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Surface
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 ABSORPTION
It is a phenomenon in which one substance enters into another
substance and gets uniformly
sponge distributed throughout the BULK of another
substance

By Arvind Arora In one substance

(SPONGE), The other substance
(WATER) Enters and distributes
uniformly through out
the BULK Such a phenomenon
is known as “Absorption “
 Examples of absorption Tea
it
Biscu

Gulab jamun

By Arvind Arora
The substance which The substance which
ABSORBS is being ABSORBED

Sponge
Water
Chalk in water Absorbent Absorbate
What is Adsorption ??
writing on the board, Can we call this Absorption ?

No
On one substance (BOARD),The other substance
(CHALK) accumulates only on the surface, Such a
phenomenon is known as “ Adsorption “
By Arvind Arora
ADSORPTION
It is a phenomenon in which one
substance accumulates on the SURFACE of
another substance in higher concentration.
 Examples of adsorption

CHALK

By Arvind Arora BOARD

The substance which
is being ADSORBED
The substance which
ADSORBS
Adsorbate
Adsorbent
What is Reason for adsorption ?

Y ?
W H
By Arvind Arora
Consider a molecule Reason for adsorption
present in the bulk of Consider a molecule present on the surface
the liquid , Which is of the liquid. The molecule are not
surrounded by many surrounded from all sides, Unbalanced
other molecules , intermolecular forces of attraction
Balanced
intermolecular forces
of attraction

The molecules present By Arvind Arora The molecules present

on the surface of the liquid
in the bulk of the liquid
1. Unbalanced
1. balanced 2. Unstable
2. Stable 3. More energy
3. Less energy
Reason for adsorption
In order to balance the
unbalanced forces of
the surface molecule

If Any species comes in

contact with the surface
By Arvind Arora molecule

The surface molecule

Holds the other species
and balances their
unbalanced forces
 To
n c e
B ala s
the c e
e d for
alan c
Unb
By Arvind Arora
 Distinguish between Absorption and Adsorption ?
Absorption Adsorption
BULK phenomenon SURFACE phenomenon

NON-UNIFORM distribution
UNIFORM distribution (Higher concentration
on surface)
Neither EXOTHERMIC nor
EXOTHERMIC
ENDOTHERMIC.
By Arvind Arora
Rate of adsorption-
Rate of absorption-
RAPID in the beginning Due to availability of surface area
UNIFORM rate
FALLS down later. Since the entire surface area is occupied

INDEPENDENT of surface
area. DEPENDS on surface area.
What is Combine process of adsorption and absorption ?

Absorption Adsorption

SORPTION
Dyeing of fabric
The phenomenon of
adsorbed molecules
By Arvind Arora
getting dislodged from
the surface

REMOVAL of
DESORPTION
adsorbed molecule
What are the types of adsorption ?
Depending upon the nature of forces
Between absorbat and adsorbent , Adsorption of Two types

Type of Adsorption
By Arvind Arora

Weak
Strong
 Type of Adsorption

Weak Strong

Vander Waals Covalent bond

By Arvind
Physical adsorption Aroraadsorption
Chemical

i s o rp tion Chemisorption
Phys
 Physisorption
The molecules are attracted to
the surface simply by
VANDER WAAL’S FORCES.
It is relatively WEAK.
The heat of adsorption is low
Byand
Arvind
lies between 20 TO 40 KJ MOL–1.
It is REVERSIBLE.
It involves the formation of
MULTILAYER of adsorbed particles.
Chemisorption
The molecules are held to the
surface by CHEMICAL BONDS
forming surface compounds.
It is relatively STRONG.
The
heat of adsorption is high lying
Arora
in the range 40 TO 200 KJ MOL–1.
It is IRREVERSIBLE.
It involves the formation of
MONOLAYER of adsorbed particles
 Physisorption Chemisorption

It is NOT SPECIFIC in nature. It is SPECIFIC in nature .(Occurs only when

(Hence may be found in all there is a tendency to form a chemical bond
instances ) between adsorbate and the adsorbent
particles)

It occurs appreciably only at By Arvind Arora

LOW TEMPERATURE (The It occurs at ALL TEMPERATURES.
extent of adsorption But extent of adsorption
decreases as the temperature increases with rise in
of the surface is raised.) temperature.
Examples of Physisorption
i) Adsorption of various gases on charcoal

By Arvind Arora

ii) Adsorption of acetic acid or oxalic acid

in solution by charcoal
Examples of chemisorption 1) Oxygen on Ag, Au and pt
2) H2 on Ni etc

g en is On h
i c o x y ea
When ato m after ting the
rb e d o n g raphite deso
adso
r
surfa
ce
adso o r m ed. rbed ption CO
C O i s f
surface, By ArvindaArora
tomi
c oxy
but n
o t the
is
gen
Factors affecting ADSORPTION
The two things
❖ Nature of adsorbent
Required for
❖ Nature of adsorbate adsorption are
❖ Pressure absorbate
and
❖ Temperature
By Arvind Arora adsorbent
1) Nature of adsorbent
Adsorption is a SURFACE phenomenon. It depends upon
Surface area of adsorbent
Surface area ∝ Rate of Adsorption.

By Arvind Arora

Finely divided substances, are good

adsorbents as they provide larger surface
area for a given mass.
 2) Nature of adsorbate (gas)
Easily liquefiable
Easily liquefiable gas means having higher tendency gases are adsorbed
to become liquid, Which in turn should have greater to greater extent.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE OF ATTRACTION.

LIQUEFACTION CRITICAL temperature

By Arvind Arora
For liquefaction of a gas, certain
Higher the critical temperature of a gas , minimum temperature called
more easily it will be liquefied , Critical temperature is required .
hence adsorbed to greater extent. Above this temperature gas cannot
be liquefied .
Given below is the list of critical temperature of gases & volume adsorbed
Gas SO2 NH3 CO2 CH4 CO N2 H2
Critical Temperature (K) 430 406 304 190 134 126 33

Amount adsorbed (in mL) 380 180 48 16.2 9.3 8.0 4.5

Critical temp decreases Thus gases such as SO , Cl ,

2 2
By Arvind Arora
NH3 etc. are easily liquefiable
Ease of liquefaction decreases are adsorbed to a greater
extent
Adsorption decreases
The gases like N2, O2, H2 etc.
are difficult to liquefy.
 Adsorption is an exothermic process
4) Temperature of surface According to Le-Chatelier’s principle,
Δ H = +ve it is favored at low temperature
Adsorption Desorption
Δ H = –ve
Consider a graph of volume of N2 gas
N2(adsorbed in cm3)

adsorbed versus pressure .

By Arvind Arora As the temperature increases

V3 193 K from 193 K to 273 K at a
V2 247 K constant pressure P, the
V1 273 K volume of gas adsorbed
decreases from V3 to V1.

O P Pressure
Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm

By Arvind Arora
FREUNDLICH Adsorption ISOTHERM
A graph drawn between extent of
adsorption and the pressure of the gas
at constant Adsorption ISOTHERM.
The extent of adsorption
temperature
of a gas per unit mass of
adsorbent depends upon the
EXTENT OF ADSORPTION
By Arvind Arora pressure of the gas
x x is the amount of ADSORBATE
=
m m is the mass of ADSORBENT
x
= amount of gas ADSORBED
m
The extent of adsorption increases with
pressure and becomes MAXIMUM
x
x m ∝ P 0
∝ P 1/n
m
Amount of gas adsorbed

x x
∝ High
m m P By Arvind Arora
Intermediate pressure
pressure
Low
pressure
O Pressure (P) Ps
Saturation Corresponding pressure is called
pressure Equilibrium pressure (Ps).
 At pressure
Ps

Amount of gas Amount of gas

ADSORBED DESORBED

The extent of adsorption becomes constant

By Arvind Arora
even though the pressure is increased.

This state is also called saturation state.

(i) At low pressure,

The graph is almost straight line

x
= k →Arvind
whereBy constant
m kP Arora
 x
m ∝ P 0

(ii) At high pressure,

The graph becomes parallel to x axis

x
= kP0
m
By Arvind Arora
x
∝ P0 [ P0 = 1]
m
x
constant
m=
(iii) At intermediate pressure,

It becomes a polynomial function of

the degree 1/n
x
will depend upon the power of pressure
m
which lies between 0 & 1
x By Arvind Arora
= kP 1/n When n is an integer
m

where ‘n’ can take any whole number

value which depends upon the nature of
adsorbate and adsorbent.
Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation
1
0> n >1
x 1/n
m = kP
n = 1 to ∞

At low pressure, At high pressure,

By Arvind Arora
x x
= kP1 = kP0
m m

1 1
=1 =0
n n
n=1 n=∞
Verification of Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Equation
x 1
log = log k + n log P
m

y = c + mx
1 1
log x/m

Slope = n By Arvind
n=
slope Arora

Intercept = log k

log p
Catalyst –

By Arvind Arora
What will happen if we mix ???
Chemical Reaction
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
There are
certain reaction which
Reactant Product occurs in a fraction
of second, Certain
reaction takes years
By Arvind Arora to react
AgNO3 + HCl

Rusting of Iron
 CATALYS
T This reaction
2 KClO3 2KCl(S) + 3O2 takes 4 hours
(S) heat (g)

MnO2 This reaction completes in

2 KClO3 2KCl(S) + 3O2
(S)heat (g) 15 minutes and aMnO2 is
A catalyst is a substance when added to not consumed
reacting system increasesBythe Arvind
rate of theArora
reaction without itself being consumed.

This Phenomenon of increasing the

rate of the reaction with the help
of catalyst is known as Catalysis
 Types of Catalysis

Depending upon the phase

of catalyst & reactions mixture

Homogeneous catalyst Heterogeneous catalyst

By Arvind Arora
A catalyst which DOES
A catalyst which
exists in the SAME not exist in the SAME
PHASE as the PHASE as the
reactants is called reactants is called
homogeneous heterogeneous
catalyst. catalyst.
 Examples of Homogeneous catalysis

(i) CH3COOC2H5 + H2O(l) H +(aq) CH COOH + C H OH

3 (aq) 2 5 (aq)
(aq)

The reaction is catalyzed by an acid like HCl (aqueous)

and the reaction mixture is also aqueous.
So they all are in the same
phase. (liquid phase)
By Arvind Arora

The catalyst is homogeneous catalyst

&
the phenomenon of catalysis is homogeneous
catalysis.
 I– (aq) 1 O H2O2 & I– are in the same
(ii) H2O2 (aq) H2O (l) + aqueous solution phase
2 2 (g)

1 SO2, O2 & NO are present

NO(g) in the same gaseous phase
(iii) SO2 + O2 SO3
(g) 2 (g) or NO2(g) (g)

By Arvind Arora
(iv) 3O2 NO(g) 2O3 O2 & NO are present
(g) (g) in same gaseous phase
Mechanism of Heterogeneous catalysis Catalyst and
5 steps : reactants in
different phase.
1) Diffusion of molecules to surface.
Catalyst ⇒ solid
Reactant ⇒ gas
2) Adsorption onto surface

3) By Arvind
Formation Arora
of products

4) Desorption of products

5) Diffusion back
Examples of Heterogeneous catalysis

i) V 2 O5
2SO2 + O2 (s) 2SO3
(g) (g) (g)

SO2 and O2 are gases

whereas V2O5 is solid

Fe(s)By Arvind Arora

ii) N + 3H2 2NH3
2
(g) (g) (g)

N2 and H2 are gases

whereas Fe(s) is solid
 Homogeneous catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis
1) Catalyst and reactants Catalyst and reactants
-SINGLE PHASE. -DIFFERENT PHASE.

2) Reaction occurs in the Reaction does not occur

liquid phase or gas in gas or liquid phase
phase. but occurs on the
surface of solid
By Arvind Arora
catalyst.
3) The rate of the The rate of reaction
reaction DOES NOT is PROPORTIONAL to
DEPEND on the surface the surface area of
area of catalyst. catalyst.
4) The catalyst dissolves The catalyst does not
into the gas phase or dissolve in the reacting
solution (a reacting mixture.
mixture).
5) Catalyst cannot be Catalyst can be easily
easily separated from separated from
the products of reaction products.
reaction
6) The homogeneouslyBy Arvind Arora
The heterogeneously
catalysed reactions are catalysed reactions
often little FASTER are often SLOWER than
than those which are those which are
heterogenously homogeously catalyed.
catalysed.
 General characteristics of catalysts
Catalyst is
1. Reactant + Catalyst Complex Regenerat
Complex Product + Catalyst ed

NO2
2 SO2 + O2 2SO3
(g) (g) (g)
By Arvind Arora
Step I: 2 SO2 + 2NO2 2SO3 + 2NO(g)
(g) (g) (g)

Step II : 2 NO(g) + O2 2NO2

(g) (g)
2 SO2 + O2 2SO3
(g) (g) (g)
2. Reversible
reaction A B

Catalyst

Increases the rates of both

By Arvind Arora
Forward and Backward
reaction

Catalyst does not Helps to attain

shift the But the equilibrium
equilibrium quickly
3. An extremely SMALL AMOUNT of catalyst causes considerable
INCREASE in the rate of reaction.

Pt
2 H 2 O2 2H2O + O2 10–8 mol dm–3

A very small concentration of the order of

10–8 mol dm–3 of colloidal Pt shows a significant
By Arvind Arora
increase in the rate of H2O2 decomposition

1 molecule of enzyme catalase under

certain conditions decomposes 5 million
molecules of H2O2 in 1 minute
 4.
Activation energy → 76 kJ 1
H 2 O2 H 2 O + 2 O2

57 kJ 1
H 2 O2 H 2O + O
2 2
I–

By Arvind Arora
Time

Decomposition of H2O2 at room temperature happens with an activation energy of 76 KJ

mol–1 , When little I– ion is added as a catalyst decomposition of H2O2 occurs with an
activation energy of 57 KJ mol–1 , This implies that the catalyst makes the
reactions to occur by different path of LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY
5. Does not affect the energies of
reactants and products

Energy

Same
By Arvind Arora

Catalysed Uncatalysed
6. A catalyst DOES NOT INITIATE a reaction,
it only ENHANCES the rate of a reaction

H2 O2 and
However in certain cases, the catalyst
remain unchanged is found to initiate the reaction
for years at 250C.
By Arvind Arora
If Pt wire is added to the mixture,
the reaction starts immediately &
the rate becomes so high that the
mixture explodes
 What are Enzymes ???

There are several reactions occur in human

body , Biochemical reactions

All biological reactions are catalysed by

By Arvind Arora
Enzymes

Enzymes are Biological catalyst

Examples of enzyme catalysed reactions
Inversion of cane sugar
invertase
(i) C12H22O11 + H2O() C6H12 O6 + C6H12 O6
(aq) (aq) (aq)
Canesugar glucose fructose

Conversion of glucose to By Arvind Arora

ethyl alcohol
Zymase
(ii) C2H22O6 2 C2H5 OH (aq)
+2 C02(g)
(aq)
glucose Ethyl alcohol
Decomposition of urea into ammonia & carbon dioxide

urease
(iii) NH2 CONH2 + H2O () 2NH3 + CO2
(aq) (g) (g)

By Arvind Arora
(iv) Lactic
bacilli
 Enzyme If there were no enzymes in our
digestive system, it would have
taken 50 years to digest a single
Properties of Enzyme meal.

1) Efficiency : They are highly efficient catalysts

They increase rate by 108 to 1020 times
By Arvind Arora
2) Specificity : Each enzyme catalyses only
one chemical reaction
Eg . Enzyme urease catalyses only
hydrolyses of urea and not of N-methyl
urea which is similar to it.
3) Small quantity : Their small quantity is needed because they
are regenerated

4) Optimum temperature and pH :

Enzyme catalysed reactions have maximum
rate at physiological (human body)

By Arvind Arora
0
Temperature = 37 C
pH = 7.4
Mechanism of Enzyme catalysis

+ +
Enzyme Substrate Enzyme–Substrate Enzyme Products
Complex
By Arvind Arora
There are active centres on the surface of enzyme particles. These
cavities are of characteristic shape & possess active groups such as
– NH2, – COOH, – SH, – OH etc. The molecules of the reactant
(substrate) which have complementary shape fit into these cavities just
like a key fits into a lock.
True Solution
Colloids Suspension
Sand
Salt Starch

0.1 nm
to
1 nm 1 nm larger than
to 103nm
3
10 nm
By Arvind Arora
Sand stirred
Starch
NaCl solution in water
in water

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

 Colloids
Dispersions represent an
INTERMEDIATE
Dispersion mixture between
medium true solution & suspension.
1nm – 103 nm
and the dispersed
substance is
Disperse phase By Arvind
Starch Arora
in water
A substance is said to be in the
colloidal state if it acquires a particle
size ranging between 1 nm to 103 nm on
treatment with a solvent.
 Colloidal dispersion It is a two phase system

Disperse Phase Dispersion Medium

DISPERSED PHASE DISPERSION MEDIUM
is analogous to is analogous to
SOLUTE SOLVENT Arora
By Arvind
in the solution in ordinary solution

It is a are
Particles It is ain which
The medium
DISCONTINUOUS
being dispersed CONTINUOUS
dispersed phase exists
phase. phase.
 Classification of colloids
Name of Types of colloids
Disperse Dispersion
Colloidal Example
phase medium
system
Solid Solid Solid sol Ruby glass
Solid Liquid Sol Paints
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke
Liquid Solid Gel Jellies
Liquid Liquid By ArvindMilk
Emulsion Arora
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog
Gas Solid Solid foam Pumice stone
Gas Liquid Foam Froth,
whipped cream
 Classification of Colloids

Based on Nature of Interaction Based on the type of

b/w Dispersed phase and particles of the
Dispersion medium dispersed phase

Lyophilic By Arvind
Lyophobic Arora
Multimolecular Associated
sols sols colloids colloids
Macromolecular
liquid liquid colloids
loving hating Colloid which is formed by aggregation of
small molecules is called multimolecular colloid
 Lyophilic sols Lyophobic sols
There is STRONG affinity There is LOW affinity
between dispersed phase between dispersed phase
and dispersion medium. and dispersion medium.
On shaking with the
This sols can be prepared
dispersion medium, they
by indirect methods only
directly form the colloidal
sol
By Arvind Arora

Intrinsic colloids Extrinsic colloids

They are EASY to They are DIFFICULT
prepare to prepare
 Lyophilic sols Lyophobic sols

The particles of sol migrate The sol particles may

towards anode or cathode or may not migrate in
in an electric field. an electric field.
The solids obtained after The precipitated mass
evaporation may be cannot be brought back into
reconverted to form the sol
By by the colloidal
Arvind Arorastate by simply
simply shaking them with the shaking them with the
dispersion medium dispersion medium

These sols are These sols are

REVERSIBLE. IRREVERSIBLE.
These sols are STABLE. These sols are UNSTABLE.
 Lyophilic sols Lyophobic sols

The surface tension of the The surface tension of the

sol is LOWER than that sol is the SAME as that of
of the dispersion medium. the dispersion medium.
The viscosity of the sol The viscosity of the sol is
is HIGHER than that of By Arvind
the SAMEArora
as that of the
the dispersion medium dispersion medium.
Eg : Gum, Starch, Eg : Metal sulphide
Gelatine, Rubber sol, Metal sol
etc. etc.
 Multimolecular colloids
Starch
+
water forming a colloid
They are formed by the
Multimolecular aggregation of a large number of
colloid atoms or molecules which generally
have diameters in colloidal range.
By Arvind Arora Example : sols of gold,
Starch is increased sulphur etc.
and it comes in the
range of
1nm – 103 nm These atoms or molecules are held
together by weak
Vander Waal’s forces.
 Macromolecular colloids
Macromolecular solutions are true solutions
consisting of single macromolecules so large
that they fall in to colloidal range.
These substances when dissolved
Example : polymers like rubber, in a suitable liquid, directly form
nylon, polythene, starch, cellulose,
By Arvind Arora the colloidal solution
proteins enzymes etc.
In macromolecular colloids containing Such Macromolecules
polymers, some polymeric species themselves are called
form ions & hence can migrate in an
electric field.
Colloidal Electrolytes.
 Associated colloids

Certain substance when dissolved in

a medium at low concentration
behave as normal strong electrolytes

But
By Arvind Arora
At higher concentration exhibit
colloidal state properties due
to the formation of aggregated
particles are called
 The aggregrated particles
thus formed are called Micelles
Most common associated colloids are
formed by soaps and detergents
Micelles Formation takes place above a

Particular Kraft
temperature By Arvind Arora
temperature

Critical Micelle
Particular Concentration
concentration CMC
 Preparation of colloidal sols
1) Electro – disintegration (Bredig’s arc method).

The method is employed to prepare colloidal

solutions of metal,

By Arvind Arora

PURPLE OF CASSIUS, a colloidal solution

of gold, is obtained by this method.
 Metal
Electrodes
Bredig’s arc method
The method involves passing
of an electric current (arc) Arc

through electrodes made of

Ice
desired metal, Water

The metal is suspended in a

trough of water kept cooled
by the surrounding ice.
By Arvind Arora
The apparatus consists of
Due to the intense heat of the arc, metal electrodes dipped in
the metal changes into vapours which cold water bath
condense to form the colloidal
particles
ii) Peptisation

It is the process of converting a freshly precipitated substance into

colloidal particles by shaking with a suitable electrolyte,
Example :
Fe(OH)3 ppt with FeCl3 solution,
By Arvind Arora
Agl ppt with AgNO3 or KI solution
3) Chemical This is done by the
method
By double decompositions : following methods
As2O3 (aq) + 3H2S (aq) → As2S3 (aq) + 3H2O (aq)
Colloidal sol
By reduction :
2AuCl3 (aq) + 3SnCl2 (aq) → 2Au + 3SnCl4
By oxidation: ByGold sol Arora
Arvind
Br2 (aq) + H2S (aq) → S + 2HBr (aq)
Colloidal sol
By hydrolysis :
FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
Colloidal sol
Purification of colloids

By Arvind Arora
Purification of colloidal sols
The process of reducing the
Dialysis impurities to the minimum desired
This is the process of separating the level is called
particles of the colloids from those of the PURIFICATION.
crystalloids by diffusion of the
mixture through a parchment
paper or animal membrane.

By Arvind Arora
Electrodialysis
In this method
The movement of Is expedited by
ions across the applying electric
membrane (as in current through Two
case of dialysis) electrodes.
By Arvind Arora

Very fast
method
Electrodialysis
In this method
The movement of Is expedited by
ions across the applying electric
membrane (as in current through Two
case of dialysis) electrodes.
By Arvind Arora

Very fast
method
Ultra filtration
This is the process of
separating the particles
by filtration ULTRA FILTER PAPER
of the colloids from
through
those of the crystalloids

By Arvind
What is Ultra filter paper ??? Arora
It is obtained by treating ordinary
filter paper with collodion or
gelatine solution to narrow down the
pores suitably.
Optical Property Tyndall effect :

Can we see the path of

light through the No
solution???

Replacing true
True solution
Bysolution
Arvind Arora
with colloidal
solution
Path of light
becomes visible
Occurs due to
Colloidal solution scattering
of light by colloidal
 Kinetic property Robert Brown
when colloidal solution was observed
under microscope. The colloidal
particles undergo ceaseless, random
motion in all directions over a large
area.
By Arvind Arora
This motion of
dispersed phase
particles is called
Brownian motion
 Electrical Properties
All particle in a given dispersion
carry same charge either
POSITIVE
or
NEGATIVE
By Arvind Arora
So the particles repel each other & do This is the reason
not come close together to form large behind the stability
particles that will precipitate out of colloids
Origin of charge
The colloidal solutions contain electrolytes,
although in minute amounts
I– I–
+
Na
AgNO3 Na I Ag l
excess
+ I– I– +
Na Na
By Arvind Arora

The particles of AgI carry negative charge

due to the PREFERENTIAL ADSORPTION
of I– ions on their surface
Origin of charge
The colloidal solutions contain electrolytes,
although in minute amounts –
NO3

Ag+ Ag+
NO3–
NaI Ag NO3 Ag l
+
excess
By Arvind Arora Ag Ag+ NO3–
NO3–

The particles of AgI carry positive charge

due to the PREFERENTIAL ADSORPTION
of Ag+ ions on their surface
Colloidal

- - -
- -
-
-
- -
- -
By Arvind Arora
 Colloidal particles

Positively charged Negative electrode

Negatively charged Positive electrode

ELECTRIC
By Arvind Arora
Dispersed FIELD Dispersion
phase will medium will
migrate migrate

Electro-phoresis Electro-osmosis
 – + Electro-phoresis
Cataphoresis
Electrodes
H 2O

By Arvind Arora
Sol
Colloidal
particles

U shaped tube
 Same
All colloidal particles have charge

What will happen if

we remove the charge
from the surface
By Arvind Arora
Aggregate
Precipitate
 Coagulation
Definition
Coagulation is defined as the precipitation
of colloids by REMOVAL OF THE CHARGE
associated with the colloidal particles.

Lyophobic By Arvind Arora Lyophilic

colloid colloid
By removal of By removal of charge
charge and layer of medium
 Methods of Coagulation

1) Coagulation can be effected by

BOILING or FREEZING the sol.

In BOILING the electrolyte In Arora

By Arvind FREEZING process,
adsorbed by the sol the dispersion medium is
particles is reduced & the removed & since no medium
particles are coagulated. remains, the particles are
coagulated.
 Methods of Coagulation
2) By ELECTROPHORESIS
The colloidal particles migrate
to oppositely charged electrode
in an electric field.
– + On reaching the

H 2O
Electrodes
electrode
By Arvind Arora
The particles are
Sol discharged & get
Colloidal
particles
coagulated on the
surface of electrode.
 3) By adding SOL Methods of Coagulation
Coagulation of a solution may be done by adding
another colloidal solution containing particles which carry
charge OPPOSITE to the charge of its particles.
Example :
Fe(OH)3 sol As2 S3 sol
positively charged By Arvindcharged
negatively Arora
colloidal particles colloidal particles,
In this process,
both the sols get mutually
COAGULATED.
 Methods of Coagulation
4) By adding SOLVENT

This method useful for

the precipitation of
HYDROPHILIC colloids.
If solvents like alcohol or acetone
which have affinity for water are
added to hydrophilicBy Arvind Arora
colloids.

The colloidal particles are

coagulated due to
DEHYDRATION
 Methods of Coagulation
5) By adding ELECTROLYTE
Lyophobic particles are easily coagulated
by the addition of an electrolyte.

The colloidal particles adsorb the ions of

OPPOSITE CHARGE to that present on the
surface
By Arvindof the Arora
particle

The charge of the particles is neutralized,

resulting in the reduction of repulsion
between them.

Consequently, they coagulate.

 The precipitation action of ions of an
electrolyte depends on
I) SIGN OF CHARGE
&
II) VALENCE OF THE ION
Schulze – Hardy
(I) The precipitation power of an electrolyte
increase very rapidly with an increase in RULES
the VALENCE of anion
ByorArvind
cation. Arora
Al+3 > Mg+2 > Na+
The precipitating power
& of ions decreases in
the order
PO4–3 > SO4–2 > Cl–
 Gold Number ZSIGMONDY (1901) introduced a term called

Gold number of a protective colloid is the minimum

weight of it in milligrams which must be added to 10
ml of a standard red gold sol so that no coagulation
of the gold sol(i.e., the charge of colour from red to
blue) takes place when 1 ml of 10% sodium
By
chloride solution is rapidly added to Arvind
it. Arora

To compare the protective

action of different
lyophilic colloids
 Sol Gold number Reciprocal
The reciprocal values
Gelatin 0.005 – 0.01 200 – 100 give directly a
Casein 0.01 – 0.02 100 – 50 comparison of the
Hemoglobin 0.03 – 0.07 32 – 14 protective action.
Albumen 0.1– 0.2 10 – 5
Gum Arabic 0.15– 0.25 7–4
Potato starch 20 – 25 By Arvind Arora
0.5 – 0.4
Smaller the gold number of
a protective colloid , the greater
It is clear that
is its protective action.
GELATIN has a very LOW gold number
STARCH has a very HIGH gold number.
 Dispersed Dispersion
Emulsions phase medium

Liquid dispersed in another immiscible liquid

Liquid
Types of Emulsion Immiscible

By Arvind Arora
1) Oil in water
2) Water in oil

Dispersed Dispersion
Dispersed Dispersion
phase medium
phase medium
e.g : Milk
e.g : Cod liver oil
 Preparation of Emulsion

Emulsifying
+ Oil = agent

By Arvind Arora
Substances like soaps or detergents which help
in making the emulsions stable are called
Emulsifiers or Emulsifying Agent.
Dispersed
Emulsifying Dispersion
Emulsion = + + phase
agent medium
(add Slowly)
 Demulsification
It is the process of breaking an emulsion
to yield the constituent liquid

Methods
1. Emulsions can be brokenBybyArvind
heating,Arora
centrifuging, adding electrolytes
(in large amount).
2. By chemical destruction of emulsifying
agent (by adding acid).
❑ medicines
❑ Sewage disposal
Applications
❑ Purification of water of
❑ Cleansing action of soap colloids
❑ Formation of delta
❑ Smoke precipitation (by COTTRELL precipitator)
❑ photography By Arvind Arora
❑ Artificial rain
❑ Smoke screen
❑ Rubber industry
❑ Tanning / leather industry
 Arvind Arora

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