Literature Review 2018

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.Verma et al.(2016)- The anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract Achillea

millefolium was investigated and measured by the mouse paw edema test. The result revealed by
the isolation of a material which reduces inflammation by 35%.Verma et al was investigated the
antiinflammatory activity of ethanolic root extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum has been
evaluated in cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The anti-inflammatory properties of the
extract and the effects were compared to diclofenac sodium. The extract has reduced
inflammation.

2. Sreejith et al (2015)- Sreejith et al was evaluated anti-inflammatory potential of whole plant

of Cassia occidentalis using ethanolic extract. For investigation of anti-inflammatory potential
dose taken 250 mg/kg and using carrageenan induced paw edema model. The result revealed that
significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels of murine hepatic microsomes and significantly
reduced carrageenan induced inflammation in mice at a dose of 250 mg/kg.

3. Mukherjee et al. (2017)- Mukherjee et al was investigated the antiinflammatory potential of

Cassia fistula leaves. For this experiment using histamine, carrageenan and dextron induced paw
edema in rats. The standard drugs taken phenylbutazone and Potent anti-inflammatory activity
was noted.

4. Ojewole et al(2014)- The anti-inflammatory potential of Bryophyllum pinnatum was

investigated by ojewole et al. The study was undertaken to investigate anti-inflammatory and of
the plant leaf aqueous extract in experimental animal models. In this experiment using fresh egg
albumin-induced pedal (paw) oedema model and drug taken Diclofenac 100 mg/kg. The results
revealed of this experimental animal study suggest that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf aqueous
extract possessed anti-inflammatory. The different flavonoids, polyphenols chemical constituents
of the herb are speculated to account for the observed antiinflammatory of the plant.

5. Shimoda et al (2017)- Shimoda et al was investigated the e antiinflammatory effect of

Zingiber officinale and prepared 40% ethanolic extract from dried red ginger and evaluated its
anti-inflammatory activity using acute and chronic inflammation models. The result possessed

Page 17
 Literature Review 2018

found a potent suppressive effect on acute and chronic inflammation, and inhibition of
macrophage activation seems to be involved in this anti-inflammatory effect.

6. Franzotti (2015)- The aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia was evaluated by Franzotti . The
leaves of Side cordifolia were taken for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at a dose of 400
mg/kg administered orally, but did not block the edema induced by arachidonic acid.

7. Sen (2016)- The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic fraction of a chloroform extract
of Pluchea indica roots was investigated and evaluated by Sen . The extract showed significant
inhibitory activity against carrageenan-, histamine-, serotonin-, hyaluronidase- and sodium
urateinduced pedal inflammation and also inhibited carrageenan- and cotton pellet-induced
granuloma formation.

8. Ilavarasan et al.( 2018)- Ilavarasan et al was investigated the antiinflammatory activity of

methanolic extract of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Linn. The root was studied in Wistar
albino rats. The methanolic extract at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg of anti-inflammatory activity in
carrageenaninduced hind paw edema model. The results of the study indicate that the methanolic
extract of Ricinus communis root possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and
chronic inflammatory models in rats.

9. Ilavarasan (2014)- The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Thespesia populnea leaves were
evaluated in animal models for antiinflammatory activity and established by Ilavarasan. The
extracts reduced paw oedema induced by carrageenan in rats. The results obtained in this study
suggest that Thespesia populnea extracts have and antiinflammatory properties.

10. Verma et al. (2013)- Verma et al was investigated the antiinflammatory activity of ethanolic
root extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum has been evaluated in cotton pellet-induced granuloma
in rats. The anti-inflammatory properties of the extract and the effects were compared to
diclofenac sodium. The extract has reduced inflammation.

11. Muthuraman et al. (2016)- Muthuraman et al was investigated antiinflammatory effects of

phenolic compounds from Emblica officinalis using carrageenan and cotton pellet induced acute
and chronic inflammatory animal model. The compounds were studied for their acute and
chronic anti-inflammatory activity at a dose level of 20 and 40 mg/kg against standard drug

Page 18
 Literature Review 2018

diclofenac. The results indicated that in both acute and chronic reduction in the inflammation,
but significant effects were observed only at high doses.

12. Silva (2017)- The anti-inflammatory potential of leaves of hydroalcholoc extract of Piper
ovatum was evaluated and investigated by Silva. In this study, carrageenan-induced pleurisy in
rats and croton oil-induced ear edema in mice were used as a model. The results indicate that the
amide fractions piperovatine and piperlonguminine showed the greatest inhibitory activity of
topical inflammation induced by croton oil.

13. Kumar et al. (2016)- Kumar et al. 2009 was investigated anti-inflammatory activity of the
Piper longum was studied in rats using the carrageenan-induced right hind paw edema method.
The activity was compared with that of standard drug ibuprofen. The result indicated to inhibit
carrageenaninduced rat paw edema and produced significant antiinflammatory activity when
compared with the standard and untreated control.

14. Chavan (2014)- For investigation of Caryophyllene oxide, which was isolated from an
unsaponified petroleum ether extract of the bark of the Annona squamosal plant and studied for
its anti-inflammatory activity and evaluated by Chavan . The dose taken of Caryophyllene oxide
of 12.5 and 25mg/kg body wt. and unsaponified petroleum ether extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg
body wt. These activities of caryophyllene oxide were given significant effect against
inflammation.

15. N. Rajput (2017)- Though a number of medicinal plants are being used to bring about
traditional cure of inflammatory conditions, they are yet to be properly investigated and
scientifically validated. Hence the present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory
activity of Adhatoda vasica and Berberis aristata in rats using carrageenin induced paw oedema
method. Materials and methods : Rat paw oedema was produced by injecting carrageenin in the
plantar aponeurosis of hind paw of each rat. The paw volume was measured before and at one
hour interval for six hours post carrageenin injection. The extracts or drugs, were administered
30 min prior to injection of carrageenin. Results and conclusions: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts
of A. vasica and B. aristata produced significant anti-inflammatory activity on acute
inflammatory process, which is quite comparable to Diclofenac sodium in terms of their activity
in respective therapeutic doses.

Page 19
 Literature Review 2018

2.2. Plants as natural anti-inflammatory agents

Natural products will continue to be extremely important as sources of medicinal agents. In

addition to the natural products which have found direct medicinal application as drug entities,
many others can serve as chemical models or templates for the design, synthesis, and semi
synthesis of novel substances for treating humankind's diseases. Unlike modern allopathic drugs
which are single active components that target one specific pathway, herbal medicines work in a
way that depends on an orchestral approach. A plant contains a multitude of different molecules
[30]
that act synergistically on targeted elements of the complex cellular pathway . Medicinal
plants play an important role in the development of potent therapeutic agents. There are over 1.5
million practitioners of traditional medicinal system using medicinal plants in preventive,
promotional and curative applications [31]. India with its biggest repository of medicinal plants in
the world may maintain an important position in the production of raw materials either directly
for crude drugs or as the bioactive compounds in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and
cosmetics etc.[32]. Large number of herbal species has been used traditionally or as folk
medicines against inflammatory disorders. Many of them have been studied scientifically and
proved to be beneficial anti-inflammatory agents. Despite the divergent bioactivities of the plant
medicines against various diseases, active components of most plant extracts have not been
elucidated thoroughly, due their complex mixtures. However, the core chemical classes of anti-
inflammatory agents from natural sources have been reported to engage a vast range of
compounds such as polyphenils, flavnoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, lignans,
polysaccharides, saponins and peptides[32]. From many studies done so far, it has been elucidated
that flavnoids are major anti-inflammatory agents. Some of them act as phospholipase inhibitors
and some have been reported as TNF-α inhibitors in different inflammatory conditions.
Biochemical investigations have also shown that flavnoids can inhibit both cyclooxygenase and
[33]
lioxygenase pathways of arachidonic metabolism depending upon their chemical structures .
Alkaloids in asserted skeletal type based on pyridine ring system have been reported to have
striking anti-inflammatory activity, e.g Berberine from Berberis is traditional remedy against

Page 20
 Literature Review 2018

[34]
rheumatism . Terpenoids significantly inhibit the development of chronic joint swelling.
Terpenoids may affect different mechanism relevant to inflammations arising in response to
[35]
varied etiological factors . However, still many herbal medicines for inflammation and
rheumatism have not undergone through scientific investigations. Hence, it is a need of time that
all such herbal medicines should consider for determination of their pharmacological activities,
isolation of single entity responsible for anti-inflammatory activity and development of suitable
formulation which would be beneficial against inflammatory disorders.

Figure 2.1. Showing Summarized Role Of Anti-inflammatory Natural Drugs

Table 2.1. List Of A Few Plants Having Anti-inflammatory Potential

Sl.No. Plant Name and Plant Part Type of Extract Active Constituents References
Family Responsible For Anti-
inflammatory Activity

Page 21
 Literature Review 2018

1. Achillea Whole Aqueous, alcohol Sesquiterpenes,

millefolium Linn. plant secondary metabolites
36
(Isoprenoids, phenolic),
(Asteraceae)
flavnoids(rutin,aspigenin
-7-O-glucoside)

Alkaloids (Anthorine
2. Aconitum Root Ethanol Atisenol), glycosides,
heterophyllum flavnoids and sterols. 36

(Valeraneaceae)
Alkaloids, tannins,
3. Adhatoda vasica Leaves Methanol flavnoids, terpenes,
(Acanthaceae) 36
sugars and glycosides

4. Azadirachta Leaves Hydro-alcoholic Nimbin, nimbinin,

indica azadirachtin
42
(Meliaceae)
Triterpenoids
5. Bacopa monnieri Whole Ethanol
and bacosides 36
Linn.( plant
Scrophulariaceae)

6. Cassia fistula L. Leaves Methanol Flavnoids and bio- 36

(Caesalpiniaceae) flavnoids

7. Curcuma longa Rhizome Ethanol Curcumin 36

(Zingiberaceae)

8. Daphne pontica Roots Methanol Flavonoids 36

Linn. (Daphnodorins)
(Thymelaeaceae)

Page 22
 Literature Review 2018

9. Emblica Fruit Ethanol & Tannins, Flavonoids 36, 37

officinalis Aqueous
(Euphorbiaceae)
Xanthones, α- and
10. Garcinia Fruit Methanol 36
γ-mangostins
mangostana
Linn. (Guttiferae)

10. Lantana camara Leaves Petroleum ether Triterpenoids 36,38

Linn. (Lantadenes A, B, C)
(Verbenaceae)

11. Lycopodium Aerial parts Chloroform Alkaloid (Lycopodine) 36,39

clavatum Linn.
(Lycopodiaceae)

12. Mangifera indica Bark Aqueous Flavonoids 36

Linn. (
Anacardiaceae)
Phyllanthus
13. polyphyllus Linn. Whole Ethanol Benzenoid and 36
plant arylnaphalide lignans
(Euphorbiaceae)

Ricinus
14. communis Linn. Root,leaves Methanol Flavonoids, alkaloids and 36
(Euphorbiaceae)
tannins

15. Sesbania sesban Leaves & Methanol Terpenoidal and steroidal 36

saponins, tannins and
Linn. bark flavnoids
(Leguminosae)

Page 23
 Literature Review 2018

16. Sida cordifolia Whole Aqueous Ephedrine, vasicinol, 37,40

Linn. plant vasicinone and N-methyl
(Malvaceae) tryptophan

Alkaloids, carbohydrates,
17. Thespesia Leaves & Ethanolic proteins, tannins, 36
populnea bark phenols, flavonoids,
gums & mucilage,
(Malvaceae) saponins and terpenes

Page 24