Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IN T
2018
Living Planet
Report 2018
Aiming higher - Summary
A NEW GLOBAL DEAL FOR NATURE
Institute of Zoology (Zoological Society of London)
Founded in 1826, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is an
On the other hand, science has never been clearer about the
consequences of our impact.
© WWF
Marco Lambertini, The nature conservation agenda is not only about securing the
Director General future of tigers, pandas, whales and all the amazing diversity of life
WWF International
we love and cherish on Earth. It’s bigger than that. There cannot be
a healthy, happy and prosperous future for people on a planet with
a destabilized climate, depleted oceans and rivers, degraded land
and empty forests, all stripped of biodiversity, the web of life that
sustains us all.
Design and infographics by: peer&dedigitalesupermarkt Few people have the chance to be a part of truly historic
transformations. This is ours.
Cover photograph: © Global Warming Images / WWF
Children dive into the sea at sunset, Funafuti, Tuvalu
We have before us an unparalleled yet rapidly closing opportunity
as we head into the year 2020, when the world will review its
progress on sustainable development by means of the Sustainable
Development Goals, the Paris Agreement and the Convention on
Biological Diversity. And this is when the world should embrace a
Living Planet Report® new global deal for nature and people and truly demonstrate the
and Living Planet Index® path we are choosing for people and the planet.
are registered trademarks
of WWF International. The choice is ours.
trillion US dollars
6 50 360 310
1400
5 1,5
40 300
billion
4 330 1200
30 1 290
3
1000
2 20 300 280
0,5 800
1 10 270
0 0 0 270 260 600
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
URBAN POPULATION PRIMARY ENERGY USE FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION STRATOSPHERIC OZONE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
4 600 200 100 0,6 8,4
180 8,2
temperature anomaly, °C
140 7,8
exajoule (EJ)
400 0,2
120 60 7,6
billion
% loss
2 300 100 0 7,4
80 40 7,2
200 60 -0,2 7
1
100 40 20 -0,4 6,8
20 6,6
0 0 0 0 -0,6 6,4
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
LARGE DAMS GLOBAL WATER USE PAPER PRODUCTION MARINE FISH CAPTURE SHRIMP AQUACULTURE NITROGEN TO COASTAL ZONE
35 4,5 450 80 4 100
25
million tonnes
million tonnes
million tonnes
70
thousand km3
3 300
50 2,5 60
20 2,5 250
40 2 50
15 2 200
30 1,5 40
1,5 150 30
10 20 1
1 100 20
5 0,5 50 10 0,5 10
0 0 0 0 0 0
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
TRANSPORTATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTERNATIONAL TOURISM TROPICAL FOREST LOSS DOMESTICATED LAND TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE DEGRADATION
900
1200 6
million motor vehicles
800 25
1000 5 700
% loss (area)
20
800 4 600
500 15 0,25 20
600 3 400
300 10
400 2 10
200 5
200 1
100
0 0 0 0 0 0
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Summary page 9
A SNAPSHOT OF CONSUMPTION WORLDWIDE
Overexploitation and ever-expanding agriculture are driven by spiralling human consumption. Looking at the Ecological Footprint of each person at the national level provides an additional
Over the past 50 years our Ecological Footprint – one measure of our consumption of natural insight into where the world’s resources are being consumed (figure 4) 16. Varying levels of
resources – has increased by about 190% 12. Creating a more sustainable system will require Ecological Footprint are due to different lifestyles and consumption patterns, including the
major changes to production, supply and consumption activities. For this we need a detailed quantity of food, goods and services residents consume, the natural resources they use, and the
understanding of how these complex components link together, and the actors involved, from carbon dioxide emitted to provide these goods and services 17.
source to shelf, wherever they may be on the planet 13-15.
Key
In March 2018, the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and WETLANDS ARE THE
Ecosystem Services (IPBES) released its latest Land Degradation
and Restoration Assessment (LDRA), finding that only a quarter of
MOST IMPACTED DISRUPTION OF HABITAT
land on Earth is substantively free of the impacts of human activities 18. CATEGORY, HAVING
By 2050 this fraction is projected to decline to just a tenth. Wetlands LOST 87% OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT LAND USE CHOICES
are the most impacted category, having lost 87% of their extent in EXTENT IN THE pollution
degradation
the modern era. MODERN ERA emissions
Figure 6: Global
map showing the
distribution of
potential threats to
soil biodiversity
All datasets were
harmonized on a 0-1 scale
and summed, with total
scores categorized into
five risk classes (from
very low to very high) 22.
Key
Very low
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Not available
Water
Ice
representing 4,005 species been an increase (above 1) or we are about the trend in any given year relative to 1970.
monitored across the globe
decline (below 1) compared The confidence limits always widen throughout the time-
declined by 60%. The white
1 line shows the index to 1970. series as the uncertainty from each of the previous years
values and the shaded is added to the current year.
areas represent the
statistical certainty
surrounding the trend
(range: -50% to -67%) 34.
GLOBAL
2
Key
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Global Living Planet
Index
decline with an 89% loss compared to 1970. Nearctic and Palearctic populations are faring the populations in the global LPI.
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
Populations may face more than
slightly better with declines of 23% and 31%. Habitat degradation and loss is consistently one threat 34. 0
the most reported threat in all realms; but there are some 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
PALEARCTIC
NEARCTIC
NEARCTIC
2
BIRDS
Index value (1970 = 1)
MAMMALS
1
FISHES
NEOTROPICAL
NEOTROPICAL
2
BIRDS
INDO - PACIFIC
Index value (1970 = 1)
AFROTROPICAL
2
MAMMALS BIRDS
1
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FISHES
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Key
Habitat degradation/
INDO-PACIFIC
2
loss BIRDS
Climate change 0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
EXTINCTION RISK
A camera trap captures an endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Hemis National Park, a
high altitude national park in the eastern Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.
Biodiversity index
biodiversity continue to decline. Figure 10 shows starkly how poorly 20 Biodiversity Targets
natural systems have fared since internationally agreed policy across five strategic goals
commitments such as CBD targets came into force. However, it also
offers a vision for the future: if we aim higher and move away from
Aichi Targets
business as usual, implementing approaches designed to restore Observed trends Modelled
projections
nature rather than simply tracking a managed decline, then we can
achieve a healthier, more sustainable world that is good for people
as well as our natural systems.
Extrapolated
trends
Population trend
responses to pressures vary 51. Mace et al. has argued for indicators based on the commitments
in Box 1. These curves
that can track three key dimensions of biodiversity necessary for would represent a successful
the vision and the goals described here, and in the CBD and SDG recovery and restoration of
targets (Figure 12): nature. Note that while the
curves are based on recent
data and analyses they are
1) Changes in population abundance: Trends in the abundance of necessarily approximate
wild species are well captured by population-level indicators such and so the indicator axes do
not have figures attached to
as the Living Planet Index (LPI) 54 them (redrawn from Mace
et al. 2018 50).
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2) Extinction rate on a global scale: The extent to which species are
threatened with the risk of extinction is estimated by the Red List The two top graphs show
lines for both threatened
Index (RLI) 52, 53
and all species because
preventing extinction is
3) Changes to local biodiversity: Changes in the ‘health’ of the aim of the current Aichi
Target 12 and is an absolute
Conservation status
ecosystems can be estimated by comparing what currently exists
measure of conservation
with what once existed in a given place using indicators such as success or failure.
the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) 55, 56
Key
Scenarios and models can help scientists to visualize and explore In the bottom graph, we
have included biomes as 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
how alternative actions affect the dynamic interdependencies tracking changes to biomes
between nature, nature’s benefits to people and quality of life. is critical to Aichi Target
However, the challenge we face is that we not only need to identify 5. There is also a line for
ecoregions, as these are
potential pathways that will allow us to restore biodiversity, we used within Target 11 as
also need to achieve the necessary transformation while feeding a part of the element on
still growing population under the accelerating effects of climate protected areas and to
Biotic integrity
ensure that biodiversity in
change in a rapidly changing world. Therefore, although traditional different areas of the world
biodiversity conservation interventions such as protected areas is equally represented (see
and species conservation planning remain crucial, action must also box 1 for more information
about all these targets).
address the major drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem change,
such as agriculture and overexploitation. Key
Biomes
Ecoregions
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Yet, the future of millions of species on Earth seems not to have WE ARE THE FIRST GENERATION THAT HAS
captured the imagination or attention of the world’s leaders enough
to catalyse the change necessary. We need to radically escalate the
A CLEAR PICTURE OF THE VALUE OF NATURE
political relevance of nature and galvanize a cohesive movement
across state and non-state actors to drive change, to ensure that
AND THE ENORMOUS IMPACT WE HAVE ON IT.
public and private decision-makers understand that business as
usual is not an option.
WE MAY ALSO BE THE LAST THAT CAN ACT TO
REVERSE THIS TREND. FROM NOW UNTIL 2020
WILL BE A DECISIVE MOMENT IN HISTORY.
NATURE MATTERS
vertebrate species across
the globe, shows an overall
decline of 60% since 1970.
Biodiversity is essential for our
health, wellbeing, food and
security as well as the stability
of economic and political
systems worldwide.
AIMING HIGHER
THREATS A new global deal for nature
and people, with clear,
ambitious goals, targets and
The biggest drivers of
metrics, is needed to bend
current biodiversity loss are
the curve of biodiversity loss.
overexploitation and agriculture,
both of which are the result of
continually increasing human
consumption.
INT
panda.org/lpr
WWF.ORG
© 1986 Panda Symbol WWF ̶ World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund)
© NASA
® “WWF” is a WWF Registered Trademark. WWF, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland,
Switzerland ̶ Tel. +41 22 364 9111; Fax +41 22 364 0332. For contact details and further
information, please visit our international website at www.panda.org