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Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Experiment #8
Minor losses
List of Figures………………………...…………………………………………...…II
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………...….III
Introduction……….………………………..……………………………………...….1
Equipments....……………………………………………………....………….…...…1
Objectives …………………………………………………….………….…….….......1
Procedures ….……………………………..……………………………...….…......…2
References………………………………………………………………………....…..9
Comments……………………………………………………..…………………....…9
I
List of Figure:
Fig (1): Energy losses in bends and fittings apparatus................................…….…….….1
II
List of Tables:
Table (1): Raw data for all fittings except gate valve …….………………………………………...……3
Table (2): Minor head losses of all fittings except gate valve…………….……………………….….4
Table (3) : Loss coefficient for all fittings except gate valve…………………………………………...5
Table (5) : Equivalent minor head loss and Loss coefficient for gate valve…………….………..7
III
Introduction
Minor (secondary) head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not
straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets
and outlets. The specific hydraulic model that we are concerned with for this experiment is the
energy losses in bends and fittings. A full description of the apparatus is given later in these
texts.
Equipments
1. Energy losses in bends and fittings apparatus (Figure 1).
2. Hydraulic bench.
Objectives
To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings including bends, a
contraction, an enlargement and a gate valve.
1
Figure 1
2
Procedures
It is not possible to make measurements on all fittings simultaneously and, therefore, it is necessary
to run two separate tests.
Exercise A measures losses across all pipe fittings except the gate valve, which should be kept
fully open.
1. Adjust the flow from the bench control valve and, at a given flow rate, take height readings from
all of the manometers after the levels have steadied.
2. In order to determine the volume flow rate, you should carry out a timed volume collection
using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by closing the ball valve and measuring (with a
stopwatch) time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, which is read from the
sight glass. You should collect fluid for at least one minute to minimise timing errors.
3. Repeat this procedure to give a total of at least five sets of measurements over a flow range from
approximately 8 - 17 litres per minute.
4. Repeat this procedure for the gate valve opened by approximately 70% of one turn and then
approximately 80% of one turn.
3
Results and Discussion
Table (1): Raw data for all fittings except gate valve
Part (A) : Losses across all pipe fittings except the gate valve
Case No. 1 2 3 4 5
V (l) 40 33.5 30 20 20
4
Area elargement
0.045
0.04
0.035
y = 0.5368x
0.03
0.025
hm
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
v^2/2g
Area contraction
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-0.002
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
HM
-0.01 y = -0.159x
-0.012
-0.014
-0.016
-0.018
V^2/2G
5
Table (3): Long bend
Long bend
0.0025
y = 0.0337x
0.002
0.0015
HM
0.001
0.0005
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
V^2/2G
6
Short bend
0.045
0.04 y = 0.6433x
0.035
0.03
0.025
hm
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
v^2/2g
Elbow
0.07
0.06 y = 0.9431x
0.05
0.04
hm
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
v^2/2g
7
Table (6): Mitre bend
Mitre bend
0.09
0.08 y = 1.2662x
0.07
0.06
0.05
HM
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
V^2/2G
8
1.8
1.6 y = 5301.2x
1.4
1.2 y = 3968x
1
0.8
y = 2461.4x
0.6
0.4 y = 2690.8x
0.2 y = 216.17x
0
-0.2 0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003
-0.4 y = -836.42x
-0.6
Figure total
Calculation
9
References
Slides.
Comments
The experience grows the sense of minor & major losses.
10