

CO 0.5 % to 1.5% < 0.5 %
HC < 1200 ppm < 300 ppm
Note : MPFI – Multi point fuel injection : Fuel is injected directly in the
engine
 Environment used for checking vehicle emissions.

Sampling

Chassis Constant Voltage

Dmanemothe test sampler

Analysis principle
Spectroscopic method
NDIR (non-dispasive informed)
Laser Spectres copy with semiconductor diodes
Fowler transformation method
Magnetic method
Electro chemical method

LEARNING OBJECTIVE :

1. Discriminating & classifying

Petrol engine contains Tetra – Ethyl Lead (TEL) which is added to
increase anti knock quantity at octane number. Because of TEL
engine exhaust contains compounds of lead which are poisonous.
2. Equipment used for checking vehicle emissions (HC, CO & CO2)
a. Out O emission analyzer
b. Diesel smoke tester meter
3. Exhaust Gas Combustion
The various contents of exhaust emission are :
a. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
b. Hydrocarbons (HC)
c. Oxide of Nitrogen (NO2)

i) Reset equipment used for analyser

1. Automobile Test Analyser

Measurable gas and range

HC – 0 – 1000 ppm (2 ppm/digit)
1000 – 2000 ppm (5 ppm/digit)
 Recording method : Printing of gas concentration limit value, time &
date etc. by thermal printer (2 sheet)

Power Consumption : 100V

Outer dimensions : 400 mm (w) x 215 mm (h) x 490

Weight : 22 kg (approx.)

ii) Diesel Smoke Test on Meters

Open Diesel Smoke Tester specification

Model RDT – 101
Detection method Filter paper reflex system
Measuring substance Black smoke exhausted from diesel engine
Accuracy Between ± 3% of fuel scale
Calibration method By standard colour paper
Dimensions 300 (w) x 385 (h) x 225 (d) mm
Weight 14 kg

MOTOR SKILLS:

1. Proper setting of the knob

2. Noting the proper readings
3. Take print out

STEPWISE PROCEDURE :
1. Start the engine and warm it up till 80° Cylinder temperature.
2. Switch ON the PUC machine analyzer.
3. Allow machine to warm up period 15 minutes. Response time 5
minutes.
4. PUC machine consists of plastic pipe, nozzle, printer unit, monitor
with digital number display, knob for manual adjustment, Power ON-
OFF switches and gas selector knob.
5. Plastic pipe is connected to the pump of PUC machine through which
smoke enters into the machine for analysis.
6. Put in the nozzle of the plastic pipe in the silencer tail pipe. Wait for
5 minutes.
7. Set CO & HC value of zero by using the knob.
8. Switch ON the pump.
9. Operate the gas selection switch and put it to HC & CO.
10. After 5 minute operate the air – screw in carburetor for adjustment
the value.
11. Note the recording of CO & HC.
12. Switch OFF the pump & machine & remove the pipe from the silencer
of the car.
13. Take print out for certification.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM:

TRIAL ON TWO CYLINDER WATER COOLED C.I. ENGINE UNDER VARIABLE LOAD.

1. Load Test
2. To determine Brake Power (B.P.)
3. To Determine B.S.F.C.
4. To Determine Brake Thermal Efficiency
5. To draw heat balance sheet

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:

Engine : Kirloskar Twin Cylinder Diesel

Type : Vertical Four Stroke, C.I. Engine
Bore : 87.5 mm
Stroke : 110 mm
Cubic Capacity : 1.323 liters
Normal Comp. ratio : 17.5 : 1
Fuel Tank Capacity : 11 lts.
Governor : centrifugal Mechanical Type
Speed : 1500 rpm
Cooling : water cooling
Mode of starting : By hand cranking
B.M.E.P. at full load and : 6.33 kg/cm2
1500 rpm

AIR AND FUEL MEASUREMENT SET UP:

Air Tank : M. S. 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm
Orifice : Sharp edge 16 mm diameter
Manometer : U-tube, 30 cm
Burrette : 50CC, glass

OBSERVATIONS

1. No. of Cylinder k = 2
2. Coeff. of discharge Cdo = 0.82
3. C. V. of Diesel c.v. = 49500 kJ/kg
4. Density of Diesel ρ = 831 kg/m3
5. Gas Constant R = 0.287 kJ/kg
6. Engine Speed N = 1500 rpm
7. Density of Hg = 13600 kg/m3
8. Room Temperature Ta = _______
9. Brake drum diameter = _______
 10. Diameter of Rope = _______

PROCEDURE:

Diesel engine are tested for performances characteristics. This

testing is carried out at various load starting at no load to the full load
condition. The governors will adjust the engine speed nearly equal to the
load and takes care of it. At no load, the engine is started by hand cranking.
The burette is fitted with fuel and time required for 20 ml. of fuel
consumption is recorded. All the temperature are measured with the help of
thermometer and thermocouples respectively and also quantity of water
through water jacket is measured with the help of water meter and stop
watch, speed is also recorded. This above condition is repeated for various
load. The B.P., Brake thermal efficiency, B.S.F.C. and Heat balance sheet is
prepared.

CALCULATIONS:

1. Area of Orifice
π
Ao = d o2 m2
4

2. Density of Air
Pa
ρa =
RTa

Where, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK

Ta = Room Temperature in °K
Pa = N/m2

3. Head of air Ha in meter

H m ρm
Ha =
ρa
Where, ρm = 13600 kg/m3
Hm = ___________meter

4. Air mass flow rate ma in kg/min

Va = Cdo.Ao.ν
Cd o . Ao 2 gH a
Where ν = Velocity of air passing through (m/s)

5. Brake Power

2πNT
B.P. =
60 × 1000
 2πN (W × R)
=
60 × 1000
= ______________ kW

6. Fuel Consumption
V 1
Mf = × ×ef
10 6 t
Where, v = _________ cm3
t = _________ sec
ρf = _________ kg/m3
7. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
mf
B.S.F.C.=
B.P.
= __________ kg/kWh

8. Air Fuel Ratio

ma
A:F =
mf

9. Piston displacement Volume

π 2 N
Vs = d L× × K
4 2
= ____________ m3/min

π N
Ma = d 2L×
K × ρa
4 2
= ____________ kg/min

10. Brake Thermal Efficiency

B.P.
ηBth = ×100
m f × C.V .
= ___________

11. Volumetric Efficiency

va
ηvol =
vs
Cd o Ao 2 gH a
=
π 2 N
d L× ×K
4 60 × 2

= ______________
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Manometer Load Radius Fuel Test Engine Cooling Temperatures

S. No. h1-h2 (w-s)x 9.8 RE Vec t V/t Q T Q/T tw1 tw2 tw3 tw4
3
m N m sec. Lit. Sec. m3/sec °C °C °C °C

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
RESULT:

Brake Thermal Volumetric

Load Brake Power B.S.F.C.
Sr. Efficiency Efficiency
No. W B.P. ηbth ηvol.
N kW kg/kWh

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
EXPERIMENT NO - 3

AIM:

TRIAL ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

WITH EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER.

To conduct a performance test on the engine to determine the following

1. Brake Power
2. B.S.F.C.
3. Brake Thermal Efficiency
4. Volumetric Efficiency
5. To prepared heat balance sheet.

DESCRIPTION :

The diesel engine and eddy current dynamometer are mounted on a 4” MS

Channel frame. Instrumentation panel frame with digital instruments, air
and fuel tank are fitted on the frame.
The engine is directly coupled to an eddy current dynamometer of
suitable capacity. The load on the engine can be varied by operating the
torque control knob.

PROCEDURE :

1. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine sump, top up if

necessary.
2. Allow the cooling water to the engine jacket and calorimeter. Adjust
the flow rate in such a way that water flow rate for engine is more
than the calorimeter.
3. Slowly crank the engine with the help of cranking handle by opening
the decompression lever to drive out air pockets it any.
4. Ensure the flow of fuel into the engine cylinder through injector with
a “Chuck” noise, the noise should be continuous for every two
rotations of the crank handle.
5. Crank the engine faster and release the decompression lever and the
engine starts.
6. Allow the engine to stabilize at the rated rpm.
7. load the engine in steps of ¼, ½, ¾ and full by operating the torque
control knob.
8. Down load the readings at each step.
9. to stop the engine remove the load on the engine and pull the fuel
pump leaver until the engine comes to rest.